Imperial ethos, Dominions reality: Forestry education in New Zealand and Australia 1910-1965

Environment and History

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 523-543

  Roche, Michael M ^a   Dargavel, John ^b  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^b AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Auckland University College; Australian Forestry School; C.E. Lane Poole; Canterbury University College; Creswick; D.E. Hutchins; E. Phillips Turner; E.H.F. Swain; Narara; University of Adelaide; University of New Zealand; Victorian School of Forestry

Indexed keywords

CONFERENCE PROCEEDING; ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION; ETHICS; FORESTRY; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; PHILOSOPHY;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; CRESWICK; NEW ZEALAND; VICTORIA [AUSTRALIA];

EID: 57249105136     PISSN: 09673407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3197/096734008X368420     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (74)

1. G.A. Barton, Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism (Cambridge University Press, 2002);
2. J. Dargavel, Fashioning Australia's Forests (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995);
3. M.M. Roche, Forest Policy in New Zealand: An Historical Geography, 1840-1919 (Palmerston North, N.Z.: Dunmore Press, 1987).
4. The lateral spread of conservation ideas emphasised by R.H. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860 (Cambridge University Press, 1995) continued strongly in the period considered in this paper.
5. S. Ravi Rajan, Modernizing Nature: Forestry and Imperial Eco-Development 1800-1950 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006).
6. P. Star, 'Thinking about New Zealand's Forests, 1900-1914', in Australia's Ever-Changing- Forests V, ed. J. Dargavel, D. Gaughwin and B. Libbis (Canberra: Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, 2002), 399-409;
7. S.M. Legg, 'Localism in Victorian Forest Conservation before 1900', in Australia's Ever-Changing Forests V, 49-69;
8. A. Taylor, A Forester's Log: The Story of John La Gerche and the Ballarat-Creswick Forest 1882-1897 (Melbourne University Press, 1998).
9. L.T. Carron, A History of Forestry in Australia (Canberra: ANU Press, 1985);
10. Dargavel, Fashioning Australia's Forests; Roche, Forest Policy in New Zealand.
11. For resource regimes, see O.R. Young, Resource Regimes: Natural Resources and Social Institutions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982).
12. P. Star, 'Native Forest and the Rise of Preservation in New Zealand (1903-1913)', Environment and History 8 (2002): 275-94, doi:10.3197/096734002129342675.
13. W. Schlich, 'Forestry in the Dominion of New Zealand', New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 1 (1918): 201-10;
14. 'Forestry in the Dominion of New Zealand, Quarterly Journal of Forestry 12 (1918): 1-28.
15. Dr William Bateson, Presidential address to British Association for the Advancement of Science, Melbourne, 14 August 1914.
16. W. Darrow, David Ernest Hutchins: A Pioneer in South African Forestry (Pretoria: Department of Forestry, 1977), 13.
17. D.E. Hutchins, Report on Cyprus Forests (London: Waterlow & Sons, 1909);
18. Report on the Forests of British East Africa (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1909).
19. D.E. Hutchins, A discussion of Australian forestry with special references to forestry in Western Australia, the necessity of an Australian forest policy, and notices of organised forestry in other parts of the world: together with appendices relating to forestry in New Zealand, forestry in South Africa, and control of the rabbit pest (Perth: Government Printer, 1916).
20. Hutchins A discussion of Australian forestry, 392.
21. F.R. Moulds, 'Victorian School of Forestry: Forestry Education'. in Australia's Ever-Changing Forests II, ed. J. Dargavel and S. Feary (Canberra: Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, 1993), 129-33.
22. J. Dargavel, The Zealous Conservator: A Life of Charles Lane Poole (Crawley, W.A: University of Western Australia Press, 2008);
23. see section 'Charles and Ruth Lane Poole' in National Archives of Australia web site at http://uncommonlives.naa.gov.au/
24. Northern Territory, Norfolk Island, Papua, New Guinea (a Mandated Territory) and the Federal (now Australian) Capital Territory.
25. C.E. Lane Poole, 'The forestry position in Australia', Commonwealth, Papers Presented to Parliament, 1925, paper 72, 6.
26. Argus 10 March 1928.
27. William J. Beckett, Minister of Forests, Victoria to Sir Neville R. Howse, Minister for Home and Territories, 23 April 1928, Australian National University Archives, hereinafter ANUA: A3056, 1928 STA.VIC 2.
28. Alex Entrican, the Engineer in Forest Products with the New Zealand State Forest Service, was an unsuccessful applicant for this position.
29. E.H.F. Swain, An Australian Study of American Forestry (Brisbane: Govt. Printer, 1918): 4, 11, 90.
30. National Archives of Australia, hereinafter NAA: AA1975/142/5/8-9.
31. D.E. Hutchins, Waipoua Kauri Forest, its Demarcation and Management (Wellington: Department of Lands and Survey, 1918);
32. New Zealand forestry. Part 1, Kauri Forests and Forests of the North and Forest Management (Wellington: Department of Forestry, 1919).
33. Hutchins to Registrar, 9 April 1919, Archives New Zealand, Wellington, hereinafter ANZ, UNZ3, 1.
34. Phillips Turner to Commissioner of State Forests, 26 May 1919, ANZ: F 1 45/9/1A.
35. The University of Otago was founded first, but subsequently became part of the federal University of New Zealand. It taught courses in Dunedin. Until 1939 examinations scripts were marked by UK based academics.
36. Partial Notes of Deputation, 12 June 1920, ANZ: F 1 45/9/1A.
37. Ellis to Bell, 5 June 1920, ANZ: F 1 45/9/1A.
38. Registrar to Bell, 14 March 1919, ANZ: F1 45/9/1A.
39. Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives [New Zealand], hereinafter AJHR, 1920 C 3, 13.
40. Qualifications and Experience of H. Hugh Corbin, ANZ: F 145/9/1A part II.
41. Entrican to O'Shea in Sinclair, A History of the University of Auckland, 120.
42. C.M. Smith (1892-1961) completed an MA in New Zealand and was employed as a teacher before war service after which he retrained as a forester at Oxford. This shaped his later views - he had reservations about large scale exotic monocultures and took a broad view of forestry as a science and an art. Smith served rose to the senior position of Chief Inspector of Forests, in which capacity he served from 1930 to 1950. In 1951, having long fallen out with Entrican, he became Director of the Botany Division of DSIR, replacing A.L. Poole who moved across to become Deputy Director General of Forests, a position for which Smith had unsuccessfully applied.
43. F.E. Hutchinson, 'A Historical Review of Forestry Education in New Zealand', New Zealand Journal of Forestry 11 (1966): 108.
44. AJHR, 1925, E 7A, 57.
45. Hutchinson, 'A Historical Review of Forestry Education', 114.
46. Rajan, Modernizing Nature, 147-8.
47. The second was in Canada in 1923.
48. Phillips Turner to Commissioner of State Forests, ANZ: 16 July 1930 F 1 45/9/1A.
49. Te Kura Ngahere Editorial, 1930, 2. The Dominion Forestry School.
50. A.R. Entrican, Forestry Education and Training in New Zealand. British Commonwealth Forestry Conference Australia and New Zealand (Wellington: New Zealand Forest Service, 1957), 5.
51. Lane Poole to Secretary, Department of Interior, 21 April 1937, ANUA: A3056, 1937 Pol6.
52. Entrican to Commissioner of State Forests 26 March 1945, ANZ: F 145/9/1A.
53. Entrican, Notes of Deputation, 22 June 1946, ANZ: F 1 45/9/1A.
54. Empire Forestry Review, Editorial, 1946, p. 153.
55. AJHR, 1946, C3, 61.
56. Entrican to Chancellor University of New Zealand, 14 May 1947, ANZ: F1 45/9/1A.
57. Hutchinson, 'A Historical Review of Forestry Education in New Zealand', 110.
58. L.L. Pownall, 'General Proposals for Forestry Education at the University of Canterbury, 1966', New Zealand Journal of Forestry 11 (1966): 145-53.
59. Eric Ensor, Tony Grayburne and John Groome were sent to the Australian Forestry School in Canberra. Eric Ensor was a member of the National Forest Survey 1946-55 and later on the staff of the Forest Research Institute; Tony Grayburne eventually rose to become chair of the New Zealand Forest Owners Association, while John Groome was notable as founder of one of the earliest forest consulting company J.G. Groome and Associates in 1962. G. Chevasse, 'John de Beri Groome', New Zealand Journal of Forestry 38 (1993): 39-40.
60. AJHR, 1950, C3A.
61. AJHR, 1950 C3, 10.
62. A.R. Entrican, 'Quality v. Quantity in New Zealand Forestry and Forest Products', New Zealand Journal of Forestry 6 (1950): 102.
63. AJHR, 1951, C3, 10.
64. Entrican, Forestry Education and Training in New Zealand, 9.
65. M.R. Jacobs to Director-General, 24 August 1949, NAA: A2432, 81/50.
66. Prime Minister, New Zealand to Prime Minister, Australia, 17 August 1951, ANUA: A3056, 1951 POL 3/1.
67. File note, 'Discussion with Minister' 6 July 1954, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, Box 3 73-130. Notwithstanding this episode, Entrican continued his opposition to Auckland University College's plans to reopen a forestry school in the mid-1950s, which included challenging supporting documents such as the Wadham report prepared by the University of Melbourne Professor of Agriculture.
68. G. Chevasse, 'John de Beri Groome', 39-40;
69. 'Andy Kirkland', New Zealand Journal of Forestry 39 (1995): 33-4.
70. The negotiations involved Lincoln College, which was a constituent college of the University of Canterbury, and primarily an agricultural institution. It gained full autonomy as a university in 1990.
71. A.L. Poole, 'New Zealand's Future Needs in Higher Forestry education', New Zealand Journal of Forestry 11 (1966): 116.
72. A.R. Entrican, 'Expert into Adminstrator', in N.C. Angus, The Expert and Administration in New Zealand (Wellington: New Zealand Institute of Public Administration, 1959), 87-92.
73. Pownall, 'General Proposals for Forestry Education'.
74. P.J. McKelvey, 'Eighteen Years On, A Progress Report, and Assessment of the Future, for the School of Forestry', New Zealand Journal of Forestry 29 (1984): 9-23.