'Nowhere far from the Sea': Political challenges of coastal adaptation to climate change in New Zealand

Political Science

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 47-59

  Hayward, Bronwyn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Climate change; Climate justice; Democracy; Managed retreat; Resilience

Indexed keywords

EID: 57349155636     PISSN: 00323187     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/003231870806000105     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. From the poem 'A Calm Day' by Basil Dowling; reprinted in V. Strauss and I. Jasch (eds.), Basil Dowling: Selected Poems (Vienna: Global Vision, 2004).
2. Ministry for the Environment, 'Coastal Hazards and Climate Change: A guidance manual for local government in New Zealand' (online version 2008) http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/coastal-hazards-may04/html/page4. html (18 May 2008).
3. Blair Fitzharris, 'How Vulnerable is New Zealand to the Impacts of Climate Change?', New Zealand Geographer, No. 6, 2007, pp. 160-168.
4. K.B. Hennessy and B.C. Fitzharris, et.al., 'Australia and New Zealand Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment', in M.C. Parry et.al. (eds.), Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 515-516.
5. Hennessy and Fitzharris et al., 'Australia and New Zealand 2007', p. 528.
6. Hennessy and Fitzharris et al., 'Australia and New Zealand 2007', p. 511.
7. One hundred and fifty homes were evacuated following the July 2007 floods in Northland, many uninsured. See the Civil Defense Advisory for the Far North District Council, 19 July 2007 http://www.fndc.govt.nz/mediareleases/2007/ imr070719civildefencemediaadvisory.asp (20 May 2008).
8. Hennessy and Fitzharris et al., 'Australia and New Zealand 2007', p. 523.
9. Ministry for the Environment, 'Coastal Hazards and Climate Change: A Guidance Manual for Local Government in New Zealand'.
10. See for example: Media Research Team, University of Victoria, Wellington; The Portrayal of Maori and te Ao Maori in Broadcasting; the Foreshore and Sea Bed Issue (Wellington: Broadcasting Standards Authority 2005) and see Catherine Lane West-Newman, 'Beach Crisis: Law and Love of Place' Space and Culture, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2008), pp. 160-175.
11. Robin Keans and Damian Collins 'On the Rocks: New Zealand Coastal Bach Landscape and the Case of Rangitoto Island', New Zealand Geographer, Vol. 3, No. 62 (2006), pp. 227-235.
12. New Zealand Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, New Zealand Climate Change: Maori Issues Report. (Wellington: Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet 2001),
13. see also Ministry for the Environment, 'Coastal Hazards and Climate Change: A Guidance Manual for Local Government in New Zealand' (online version 2008) http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/coastal-hazards-may04/html/ page4.html 18 May 2008;
14. and Chris Jacomb and Rachel Darmody, 'Snatching Knowledge from the Sea', Heritage New Zealand (May 2002) http://www.historic.org.nz/ magazinefeatures/2002may/2002-05b-single.htm (18 May 2008).
15. Auckland Regional Council, 'Coastal Management Manual' (2001), p. 3.
16. NIWA First Maori Climate Forum, Wellington 2003 http://www.niwa.cri.nz/ ncc/maori/forum/2003-02 (20 May 2008).
17. This depends on wave patterns and river sand deposition. See K.B. Hennessy, B.C. Fitzharris, et.al., 'Australia and New Zealand Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment', in M.C. Parry et.al. (eds.), Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 520.
18. Hennessy and Fitzharris et al., 'Australia and New Zealand Cliamte Change 2007', pp. 515-516.
19. Blair Fitzharris, 'How Vulnerable is New Zealand to the Impacts of Climate Change?', p. 163.
20. Hennessy and Fitzharris et al., 'Australia and New Zealand Climate Change 2007', p. 509.
21. Hennessy and Fitzharris et al., 'Australia and New Zealand Climate Change 2007', p. 509.
22. Hennessy and Fitzharris et al, 'Australia and New Zealand Climate Change 2007', p. 520.
23. R.G. Bell, T. Hume and D. Hicks, 'Planning for Climate Change: Effects on Coastal Margins' (Wellington: Ministry for the Environment, 2001), p. viii http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/effect-coastal-sep01/part1.pdf (21 May 2008).
24. For an extended discussion of the market and non market values at risk, see W.N. Adger, J. Barnett and H. Ellemor, 'Unique and Valued Places at Risk', in Schneider and Rosencranz, A. and Mastrandrea, M (eds.), Climate Change Science and Policy (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, forthcoming).
25. Ministry for the Environment, 'Coastal Hazards and Climate: A Guidance Manual for Local Governments in New Zealand' (Wellington: New Zealand Climate Change Office, Ministry for the Environment, 2004), http://www.mfe.govt.nz/ publications/climate/coastal-hazards-may04/coastal-hazards-may04.pdfand Adger, Barnet and Ellmore, 'Unique and Valued Places at Risk'.
26. Ministry for the Environment, 'Coastal Hazards and Climate Change: A Guidance Manual for Local Government in New Zealand' (online version 2008) http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/coastal-hazards-may04/html/page4. html (18 May 2008).
27. Hennessey and Fitzharris, 'Australia and New Zealand', p. 514.
28. A. Dolan and I.J. Walker, 'Understanding Vulnerability of Coastal Communities to Climate Change Related Risks 'Journal Of Coastal Research Special Issue, Special Issue 39, (2004). http://www.geog.uvic.ca/blast/ Publication%20PDFs/Dolan&Walker-ICS042.pdf(20 May 2008)
29. Dolan and Walker, 'Understanding Vulnerability of Coastal Communities to Climate Change,
30. Angel Gregory, 'Towns repeatedly hit by extreme weather may have to move', New Zealand Herald, 11 July 2007.
31. Chris Ryan, Chief Executive Report, Annual Insurance Industry Review 2007-2008 (Wellington: NZ Insurance Industry Council) and Ann Sullivan, 'Maori Politics and Policy', in Raymond Miller (ed.), New Zealand Government and Politics, 4th ed. (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 2007).
32. Ann Sullivan, 'Maori Politics and Policy'.
33. For an extended discussion of the debate about adaptation as defined by UNFCCC and wider vulnerability researchers, see R. Pieke, G. Prins, S. Rayner and D. Sarewitz, 'Lifting the Taboo on Adaptation', Nature, Vol 445 (8 February 2007), pp. 597-598.
34. Pieke et. al. 'Lifting the Taboo on Adaptation'.
35. C. Folke, T. Hahn, P Olsson and J. Norberg, 'Adaptive Governance of Social-Ecologial Systems', Annual Review of Environmental Resources, Vol. 30 (2005), pp. 441-473.
36. Donald R. Nelson, W. Neil Adger, and Katrina Brown, 'Adaptation to Environmental Change: Contributions of a Resilience Framework', Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol. 32 (November 2007), pp. 395-419
37. See for example Robin Leichenko and Karen O'Brien, Environmental Change and Globalization: Double Exposures (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008);
38. Mike Hulme, 'Geographical Work at the Boundaries of Climate Change', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 33 (2008), pp, 5-11;
39. F. Berkes et. al., 'Globalization, Roving Bandits, and Marine Resources', Science 17 March 2006: Vol. 311. no. 5767, pp. 1557-1558.
40. Hennessy and Fitzharris, 'Australia and New Zealand'.
41. Blair Fitzharris, 'How Vulnerable is New Zealand to the Impacts of Climate Change?', New Zealand Geographer, Vol. 63 (2007), pp. 160-168.
42. New Zealand Ministry of Conservation Policy Group, 'Proposed Coastal Policy Statement' (Wellington: Department of Conservation, 2008).
43. Christopher Turbott and Andrew Stewart, 'Managed Retreat From Coastal Hazards: Options for Implementation', Environment Waikato Technical Report 2006, pp. 1-40 (emphasis in original).
44. Turbott and Stewart, 'Managed Retreat from Coastal Hazards: Options for Implementation'.
45. Turbott and Stewart, 'Managed Retreat from Coastal Hazards: Options for Implementation'.
46. Simon Collins, 'Our Eroding Nation: We Shall not be Moved' The New Zealand Herald (31 December 2002).
47. Turbott and Stewart, 'Managed Retreat from Coastal Hazards: Options for Implementation'.
48. D. Johnson et al., cited in Paula Blackett and Terry Hume, 'Community Involvement in Coastal Hazard Mitigation: 'Some insights into Process and Pitfalls', NZ Planning Institute Politics of Planning Conference, 28-30 March 2007.
49. NIWA, 'IPCC identifies climate change impacts & vulnerability for New Zealand', media release 10 April 2007. http://www.niwa.cri.nz/news/mr/2007/ 2007-04-10-2 (19 May2008).
50. Local Government New Zealand, Submission to the Board of Inquiry on review of New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (Wellington: Local Government New Zealand, May 2008).
51. For example the Hauraki District council noted market valuation rose by 70% in Waihi Beach in one 12 month period: Hauraki District Council Planning and Finance Committee, minutes 11 September 2003.
52. K. G. Harray and T. Healey, 'Beach Erosion: Erosion at Waihi Beach', New Zealand Journal of Maritime and Fresh Water Research, Vol. 12, No. 2 (1978), pp. 99-107.
53. Harray and Healey, 'Beach Erosion: Erosion at Waihi Beach', pp. 99-107.
54. Western Bay of Plenty District Council, press release June 2004, http://www.wbopdc.govt.nz/Notices/MediaReleases/ Council+to+progress+coastal+protection+work+at+Waihi+Beach.htm (21 May 2008).
55. Bay of Plenty Regional Council v Western Bay of Plenty District Council A 27/02 cited in Ministry for the Environment Coastal Hazards and Climate Change: A guidance manual for local government in New Zealand http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/coastal-hazards-may04/html/page12. html (19 May 2008).
56. Coastal Hazards and Climate Change: A guidance manual for local government in New Zealand
57. Ministry for the Environment, 'Climate Change Case Study: Local Government Adaptation to Climate Change', Environment Bay of Plenty http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/ebop-coastal-hazards-jul03/ ebop-coastal-hazards-jul03.pdf (22 May 2008).
58. Ministry for the Environment, 'Climate Change Case Study: Local Government Adaptation to Climate Change'.
59. Collins, 'Our Eroding Nation: We Shall not be Moved'.
60. Environment Waikato, 'Managing Our Coast: the Tabulated Results of Two Community Surveys Undertaken at Tairua and Waihi beach', J.S. Becker et al. (eds.) (Hamilton: GNS Science and Environment Waikato, 2007).
61. Environment Waikato, 'Managing Our Coast: the Tabulated Results of Two Community Surveys Undertaken at Tairua and Waihi beach'.
62. Western Bay of Plenty Waihi Beach Ward Community Forum, minutes, 3 March 2007 http://forums.westernbay.govt.nz/custom/docs/MINUTES-CF1-Combined-notes- for-Internet-Forum.doc (20 May 2008).
63. Western Bay of Plenty Waihi Beach Ward Community Forum, minutes, 3 March 2007.
64. Lauren Owens, 'Waihi beach plan costs to be split three ways', Bay of Plenty Times, 7 June 2008, p. 2.
65. Minister of Conservation, Steve Chadwick, ' Consent to construct a rock seawall at Waihi Beach, press release, 5 May 2008.
66. Neil Adger, 'Scales of Governance and Environmental Justice for Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change', Journal of International Development, Vol. 13 (2001), pp. 921-931.
67. Chris Turbott and Andrew Stewart, 'Managed Retreat from Coastal Hazards: Options for Implementation'.
68. For discussion of democratic obligations to distant, unknown communities, see James Bohman, Democracy across Borders: From Dêmos to Dêmoi (Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2007).
69. Kapiti District Council, 'Submission on the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement, (Kapiti: Kapiti District Council Environment and Community Development Committee, 1 May 2008).
70. Local Government New Zealand, 'Submission to the Board of Inquiry http://www.lgnz.co.nz/projects/NZCPS/LGNZ-Submission-on-the-Proposed-NZCPS-2008. pdf (18 May 2008).
71. Bohman, Democracy across Borders: From Dêmos to Dêmoi.
72. Roger Few and Katrina Brown, 'Climate Change and Coastal Management Decisions: Insights from Christchurch Bay', UK Coastal Management, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 255-270.
73. Roger Few, Katrina Brown and Emma Tompkins, 'Public Participation and Climate Change Adaptation : Avoiding the Illusion of Inclusion', Climate Policy, Vol. 7 (2007), p. 54.
74. Few and Brown 'Public Participation and Climate Change Adaptation: Avoiding the Illusion of Inclusion'.
75. Bronwyn Hayward, 'Let's talk about the weather. De-centering Democratic Debate about Climate Change: A response to Iris Young', Hypatia, Special Issue Summer 2008 (forthcoming).
76. For an extended discussion see Iris Marion Young, 'De-centering Deliberative Democracy' Kettering Review (Fall 2006), pp. 43-53;
77. and Bronwyn Hayward's response: 'Let's talk about the weather. De-centering Democratic Debate about Climate Change: A Response to Iris Young', Hypatia Special Issue Summer 2008 (forthcoming).
78. Will Allen et.al., 'Building partnerships for conservation in the Waitaki/Mackenzie basins', (Lincoln, New Zealand: Landcare Research, 1998).
79. C. Stewart et al., 'Coastal Management in the Waikato Region: A Study of the Views of Coromandel Beach Goers and Residents on Coastal Rrosion', GNS Report (Environment Waikato 2007).
80. Ministry for the Environment Climate Change Office, 'Climate Change Case Study Local Government Adaptation', pp. 8-9.
81. Ministry for the Environment Climate Change Office, 'Climate Change Case Study Local Government Adaptation', pp. 8-9.
82. See, for example, Coastal News: the Newsletter of the new Zealand Coastal Society (Wellington, IPENZ June 2006) http://www.coastalsociety.org.nz/back/ NZCS32.pdf (20 May 2008).
83. Western Bay of Plenty Waihi Beach Ward Community Forum, minutes, 3 March 2007 http://forums.westernbay.govt.nz/custom/docs/MINUTES-CFl-Combined-notes- for-Internet-Forum.doc (20 May 2008).