메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 86, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 1419-1425

Reduced parasite infestation in urban Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula): A factor favoring urbanization?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISEASE PREVALENCE; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; HEMOPARASITE; METAZOAN; PARASITE INFESTATION; PARASITE PREVALENCE; PASSERINE; URBANIZATION;

EID: 57349123272     PISSN: 00084301     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/Z08-129     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (52)

References (68)
  • 1
    • 0030617597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive investment and parasite susceptibility in the great tit
    • doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1997. 00095.x
    • Allander, K. 1997. Reproductive investment and parasite susceptibility in the great tit. Funct. Ecol. 11: 358-364. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1997. 00095.x.
    • (1997) Funct. Ecol , vol.11 , pp. 358-364
    • Allander, K.1
  • 2
    • 0029551129 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary pressures in the spread and persistence of infectious agents in vertebrate populations
    • PMID:8632920
    • Anderson, R.M. 1995. Evolutionary pressures in the spread and persistence of infectious agents in vertebrate populations. Parasitology, 111: S15-S31. PMID:8632920.
    • (1995) Parasitology , vol.111
    • Anderson, R.M.1
  • 3
    • 0033941999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Island and taxon effects in parasitism and resistance of Lesser Antillean birds
    • Apanius, V., Yorinks, N., Bermingham, E., and Ricklefs, R.E. 2000. Island and taxon effects in parasitism and resistance of Lesser Antillean birds. Ecology, 81: 1959-1969.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 1959-1969
    • Apanius, V.1    Yorinks, N.2    Bermingham, E.3    Ricklefs, R.E.4
  • 4
    • 0026336087 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenicity and epizootiology of avian haematozoa: Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus
    • Edited by J. Loye and M. Zuk. Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp
    • Atkinson, C., and van Riper, C., III. 1991. Pathogenicity and epizootiology of avian haematozoa: Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. In Bird-parasite interactions: ecology, evolution and behaviour. Edited by J. Loye and M. Zuk. Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp. 19-48.
    • (1991) Bird-parasite interactions: Ecology, evolution and behaviour , pp. 19-48
    • Atkinson, C.1    van Riper III, C.2
  • 5
    • 57349110074 scopus 로고
    • On three species of Hippoboscidae (Diptera) on birds in Ontario
    • doi:10.1139/z61-043
    • Bennett, G.F. 1961. On three species of Hippoboscidae (Diptera) on birds in Ontario. Can. J. Zool. 39: 379-406. doi:10.1139/z61-043.
    • (1961) Can. J. Zool , vol.39 , pp. 379-406
    • Bennett, G.F.1
  • 6
    • 0000921930 scopus 로고
    • Simple techniques for making avian blood smears
    • doi:10.1139/z70-098
    • Bennett, G.F. 1970. Simple techniques for making avian blood smears. Can. J. Zool. 48: 585-586. doi:10.1139/z70-098.
    • (1970) Can. J. Zool , vol.48 , pp. 585-586
    • Bennett, G.F.1
  • 7
    • 0016270418 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal prevalence of avian hematozoa in passeriform birds of Atlantic Canada
    • PMID:4214192, doi:10.1139/z74-167
    • Bennett, G.F., and Cameron, M. 1974. Seasonal prevalence of avian hematozoa in passeriform birds of Atlantic Canada. Can. J. Zool. 52: 1259-1264. doi:10.1139/z74-167. PMID:4214192.
    • (1974) Can. J. Zool , vol.52 , pp. 1259-1264
    • Bennett, G.F.1    Cameron, M.2
  • 8
    • 0001064308 scopus 로고
    • Scarcity of Hematozoa in birds breeding on the arctic tundra of North America
    • doi:10.2307/1368821
    • Bennett, G.F., Montgomerie, R., and Seutin, G. 1992. Scarcity of Hematozoa in birds breeding on the arctic tundra of North America. Condor, 94: 289-292. doi:10.2307/1368821.
    • (1992) Condor , vol.94 , pp. 289-292
    • Bennett, G.F.1    Montgomerie, R.2    Seutin, G.3
  • 9
    • 0028993466 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the blood parasites of 3 Fenno-Scandian populations of the Pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca
    • doi:10.2307/3677210
    • Bennett, G.F., Squires-Parsons, D., Siikamäki, P., Huhta, E., Allander, K., and Hillstrom, L. 1995. A comparison of the blood parasites of 3 Fenno-Scandian populations of the Pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. J. Avian Biol. 26: 33-38. doi:10.2307/3677210.
    • (1995) J. Avian Biol , vol.26 , pp. 33-38
    • Bennett, G.F.1    Squires-Parsons, D.2    Siikamäki, P.3    Huhta, E.4    Allander, K.5    Hillstrom, L.6
  • 10
    • 0037396436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal and spatial variation of hematozoans in Scandinavian willow warblers
    • doi:10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0388:TASVOH]2.0.CO;2. PMID:12760661
    • Bensch, S., and Åkesson, S. 2003. Temporal and spatial variation of hematozoans in Scandinavian willow warblers. J. Parasitol. 89: 388-391. doi:10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0388:TASVOH]2.0.CO;2. PMID:12760661.
    • (2003) J. Parasitol , vol.89 , pp. 388-391
    • Bensch, S.1    Åkesson, S.2
  • 11
    • 33751097711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitive measure of prevalence and parasitaemia of haemosporidia from European blackbird (Turdus merula) populations: Value of PCR-RFLP and quantitative PCR
    • PMID:16948874, doi:10.1017/S0031182006001090
    • Bentz, S., Rigaud, T., Barroca, M., Martin-Laurent, F., Bru, D., Moreau, J., and Faivre, B. 2006. Sensitive measure of prevalence and parasitaemia of haemosporidia from European blackbird (Turdus merula) populations: value of PCR-RFLP and quantitative PCR. Parasitology, 133: 685-692. doi:10.1017/S0031182006001090. PMID:16948874.
    • (2006) Parasitology , vol.133 , pp. 685-692
    • Bentz, S.1    Rigaud, T.2    Barroca, M.3    Martin-Laurent, F.4    Bru, D.5    Moreau, J.6    Faivre, B.7
  • 12
    • 33646831806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mhc allele associated with local resistance to malaria in passerine
    • PMID:16610328
    • Bonneaud, C., Pérez-Tris, J., Chastel, O., Federici, P., and Sorci, G. 2006. Mhc allele associated with local resistance to malaria in passerine. Evolution, 60: 383-389. PMID:16610328.
    • (2006) Evolution , vol.60 , pp. 383-389
    • Bonneaud, C.1    Pérez-Tris, J.2    Chastel, O.3    Federici, P.4    Sorci, G.5
  • 13
    • 1842608284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of resistance through costly acquired immunity
    • doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2655
    • Boots, M., and Bowers, R.G. 2004. The evolution of resistance through costly acquired immunity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 271: 715-723. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2655.
    • (2004) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci , vol.271 , pp. 715-723
    • Boots, M.1    Bowers, R.G.2
  • 14
    • 0345448105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The population dynamical implications of covert infections in host-microparasite interactions
    • doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00777.x
    • Boots, M., Greenman, J., Ross, D., Norman, R., Hails, R., and Sait, S. 2003. The population dynamical implications of covert infections in host-microparasite interactions. J. Anim. Ecol. 72: 1064-1072. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00777.x.
    • (2003) J. Anim. Ecol , vol.72 , pp. 1064-1072
    • Boots, M.1    Greenman, J.2    Ross, D.3    Norman, R.4    Hails, R.5    Sait, S.6
  • 15
    • 0030409516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foraging of gray squirrels on an urban-rural gradient: Use of the GUD to assess anthropogenic impact
    • doi:10.2307/2269597
    • Bowers, M.A., and Breland, B. 1996. Foraging of gray squirrels on an urban-rural gradient: use of the GUD to assess anthropogenic impact. Ecol. Appl. 6: 1135-1142. doi:10.2307/2269597.
    • (1996) Ecol. Appl , vol.6 , pp. 1135-1142
    • Bowers, M.A.1    Breland, B.2
  • 16
    • 33846322940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases
    • PMID:17113678, doi:10.1016/j.tree. 2006.11.001
    • Bradley, C.A., and Altizer, S. 2007. Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22: 95-102. doi:10.1016/j.tree. 2006.11.001. PMID:17113678.
    • (2007) Trends Ecol. Evol , vol.22 , pp. 95-102
    • Bradley, C.A.1    Altizer, S.2
  • 17
    • 27544443275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chace, J.F., and Walsh, J.J. 2006. Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landsc. Urban Plan. 74: 46-69. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.08. 007.
    • Chace, J.F., and Walsh, J.J. 2006. Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landsc. Urban Plan. 74: 46-69. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.08. 007.
  • 18
    • 32344446084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are multiple infections more severe for Purple Martins (Progne subis) than single infections?
    • doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0141:AMIMSF]2.0.CO;2
    • Davidar, P., and Morton, E.S. 2006. Are multiple infections more severe for Purple Martins (Progne subis) than single infections? Auk, 123: 141-147. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0141:AMIMSF]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2006) Auk , vol.123 , pp. 141-147
    • Davidar, P.1    Morton, E.S.2
  • 19
    • 0000532605 scopus 로고
    • The genera of Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus, and Hepatocyctis
    • Edited by J.P. Kreier. Academic Press, London. pp
    • Desser, S.S., and Bennett, G.F. 1993. The genera of Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus, and Hepatocyctis. In Parasitic protozoa. Edited by J.P. Kreier. Academic Press, London. pp. 273-308.
    • (1993) Parasitic protozoa , pp. 273-308
    • Desser, S.S.1    Bennett, G.F.2
  • 20
    • 0035370815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal and age-related changes in blood parasite prevalence in dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis, Aves, Passeriformes)
    • PMID:11351333, doi:10.1002/jez.1027
    • Deviche, P., Greiner, E.C., and Manteca, X. 2001. Seasonal and age-related changes in blood parasite prevalence in dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis, Aves, Passeriformes). J. Exp. Zool. 289: 456-466. doi:10.1002/jez.1027. PMID:11351333.
    • (2001) J. Exp. Zool , vol.289 , pp. 456-466
    • Deviche, P.1    Greiner, E.C.2    Manteca, X.3
  • 21
    • 18744384722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male reproductive success is correlated with blood parasite levels and body condition in the promiscuous aquatic warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola)
    • doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0558:MRSICW]2.0.CO;2
    • Dyrcz, A., Wink, M., Kruszewicz, A., and Leisler, B. 2005. Male reproductive success is correlated with blood parasite levels and body condition in the promiscuous aquatic warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola). Auk, 122: 558-565. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0558:MRSICW]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2005) Auk , vol.122 , pp. 558-565
    • Dyrcz, A.1    Wink, M.2    Kruszewicz, A.3    Leisler, B.4
  • 22
    • 18744402784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic dynamics in urban communities
    • doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0399:TDIUC]2.0.CO;2
    • Faeth, S.H., Warren, P.S., Shochat, E., and Marussich, W.A. 2005. Trophic dynamics in urban communities. Bioscience, 55: 399-407. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0399:TDIUC]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2005) Bioscience , vol.55 , pp. 399-407
    • Faeth, S.H.1    Warren, P.S.2    Shochat, E.3    Marussich, W.A.4
  • 23
    • 0034451886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haematozoan parasites and migratory behaviour in waterfowl
    • doi:10.1023/A: 1011009419264
    • Figuerola, J., and Green, A.J. 2000. Haematozoan parasites and migratory behaviour in waterfowl. Evol. Ecol. 14: 143-153. doi:10.1023/A: 1011009419264.
    • (2000) Evol. Ecol , vol.14 , pp. 143-153
    • Figuerola, J.1    Green, A.J.2
  • 24
    • 0030908402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An alternative hypothesis for heavier parasite loads of brightly colored birds: Exposure at the nest
    • Garvin, M.C., and Remsen, J.V. 1997. An alternative hypothesis for heavier parasite loads of brightly colored birds: exposure at the nest. Auk, 114: 179-191.
    • (1997) Auk , vol.114 , pp. 179-191
    • Garvin, M.C.1    Remsen, J.V.2
  • 26
    • 0020174467 scopus 로고
    • Effects of pinealectomy and ocular enucleation on diurnal periodicity of Leucocytozoon smithi (Hemosporina) gametocytes in the peripheral blood of domestic turkeys
    • PMID:6813461
    • Gore, T.C., Noblet, G.P., and Noblet, R. 1982. Effects of pinealectomy and ocular enucleation on diurnal periodicity of Leucocytozoon smithi (Hemosporina) gametocytes in the peripheral blood of domestic turkeys. J. Protozool. 29: 415-420. PMID:6813461.
    • (1982) J. Protozool , vol.29 , pp. 415-420
    • Gore, T.C.1    Noblet, G.P.2    Noblet, R.3
  • 27
    • 0036789551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of infestation patterns by Ixodes ticks in urban and rural populations of the Common Blackbird Turdus merula
    • doi:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00102.x
    • Gregoire, A., Faivre, B., Heeb, P., and Cezilly, F. 2002. A comparison of infestation patterns by Ixodes ticks in urban and rural populations of the Common Blackbird Turdus merula. Ibis, 144: 640-645. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00102.x.
    • (2002) Ibis , vol.144 , pp. 640-645
    • Gregoire, A.1    Faivre, B.2    Heeb, P.3    Cezilly, F.4
  • 28
    • 0016646214 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of the avian haematozoa of North America
    • PMID:1212636, doi:10.1139/z75-211
    • Greiner, E.C., Bennett, G.F., White, E.M., and Coombs, R.F. 1975. Distribution of the avian haematozoa of North America. Can. J. Zool. 53: 1762-1787. doi:10.1139/z75-211. PMID:1212636.
    • (1975) Can. J. Zool , vol.53 , pp. 1762-1787
    • Greiner, E.C.1    Bennett, G.F.2    White, E.M.3    Coombs, R.F.4
  • 29
    • 0020336255 scopus 로고
    • Heritable true fitness and bright birds - a role for parasites
    • PMID:7123238, doi:10.1126/science.7123238
    • Hamilton, W.D., and Zuk, M. 1982. Heritable true fitness and bright birds - a role for parasites. Science (Washington, D.C.), 218: 384-387. doi:10.1126/science.7123238. PMID:7123238.
    • (1982) Science (Washington, D.C.) , vol.218 , pp. 384-387
    • Hamilton, W.D.1    Zuk, M.2
  • 30
    • 2342618188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost of immunity: Immune responsiveness reduces survival in a vertebrate
    • doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2678
    • Hanssen, S.A., Hasselquist, D., Folstad, I., and Erikstadt, K.E. 2004. Cost of immunity: immune responsiveness reduces survival in a vertebrate. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 271: 925-930. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2678.
    • (2004) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci , vol.271 , pp. 925-930
    • Hanssen, S.A.1    Hasselquist, D.2    Folstad, I.3    Erikstadt, K.E.4
  • 31
    • 0033922014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence and ecology of the haematozoan parasites of European blackbirds, Turdus merula
    • doi:10.1139/cjz-78-4- 684
    • Hatchwell, B.J., Wood, M.J., Anwar, M., and Perrins, C.M. 2000. The prevalence and ecology of the haematozoan parasites of European blackbirds, Turdus merula. Can. J. Zool. 78: 684-687. doi:10.1139/cjz-78-4- 684.
    • (2000) Can. J. Zool , vol.78 , pp. 684-687
    • Hatchwell, B.J.1    Wood, M.J.2    Anwar, M.3    Perrins, C.M.4
  • 32
    • 33646254863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasite prevalence and samples size: Misconceptions and solutions
    • PMID:16531119, doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.02.011
    • Jovani, R., and Tella, J.L. 2006. Parasite prevalence and samples size: misconceptions and solutions. Trends Parasitol. 22: 214-218. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.02.011. PMID:16531119.
    • (2006) Trends Parasitol , vol.22 , pp. 214-218
    • Jovani, R.1    Tella, J.L.2
  • 33
    • 0025644011 scopus 로고
    • Urbanization of the European Blackbird - expansion and adaptations of urban population
    • September, Edited by M. Luniak. Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. pp
    • Luniak, M., Mulsow, R., and Walasz, K. 1990. Urbanization of the European Blackbird - expansion and adaptations of urban population. In Urban Ecological Studies in Central and Eastern Europe; International Symposium, Warsaw, Poland, 24-25 September 1986. Edited by M. Luniak. Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. pp. 187-198.
    • (1986) Urban Ecological Studies in Central and Eastern Europe; International Symposium, Warsaw, Poland, 24-25 , pp. 187-198
    • Luniak, M.1    Mulsow, R.2    Walasz, K.3
  • 34
    • 8144229657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune activity in temperate and tropical house sparrows: A common garden experiment
    • doi:10.1890/03-0365
    • Martin, L.B., Pless, M., Svoboda, J., and Wikelski, M. 2004. Immune activity in temperate and tropical house sparrows: a common garden experiment. Ecology, 85: 2323-2331. doi:10.1890/03-0365.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 2323-2331
    • Martin, L.B.1    Pless, M.2    Svoboda, J.3    Wikelski, M.4
  • 35
    • 13844297118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Malarial parasites decrease reproductive success: An experimental study in a passerine bird
    • doi:10.1007/s00442-004- 1757-2
    • Marzal, A., de Lope, F., Navarro, C., and Møller, A.P. 2005. Malarial parasites decrease reproductive success: an experimental study in a passerine bird. Oecologia (Berl.), 142: 541-545. doi:10.1007/s00442-004- 1757-2.
    • (2005) Oecologia (Berl.) , vol.142 , pp. 541-545
    • Marzal, A.1    de Lope, F.2    Navarro, C.3    Møller, A.P.4
  • 36
    • 0029504512 scopus 로고
    • Geographic and individual variation in haematozoan infections in the greenfinch, Carduelis chloris
    • doi:10.1139/z95-212
    • Merilä, J., Björklund, M., and Bennett, G.F. 1995. Geographic and individual variation in haematozoan infections in the greenfinch, Carduelis chloris. Can. J. Zool. 73: 1798-1804. doi:10.1139/z95-212.
    • (1995) Can. J. Zool , vol.73 , pp. 1798-1804
    • Merilä, J.1    Björklund, M.2    Bennett, G.F.3
  • 37
    • 0034704045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are avian blood parasites pathogenic in the wild? A medication experiment in blue tits (Parus caeruleus)
    • Merino, S., Moreno, J., Sanz, J.J., and Arriero, E. 2000. Are avian blood parasites pathogenic in the wild? A medication experiment in blue tits (Parus caeruleus). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 267: 2507-2510.
    • (2000) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci , vol.267 , pp. 2507-2510
    • Merino, S.1    Moreno, J.2    Sanz, J.J.3    Arriero, E.4
  • 38
    • 0025527371 scopus 로고
    • Parasites and sexual selection: Current status of the Hamilton and Zuk hypothesis
    • doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1990.3050319.x
    • Møller, A.P. 1990. Parasites and sexual selection: current status of the Hamilton and Zuk hypothesis. J. Evol. Biol. 3: 319-328. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1990.3050319.x.
    • (1990) J. Evol. Biol , vol.3 , pp. 319-328
    • Møller, A.P.1
  • 39
    • 0001448102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasitism and the evolution of the host life history
    • Edited by D.H. Clayton and J. Moore. Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp
    • Møller, A.P. 1997. Parasitism and the evolution of the host life history. In Host-parasite evolution: general principles and avian models. Edited by D.H. Clayton and J. Moore. Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp. 105-127.
    • (1997) Host-parasite evolution: General principles and avian models , pp. 105-127
    • Møller, A.P.1
  • 40
    • 0032558104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive effort reduces specific immune response and parasite resistance
    • doi:10.1098/rspb.1998. 0432
    • Nordling, D., Andersson, M., Zohari, S., and Gustafsson, L. 1998. Reproductive effort reduces specific immune response and parasite resistance. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 265: 1291-1298. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998. 0432.
    • (1998) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci , vol.265 , pp. 1291-1298
    • Nordling, D.1    Andersson, M.2    Zohari, S.3    Gustafsson, L.4
  • 41
    • 0034057003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological immunology: Life history trade-offs and immune defense in birds
    • doi:10.1093/beheco/11.1.19
    • Norris, K., and Evans, M.R. 2000. Ecological immunology: life history trade-offs and immune defense in birds. Behav. Ecol. 11: 19-26. doi:10.1093/beheco/11.1.19.
    • (2000) Behav. Ecol , vol.11 , pp. 19-26
    • Norris, K.1    Evans, M.R.2
  • 42
    • 0028180913 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive effort influences the prevalence of haematozoan parasites in great tits
    • doi:10.2307/5226
    • Norris, K., Anwar, M., and Read, A.F. 1994. Reproductive effort influences the prevalence of haematozoan parasites in great tits. J. Anim. Ecol. 63: 601-610. doi:10.2307/5226.
    • (1994) J. Anim. Ecol , vol.63 , pp. 601-610
    • Norris, K.1    Anwar, M.2    Read, A.F.3
  • 43
    • 0029948987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clutch size and malaria resistance
    • PMID:8637590, doi:10.1038/381565a0
    • Oppliger, A., Christe, P., and Richner, H. 1996. Clutch size and malaria resistance. Nature (London), 381: 565. doi:10.1038/381565a0. PMID:8637590.
    • (1996) Nature (London) , vol.381 , pp. 565
    • Oppliger, A.1    Christe, P.2    Richner, H.3
  • 44
    • 0031740859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health impact of blood parasites in breeding great tits
    • doi:10.1007/s004420050608
    • Ots, I., and Hõrak, P. 1998. Health impact of blood parasites in breeding great tits. Oecologia (Berl.), 116: 441-448. doi:10.1007/s004420050608.
    • (1998) Oecologia (Berl.) , vol.116 , pp. 441-448
    • Ots, I.1    Hõrak, P.2
  • 45
    • 34247326987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased sedentariness in European blackbirds following urbanization: A consequence of local adaptation?
    • PMID:17536705, doi:10.1890/06-1105
    • Partecke, J., and Gwinner, E. 2007. Increased sedentariness in European blackbirds following urbanization: a consequence of local adaptation? Ecology, 88: 882-890. doi:10.1890/06-1105. PMID:17536705.
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 882-890
    • Partecke, J.1    Gwinner, E.2
  • 46
    • 7944225857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the timing of reproduction between urban and forest European blackbirds (Turdus merula): Result of phenotypic flexibility or genetic differences?
    • doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2821
    • Partecke, J., Van't Hof, T., and Gwinner, E. 2004. Differences in the timing of reproduction between urban and forest European blackbirds (Turdus merula): result of phenotypic flexibility or genetic differences? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 271: 1995-2001. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2821.
    • (2004) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci , vol.271 , pp. 1995-2001
    • Partecke, J.1    Van't Hof, T.2    Gwinner, E.3
  • 47
    • 22544480324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Underlying physiological control of reproduction in urban and forest-dwelling European blackbirds Turdus merula
    • doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03344.x
    • Partecke, J., Van't Hof, T., and Gwinner, E. 2005. Underlying physiological control of reproduction in urban and forest-dwelling European blackbirds Turdus merula. J. Avian Biol. 36: 295-305. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03344.x.
    • (2005) J. Avian Biol , vol.36 , pp. 295-305
    • Partecke, J.1    Van't Hof, T.2    Gwinner, E.3
  • 48
    • 0033830560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of saturation deficit and temperature on Ixodes ricinus tick questing activity in a Lyme borreliosis-endemic area (Switzerland)
    • PMID:10935905, doi:10.1007/s004360000209
    • Perret, J.L., Guigoz, E., Rais, O., and Gern, L. 2000. Influence of saturation deficit and temperature on Ixodes ricinus tick questing activity in a Lyme borreliosis-endemic area (Switzerland). Parasitol. Res. 86: 554-557. doi:10.1007/s004360000209. PMID:10935905.
    • (2000) Parasitol. Res , vol.86 , pp. 554-557
    • Perret, J.L.1    Guigoz, E.2    Rais, O.3    Gern, L.4
  • 49
    • 0028897155 scopus 로고
    • Paternal investment affects prevalence of malaria
    • PMID:7862659, doi:10.1073/pnas.92.4.1192
    • Richner, H., Christe, P., and Oppliger, A. 1995. Paternal investment affects prevalence of malaria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92: 1192-1194. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.4.1192. PMID:7862659.
    • (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A , vol.92 , pp. 1192-1194
    • Richner, H.1    Christe, P.2    Oppliger, A.3
  • 50
    • 0026508643 scopus 로고
    • Embryonic development period and the prevalence of avian blood parasites
    • PMID:1584808, doi:10.1073/pnas.89.10.4722
    • Ricklefs, R.E. 1992. Embryonic development period and the prevalence of avian blood parasites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89: 4722-4725. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.10.4722. PMID:1584808.
    • (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A , vol.89 , pp. 4722-4725
    • Ricklefs, R.E.1
  • 51
    • 0036109751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive effort and blood parasites of breeding pied flycatchers: The need to control for interannual variation and initial health state
    • doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.960212.x
    • Sanz, J.J., Moreno, J., Arriero, E., and Merino, S. 2002. Reproductive effort and blood parasites of breeding pied flycatchers: the need to control for interannual variation and initial health state. Oikos, 96: 299-306. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.960212.x.
    • (2002) Oikos , vol.96 , pp. 299-306
    • Sanz, J.J.1    Moreno, J.2    Arriero, E.3    Merino, S.4
  • 52
    • 3042808880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of blood parasites in European passeriform birds
    • doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2726
    • Scheuerlein, A., and Ricklefs, R.E. 2004. Prevalence of blood parasites in European passeriform birds. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 271: 1363-1370. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2726.
    • (2004) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci , vol.271 , pp. 1363-1370
    • Scheuerlein, A.1    Ricklefs, R.E.2
  • 53
    • 0037228278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal prevalence of a haematozoan parasite of red-bellied woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) and its association with host condition and overwinter survival
    • doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003) 120[0130:SPOAHP]2.0.CO;2
    • Schrader, M.S., Walters, E.L., James, F.C., and Greiner, E.C. 2003. Seasonal prevalence of a haematozoan parasite of red-bellied woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) and its association with host condition and overwinter survival. Auk, 120: 130-137. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003) 120[0130:SPOAHP]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2003) Auk , vol.120 , pp. 130-137
    • Schrader, M.S.1    Walters, E.L.2    James, F.C.3    Greiner, E.C.4
  • 54
    • 0030456227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological immunology - costly parasite defences and trade-offs in evolutionary ecology
    • doi:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10039-2
    • Sheldon, B.C., and Verhulst, S. 1996. Ecological immunology - costly parasite defences and trade-offs in evolutionary ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11: 317-321. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10039-2.
    • (1996) Trends Ecol. Evol , vol.11 , pp. 317-321
    • Sheldon, B.C.1    Verhulst, S.2
  • 55
    • 4043064413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Credit or debit? Resource input changes population dynamics of city-slicker birds
    • doi:10.1111/j.0030- 1299.2004.13159.x
    • Shochat, E. 2004. Credit or debit? Resource input changes population dynamics of city-slicker birds. Oikos, 106: 622-626. doi:10.1111/j.0030- 1299.2004.13159.x.
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.106 , pp. 622-626
    • Shochat, E.1
  • 56
    • 4143153859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking optimal foraging behavior to bird community structure in an urban-desert landscape: Field experiments with artificial food patches
    • PMID:15278846, doi:10.1086/422222
    • Shochat, E., Lerman, S.B., Katti, M., and Lewis, D.B. 2004. Linking optimal foraging behavior to bird community structure in an urban-desert landscape: field experiments with artificial food patches. Am. Nat. 164: 232-243. doi:10.1086/422222. PMID:15278846.
    • (2004) Am. Nat , vol.164 , pp. 232-243
    • Shochat, E.1    Lerman, S.B.2    Katti, M.3    Lewis, D.B.4
  • 57
    • 33645984544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology
    • PMID:16701084, doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.11.019
    • Shochat, E., Warren, P.S., Faeth, S.H., McIntyre, N.E., and Hope, D. 2006. From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21: 186-191. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.11.019. PMID:16701084.
    • (2006) Trends Ecol. Evol , vol.21 , pp. 186-191
    • Shochat, E.1    Warren, P.S.2    Faeth, S.H.3    McIntyre, N.E.4    Hope, D.5
  • 58
    • 0030619873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between haematozoan infections and reproduction in the Pied Flycatcher
    • doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1997.00075. x
    • Siikamäki, P., Rätti, O., Hovi, M., and Bennett, G.F. 1997. Association between haematozoan infections and reproduction in the Pied Flycatcher. Funct. Ecol. 11: 176-183. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1997.00075. x.
    • (1997) Funct. Ecol , vol.11 , pp. 176-183
    • Siikamäki, P.1    Rätti, O.2    Hovi, M.3    Bennett, G.F.4
  • 59
    • 0034047804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographical variation in blood parasites in feral pigeons: The role of vectors
    • doi:10.1034/j.1600-0587.2000.d01-1639.x
    • Sol, D., Jovani, R., and Torres, J. 2000. Geographical variation in blood parasites in feral pigeons: the role of vectors. Ecography, 23: 307-314. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0587.2000.d01-1639.x.
    • (2000) Ecography , vol.23 , pp. 307-314
    • Sol, D.1    Jovani, R.2    Torres, J.3
  • 60
    • 0037423605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trade-off between immunocompetence and growth in magpies: An experimental study
    • doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2217
    • Soler, J.J., de Neve, L., Perez-Contreras, T., Soler, M., and Sorci, G. 2003. Trade-off between immunocompetence and growth in magpies: an experimental study. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 270: 241-248. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2217.
    • (2003) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci , vol.270 , pp. 241-248
    • Soler, J.J.1    de Neve, L.2    Perez-Contreras, T.3    Soler, M.4    Sorci, G.5
  • 61
    • 0029382517 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of avian hematozoan epizootiology in two California coastal scrub communities
    • PMID:8592374
    • Super, P.E., and van Riper, C. 1995. A comparison of avian hematozoan epizootiology in two California coastal scrub communities. J. Wildl. Dis. 31: 447-461. PMID:8592374.
    • (1995) J. Wildl. Dis , vol.31 , pp. 447-461
    • Super, P.E.1    van Riper, C.2
  • 62
    • 57349155733 scopus 로고
    • Identification guide to European passerines
    • 4th ed, Sweden
    • Svensson, L. 1992. Identification guide to European passerines. 4th ed. Fingraf AB, Södertalje, Sweden.
    • (1992) Fingraf AB, Södertalje
    • Svensson, L.1
  • 63
    • 0033574007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat, world geographic range, and embryonic development of hosts explain the prevalence of avian hematozoa at small spatial and phylogenetic scales
    • PMID:9990102, doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1785
    • Tella, J.L., Blanco, G., Forero, M.G., Gajón, Á., Donázar, J.A., and Hiraldo, F. 1999. Habitat, world geographic range, and embryonic development of hosts explain the prevalence of avian hematozoa at small spatial and phylogenetic scales. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 1785-1789. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1785. PMID:9990102.
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A , vol.96 , pp. 1785-1789
    • Tella, J.L.1    Blanco, G.2    Forero, M.G.3    Gajón, A.4    Donázar, J.A.5    Hiraldo, F.6
  • 64
    • 33747431928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasites shape the optimal investment in immunity
    • doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3524
    • Tschirren, B., and Richner, H. 2006. Parasites shape the optimal investment in immunity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 273: 1773-1777. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3524.
    • (2006) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci , vol.273 , pp. 1773-1777
    • Tschirren, B.1    Richner, H.2
  • 65
    • 0028995656 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of multiple infection and the evolution of virulence
    • doi:10.1086/285830
    • Van Baalen, M., and Sabelis, M.W. 1995. The dynamics of multiple infection and the evolution of virulence. Am. Nat. 146: 881-910. doi:10.1086/285830.
    • (1995) Am. Nat , vol.146 , pp. 881-910
    • Van Baalen, M.1    Sabelis, M.W.2
  • 66
    • 0001761994 scopus 로고
    • The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds
    • doi:10.2307/1942550
    • van Riper, C., III, van Riper, S.G., Goff, M.L., and Laird, M. 1986. The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds. Ecol. Monogr. 56: 327-344. doi:10.2307/1942550.
    • (1986) Ecol. Monogr , vol.56 , pp. 327-344
    • van Riper III, C.1    van Riper, S.G.2    Goff, M.L.3    Laird, M.4
  • 68
    • 0000790316 scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection and parasites in wood-warblers
    • Weatherhead, P.J., Bennett, G.F., and Shutler, D. 1991. Sexual selection and parasites in wood-warblers. Auk, 108: 147-152.
    • (1991) Auk , vol.108 , pp. 147-152
    • Weatherhead, P.J.1    Bennett, G.F.2    Shutler, D.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.