Correlates and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among Hijras (male transgenders) in Pakistan

International Journal of STD and AIDS

Volumn 19, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 817-820

  Khan, Adnan A ^a   Rehan, N ^b   Qayyum, K ^c   Khan, A ^d  

^a Research and Development Solutions   (Pakistan)

^b Research Associates   (Pakistan)

^c FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

^d Ministry of Health   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Hijra; HIV; Pakistan; Sexually transmitted; STI; Transgender

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; BISEXUALITY; CONDOM; DRUG USE; GONORRHEA; HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR; HIV EDUCATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; INFECTION CONTROL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MARRIAGE; PAKISTAN; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRIVATE HOSPITAL; PROSTITUTION; SEXISM; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL CRIME; SEXUAL ORIENTATION; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SYPHILIS; TRANSSEXUALISM;

ADULT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; PAKISTAN; PREVALENCE; RISK-TAKING; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES; TRANSSEXUALISM; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 57349192777     PISSN: 09564624     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2008.008135     Document Type: Article

References (16)

1. Nanda S. Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India. Belmont, CA, USA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1990
2. The National AIDS Control Programme MoH, The Family Health International, The Pakistan Medical and Research Council. The National Study of Sexual and Reproductive Tract Infections. See http://www.fhi.org/NR/rdonlyres/ eawwvbpc6n4yccbal2b73hndlgafk54ctb2q3qh5yrtqvao5y67ybc2mjqevq6rquevj2lctpredre/ RTIStudyPakistan3enhv.pdf 2004 (last accessed 23 September 2008)
3. HASP Team, The National AIDS Control Programme MoH. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Project of Pakistan, Round 1. See http://www.nacp.gov.pk/wp- content/uploads/2007/04/HASP-Round1report-final.pdf 2005 (last accessed May 2008)
4. Baqi S, Shah SA, Baig MA, Mujeeb SA, Memon A. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV and syphilis and associated risk behaviours in male transvestites (Hijras) in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J STD AIDS 1999;10:300-4
5. Jami H. Conditions and Status of Hijras (Transgenders, Transvestites etc.) in Pakistan. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, 2005
6. Mithani A, Burfat FM. Hijra - the sex in between. J Independ Stud Res 2003;1. See http://jisr.szabist.edu.pk/servlet/JISRMSSE.Download? Location=030303 HijraTheSexinBetween.pdf (last accessed 23 September 2008)
7. UNAIDS. AIDS Epidemic Update; See http://www.unaids.org/epi/2005/ doc/ report_pdf.asp 2005 (last accessed May 2008)
8. Pinkerton SD, Layde PM. Using sexually transmitted disease incidence as a surrogate marker for HIV incidence in prevention trials. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29:298-307
9. Bokhari A, Nizamani NM, Jackson DJ, et al. HIV risk in Karachi and Lahore, Pakistan: an emerging epidemic in injecting and commercial sex networks. Int J STD AIDS 2007;18:486-92
10. Thomas JC, Tucker MJ. The development and use of the concept of a sexually transmitted disease core. J Infect Dis 1996;174:S134-43
11. Pappas G, Khan O, Wright JT, Khan S, Kumaramangalam L, O'Neill J. Males who have sex with males and HIV/AIDS in India: the hidden epidemic. AIDS Public Policy 2001;16:4-17
12. UNAIDS. Guidelines for the Development of Core Indicators; See http://data. unaids.org/pub/Manual/2007/ 20070411_ungass_core_indicators_manual_en.pdf 2005 (last accessed 23 September 2008)
13. Pisani E, Girault P, Gultom M, et al. HIV, syphilis infection, and sexual practices among transgenders, male sex workers, and other men who have sex with men in Jakarta, Indonesia. Sex Transm Infect 2004;80:536-40
14. Quinn TC, Goodell SE, Mkrtichian E, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis proctitis. N Engl J Med 1981;305:195-200
15. Quinn TC, Stamm WE, Goodell SE. The polymicrobial origin of intestinal infections in homosexual men. N Engl J Med 1983;309:576-82
16. Jones RB, Rabinovitch RA, Katz BP. Recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from the pharynx and rectum of heterosexual patients at risk for genital infection. Ann Intern Med 1985;6:757-62