An Atmospheric Model of Intermediate Complexity for data assimilation studies

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 134, Issue 636, 2008, Pages 1717-1732

  Ehrendorfer, Martin ^a   Errico, Ronald M ^b  

^a University of Maryland Baltimore County ^*

^b NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Data assimilation; Geostrophy; Intermediate complexity model; Predictability; Singular vectors

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERICS; NONLINEAR EQUATIONS; VECTORS; WEATHER FORECASTING;

DATA ASSIMILATION; GEOSTROPHY; INTERMEDIATE-COMPLEXITY MODEL; PREDICTABILITY; SINGULAR VECTORS;

ATMOSPHERIC SPECTRA;

ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; CLIMATE PREDICTION; COMPLEXITY; DATA ASSIMILATION; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC FLOW;

EID: 57349145469     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/qj.329     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Achatz U. 2007. Modal and nonmodal perturbations of monochromatic high-frequency gravity waves: Primary nonlinear dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci. 64: 1977-1994.
2. Adamson DS, Belcher SE, Hoskins BJ, Plant RS. 2006. Boundary-layer friction in midlatitude cyclones. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 132: 101-124.
3. Asselin RA. 1972. Frequency filter for time integrations. Mon. Weather Rev. 100: 487-490.
4. Barkmeijer J, Iversen T, Palmer TN. 2003. Forcing singular vectors and other sensitive model structures. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 129: 2401-2423.
5. Beck A, Ehrendorfer M. 2005. Singular-vector-based covariance propagation in a quasigeostrophic assimilation system. Mon. Weather Rev. 133: 1295-1310.
6. Boer GJ. 1994. Mean and transient spectral energy and enstrophy budgets. J. Atmos. Sci. 51: 1765-1779.
7. Buizza R. 1994. Sensitivity of optimal unstable structures. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 120: 429-451.
8. Buizza R. 1998. Impact of horizontal diffusion on T21, T42, and T63 singular vectors. J. Atmos. Sci. 55: 1069-1083.
9. Buizza R, Palmer TN. 1995. The singular-vector structure of the atmospheric global circulation. J. Atmos. Sci. 52: 1434-1456.
10. Buizza R, Tribbia JJ, Molteni F, Palmer TN. 1993. Computation of optimal unstable structures for a numerical weather prediction model. Tellus 45A: 388-407.
11. Buizza R, Gelaro R, Molteni F, Palmer TN. 1997. The impact of increased resolution on predictability studies with singular vectors. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 123: 1007-1033.
12. Chang EKM, Zurita-Gotor P. 2007. Simulating the seasonal cycle of the northern hemisphere storm tracks using idealized nonlinear storm-track models. J. Atmos. Sci. 64: 2309-2331.
13. Charney JG. 1971. Geostrophic turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci. 28: 1087-1095.
14. Charney JG, Fleagle RG, Riehl H, Lally VE, Wark DQ. 1966. The feasibility of a global observation and analysis experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 47: 200-220.
15. Cohn SE, Parrish DF. 1991. The behavior of forecast error covariances for a Kalman filter in two dimensions. Mon. Weather Rev. 119: 1757-1785.
16. Daley R. 1981. Normal mode initialization. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 19: (3) 450-468.
17. Daley R, Ménard R. 1993. Spectral characteristics of Kalman filter systems for atmospheric data assimilation. Mon. Weather Rev. 121: 1554-1565.
18. Durran DR. 1999. Numerical Methods for Wave Equations in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer: Berlin.
19. Ehrendorfer M. 1998. 'Energy norms in the T21L3 Marshall/Molteni quasi-geostrophic model'. Research Department Memo. R48.9/ME/70, ECMWF: Reading, UK.
20. Ehrendorfer M. 2000. The total energy norm in a quasigeostrophic model. J. Atmos. Sci. 57: 3443-3451.
21. Ehrendorfer M. 2005. Climate Predictability. Pp. 16.1-16.23 in Observed Global Climate. Hantel M. (ed.) Volume V/6 of Landolt-Börnstein, New Series, Springer: Berlin.
22. Ehrendorfer M. 2006. The Liouville equation and atmospheric predictability. Pp. 59-98 in Predictability of Weather and Climate. Palmer TN, Hagedorn R. (eds.) Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
23. Ehrendorfer M. 2007. A review of issues in ensemble-based Kalman filtering. Meteorol. Zeitschrift, N.F. 16: 795-818.
24. Ehrendorfer M, Errico RM. 1995. Mesoscale predictability and the spectrum of optimal perturbations. J. Atmos. Sci. 52: 3475-3500.
25. Ehrendorfer M, Tribbia JJ, Errico RM. 1996. 'Mesoscale predictability: An assessment through adjoint methods'. Pp. 157-183 in Proceedings of Seminar on Predictability, Vol. I, 4-8 Sept. 1995. ECMWF: Reading, UK.
26. Eliassen A. 1984. Geostrophy. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 110: 1-12.
27. Errico RM. 1997. On the removal of gravitational noise in numerical forecasts. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 75: (1B) 219-227.
28. Errico RM. 2000a.. Interpretations of the total energy and rotational energy norms applied to determination of singular vectors. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 126: 1581-1599.
29. Errico RM. 2000b.. The dynamical balance of leading singular vectors in a primitive-equation model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 126: 1601-1618.
30. Errico RM, Baumhefner D. 1987. Predictability experiments using a high-resolution limited-area model. Mon. Weather Rev. 115: 488-504.
31. Errico RM, Williamson DL. 1988. The behavior of gravitational modes in numerical forecasts with the NCAR Community Climate Model. Mon. Weather Rev. 116: 1737-1756.
32. Errico RM, Ehrendorfer M, Raeder K. 2001. The spectra of singular values in a regional model. Tellus 53A: 317-332.
33. Errico RM, Yang R, Masutani M, Woollen JS. 2007. The estimation of analysis error characteristics using an observation systems simulation experiment. Meteorol. Zeitschrift, N.F. 16: 695-708.
34. Farrell BF. 1988. Optimal excitation of neutral Rossby waves. J. Atmos. Sci. 45: 163-172.
35. Farrell BF. 1990. Small error dynamics and the predictability of atmospheric flows. J. Atmos. Sci. 47: 2409-2416.
36. Farrell BF, Ioannou PJ. 1996. Generalized stability theory. Part I: Autonomous operators. J. Atmos. Sci. 53: 2025-2040.
37. Fillion L. 1991. Variational implicit normal mode initialization on the sphere. Mon. Weather Rev. 119: 631-652.
38. Gelaro R, Reynolds CA, Errico RM. 2002a.. Transient and asymptotic perturbation growth in a simple model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 128: 205-227.
39. Gelaro R, Rosmond T, Daley R. 2002b.. Singular vector calculations with an analysis error variance metric. Mon. Weather Rev. 130: 1166-1186.
40. Golub GH, Van Loan CF. 1989. Matrix Computations. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, Md, USA.
41. Held IM, Suarez MJ. 1994. A proposal for the intercomparison of the dynamical cores of atmospheric general circulation models. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 75: 1825-1830.
42. Holloway G. 1986. Eddies, waves, circulation, and mixing: Statistical geofluid mechanics. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 18: 91-147.
43. Holton JR. 2004. An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. International Geophysics Series, vol. 48. Academic Press: London and San Diego.
44. Houtekamer PL, Mitchell HL. 1998. Data assimilation using an ensemble Kalman filter technique. Mon. Weather Rev. 126: 796-811.
45. Kållberg P, Berrisford P, Hoskins BJ, Simmons A, Uppala S, Lamy-Thépaut S, Hine R. 2005. 'ERA-40 Atlas'. Re-analysis Project Report Series No. 19. ECMWF: Reading, UK.
46. Kiehl JT, Hack JJ, Bonan GB, Boville BA, Briegleb BP, Williamson DL, Rasch PJ. 1996. 'Description of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3)'. Tech. Note NCAR/TN-420+STR. National Center for Atmospheric Research: Boulder, CO, USA.
47. Kim HM, Morgan MC. 2002. Dependence of singular vector structure and evolution on the choice of norm. J. Atmos. Sci. 59: 3099-3116.
48. King AC, Billingham J, Otto SR. 2003. Differential Equations - Linear, Nonlinear, Ordinary, Partial. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
49. Lapeyre G, Held IM. 2004. The role of moisture in the dynamics and energetics of turbulent baroclinic eddies. J. Atmos. Sci. 61: 1693-1710.
50. Lorenz EN. 1963. Deterministic nonperiodic flow. J. Atmos. Sci. 20: 130-141.
51. Lorenz EN. 1965. A study of the predictability of a 28-variable atmospheric model. Tellus 17: 321-333.
52. Lorenz EN, Emanuel KA. 1998. Optimal sites for supplementary weather observations: simulation with a small model. J. Atmos. Sci. 55: 399-414.
53. Machenhauer B. 1977. On the dynamics of gravity oscillations in a shallow water model, with applications to normal mode initialization. Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 50: 353-271.
54. Machenhauer B. 1979. The spectral method. Pp. 121-275 in Numerical Methods Used in Atmospheric Models, Vol. II, GARP Publications Series, Vol. 17. World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
55. Marshall J, Molteni F. 1993. Toward a dynamical understanding of planetary-scale flow regimes. J. Atmos. Sci. 50: 1792-1818.
56. McWilliams JC, Gent PR. 1980. Intermediate models of planetary circulations in the atmosphere and ocean. J. Atmos. Sci. 37: 1657-1678.
57. Mizuta R, Yoden S. 2001. Chaotic mixing and transport barriers in an idealized stratospheric polar vortex. J. Atmos. Sci. 58: 2616-2629.
58. Molteni F, Buizza R, Palmer TN, Petroliagis T. 1996. The ECMWF ensemble prediction system: Methodology and validation. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 122: 73-119.
59. Morgan MC, Chen CC. 2002. Diagnosis of optimal perturbation evolution in the Eady model. J. Atmos. Sci. 59: 169-185.
60. Morss RE, Emanuel KA, Snyder C. 2001. Idealized adaptive observation strategies for improving numerical weather prediction. J. Atmos. Sci. 58: 210-232.
61. Palmer TN, Gelaro R, Barkmeijer J, Buizza R. 1998. Singular vectors, metrics, and adaptive observations. J. Atmos. Sci. 55: 633-653.
62. Pedlosky J. 1987. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer: Berlin. Peixoto JP, Oort AH. 1992. Physics of Climate. American Institute of Physics: Washington DC.
63. Polvani LM, Scott RK, Thomas SJ. 2004. Numerically converged solutions of the global primitive equations for testing the dynamical core of atmospheric GCMs. Mon. Weather Rev. 132: 2539-2552.
64. Reynolds CA, Gelaro R, Doyle JD. 2001. Relationship between singular vectors and transient features in the background flow. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 127: 1731-1760.
65. Reynolds CA, Palmer TN. 1998. Decaying singular vectors and their impact on analysis and forecast correction. J. Atmos. Sci. 55: 3005-3023.
66. Richardson LF. 2007. Weather Prediction by Numerical Process. (2nd ed.) Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
67. Rodwell MJ, Palmer TN. 2007. Using numerical weather prediction to assess climate models. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 133: 129-146.
68. Rotunno R, Snyder C. 2008. A generalization of Lorenz's model for the predictability of flows with many scales of motion. J. Atmos. Sci. 65: 1063-1076.
69. Salmon R. 1998. Lectures on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Oxford University Press: New York.
70. Szunyogh I, Kalnay E, Toth Z. 1997. A comparison of Lyapunov and optimal vectors in a low-resolution GCM. Tellus 49A: 200-227.
71. Trefethen LN, Trefethen AE, Reddy SC, Driscoll TA. 1993. Hydrodynamic stability without eigenvalues. Science 261: 578-584.
72. Tribbia JJ, Baumhefner DP. 2004. Scale interactions and atmospheric predictability: An updated perspective. Mon. Weather Rev. 132: 703-713.
73. -5/3 energy spectrum of atmospheric turbulence: Quasigeostrophic two-level model simulation. J. Atmos. Sci. 60: 824-835.