How EMOTION affects the trial process

Judicature

Volumn 92, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 56-64

  Miller, Monica K ^a   Greene, Edie ^b   Dietrich, Hannah ^c   Chamberlain, Jared ^a   Singer, Julie A ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

^d Health Security Program

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 57149132630     PISSN: 00225800     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Carole Wade & Carole Tavris, INVITATION TO PSYCHOLOGY, 4th Ed., 436. (2008).
2. Jo Thomas, At Bombing Trial, Emotions and Restraint, New York Times, June 6, 1997. Available at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html? res=9B0CE7DF163CF935A35755C0A961958260
3. E.g., in New York photographs can be excluded if their sole purpose is to inflame the jury. James Fagan, Jr., Note, Smile: How Prejudicial Can the Candid Camera Be? The Admission of Photographs in a Criminal Trial, 9 ST. JOHN'S J. LEGAL COMMENT 145 (1993). In North Carolina, photographs are judged by a three-prong test in which judges must evaluate the size of the image, amount of detail in the image, and whether it is in color.
4. Ansley Askins, Note, Status of the Jones Bright-Line Test for Peremptory Challenges and the Admissibility of Graphic Photos, 48 S.C. L. REV. 149 (1996).
5. D. Whalen & F. Blanchard, Effects of Photographic Evidence on Mock Juror Judgments, 12 J. OF APPLIED SOC. PSYCHOLOGY 30 (1982).
6. E.g., David Bright & Jane Goodman-Delahunty, The Influence of Gruesome Verbal Evidence on Mock Juror Verdicts, 11 PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND L. 154 (2004);
7. David Bright & Jane GoodmanDelahunty, Gruesome Evidence and Emotion: Anger, Blame, and Jury Decision-Making, 30 LAW AND HUM. BEHAV. 183 (2006);
8. Rachel Cush & Jane Goodman-Delahunty, The Influence of Limiting Instructions on Processing and Judgment of Emotionally Evocative Evidence, 13 PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND L. 110 (2006);
9. K. Douglas, D. Lyon & J. Ogloff, The Impact of Graphic Photographic Evidence on Mock Jurors' Decisions in a Murder Trial: Probative or Prejudicial? 21 LAW AND HUM. BEHAV. 485 (1997).
10. Douglas et al., id.
11. Bright & Goodman-Delahunty, The Influence of Gruesome Verbal Evidence, supra n. 5.
12. Bright & Goodman-Delahunty, Gruesome Evidence and Emotion, supra n. 5.
13. The following instruction was provided by the presidingjudge in an Australian trial in which the judge admitted a number of photographs showing the mutilated face of the murder victim: "Members of the jury, the issue in Lhis case...is whether or not the crown can prove that the accused was the perpetrator of the killing and robbery...therefore you should look at the photographs in a calm deliberate and dispassionate fashion." R. v. Zammit, NSWCCA 65 (1999).
14. Commonwealth v. Jackson, 702 N. E. 2d 1158 (1998).
15. Cush & Goodman-Delahunty, supra n. 5.
16. Vivian Berger, Payne and Suffering: A Personal Reflection and a Victim-centered Critique, 20 FLA. ST. U. L. REV. 21, 26 (1992).
17. Wayne Logan, Through the Past Darkly: A -Survey of the Uses and Abuses of Victim Impact Evidence in Capital Trials, 41 ARIZ. L. REV. 143, 163 (1999).
18. Susan Bandes, Empathy, Narrative, and Victim Impact Statements, 63 U. CHI. L. REV. 361, 365 (1996).
19. Joan Howarth, Deciding to Kill: Revealing the Gender in the Task Handed to Capital Jurors, 1994 WIS. L. REV. 1345, 1382 (1994).
20. John Blume, Ten Years of Payne: Victim Impact Evidence in Capital Cases, 88 CORNELL L. REV. 257 (2003).
21. G. Clore, N. Schwartz, & M. Conway, Affective Causes and Consequences of Social Information Processing, in R. Wyer & T. Srull, HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL COGNITION, 2nd edition, 323 (1993);
22. J. Forgas, Mood and Judgment: The Affect Infusion Model. 117 PSYCHOLOGICAL BULL. 39 (1995);
23. D. Keltner, P. Ellsworth, and K. Edwards, Beyond Simple Pessimism: Effects of Sadness and Anger on Social Perception, 64 J. PERSONALITY AND SOC PSYCHOLOGY 740 (1993).
24. Neil Feigenson, LEGAI, BLAME: HOW JURORS THINK AND TALK ABOUT ACCIDENTS (2000);
25. Janice Nadler & Mary Rose, Victim Impact Testimony and the Psychology of Punishment, 88 CORNELL L. REV. 419 (2003).
26. Nadler & Rose, id.
27. Jennifer Lerner et al., Sober Second Thought: The Effects of Accountability, Anger, and Authoritarianism on Attributions of Responsibility, 24 PERSONALIS & SOC. PSYCHOLOGY BULL. 563 (1998).
28. Mark Alicke, Culpable Control and the Psychology of Blame, 126 PSYCHOLOGICAL BULL. 556 (2000);
29. Joshua Klayman & Young-Won Ha, Confirmation, Disconfirmation, and Information in Hypothesis Testing, 94 PSYCHOLOGICAL REV. 211 (1987).
30. Paul Rozin et al., The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A Mapping Between Three Moral Emotions (Contempt, Anger, Digust) and Three Moral Codes (Community, Autonomy, Divinity), 76 J. PERSONALITY AND SOC. PSYCHOLOGY 574 (1999).
31. E.g., Bandes, supran.14;
32. Berger, sufran, 12;
33. Wayne Logan, When Balance and Fairness Collide: An Argument for Execution Impact Evidence in Capital Trials, 33 U. MICH. J. L. REFORM 1 (1999).
34. E.g., Edith Greene, The Many Guises of Victim Impart Evidence and Effects on Jurors' Judgments, 5 PSYCHOLOGY, CRIME, AND L. 331 (1999).
35. E.g., Nadler & Rose, supra n. 18.
36. Bryan Myers, Steven Lynn, & Jack Arbuthnot, Victim Impact Testimony and Juror judgments: The Effects of Harm Information and Witness Demeanor, 32 J. APPLIED SOC. PSYCHOLOGY 2393 (2002).
37. Nadler & Rose, supra n. 18.
38. Id. at 436.
39. Edith Greene, Heather Koehring, & Melinda Quiat, Victim Impact Evidence in Capital Cases: Does the Victim's Character Matter?, 28 J. APPLIED SOC. PSYCHOLOGY 145 (1998);
40. Greene, supra n. 24.
41. Logan, supra n. 13.
42. Scott Sundby, The Jury as Critic: An Empirical Took at How Capital Juries Perceive Expert and Lay Testimony, 83 VA. L. REV. 1109, 1155 (1997).
43. Elizabeth Latif, Apologetic Justice: Evaluating Apologies Tailored Toward Legal Solutions, 81 B. U. L. REV. 290 (2001).
44. Susan J. Szmania & Daniel E. Mangis, Finding the Right Time and Place: A Case Study Comparison of the Expression of Off ender Remorse in Traditional Justice and Restorative Justice Contexts, 89 MARQ. L. REV. 341 (2005);
45. Steven Keeva, Does Law Mean Never Having to Say You're Sorry?, 85 ABAJ. 64 (1999).
46. See generally Mirko Bagaric 8c Kumar Amarasekara, Feeling Sorry? - Tell Someone Who Cares: The Irrelevance of Remorse in Sentencing, 40 THE HOWARD J. 364 (2001).
47. Jennifer K. Robbennolt, Apologies and Legal Settlement: An Empirical Examination, 102 MICH. L. REV. 461 (2003).
48. Johnathan R. Cohen, Advising Clients to Apologize, 72 S. CAL. L. REV. 1009 (1999).
49. Federal Rules of Evidence 408(a).
50. Latif, supra n. 32, at 298, note 57
51. Lee Taft, Apology Subverted: The Commodification of Apology 109 YALE L. J. 1135 (2000).
52. Carrie J. Petrucci, Apology in the Criminal Justice Setting: Evidence for Including Apology as an Additional Component in the Legal System, 20 BEHAV. SCI. AND L. 342 (2002).
53. Stephanos Bibas & Richard A. Bierschbach, Integrating Remorse and Apology into Criminal Procedure, 114 YALE. L. J. 90 (2004).
54. Id.
55. Flauren Fagadau Bender, Health Laws: "I'm sorry" Laws and Medical Liability, 9 A. M. A. J. ETHICS 302 (2007).
56. Ray Henry, Health and medicine: More states adopt an apology shield to protect doctors: One critic calls it the 'sorry-I-killed-your-mother' law. Houston Chronicle, Section B, Page 2, 3 Star Edition, 2007. Available at: http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2007-4323303. Accessed January 15, 2008.
57. Fagadau Bender, supra n, 43, at 303;
58. for a review of various states' legislation on apology shields, see Aon Risk Management Consulting, States with apology laws, available at: http://www.sorryworks.net/files/states-with-apology-laws.ppt (last visited September 19, 2008).
59. Petrucci, supra n. 40, at 346.
60. Steven Keeva, A Helping of Healing, 91 ABA J. 84 (2005).
61. David Wexler, Therapeutic Jurisprudence: An Overview, in THE INTERNATIONAL NETWORK ON THERAPEUTIC JURISPRUDENCE, available at: http://www.law.arizona.edu/depts/upr-intj/
62. Petrticci, supra n. 40, at 347-348.
63. Robbennolt, supra n. 35, at 506;
64. Brian H. Bornstein, Lahna M. Rung & Monica K. Miller, The Effects of Defendant Remorse on Mock Juror Decisions in a Malpractice Case, 20 BEHAV. SCI. AND L. 400-401 (2002).
65. See generally Bruce W. Darby & Barry R. Schlcnker, Children's Reaction to Transgressions: Effects of the Actor's Apology, Reputation, and Remorse, 28 BRIT. J. SOC. PSYCHOLOGY 353 (1989);
66. Theodore Eisenberg, Stephen P. Garvey, & Martin T. Wells, But Was He Sorry ? The Role of Remorse in Capital Sentencing, 83 CORNELL L. REV. 1600 (1998);
67. Chris L. Kleinke, Robert Wallis, & Kevin Stalder, Evaluation of a Rapist as a Function of Expressed Intent and Remorse, 132 J. SOC. PSYCHOLOGY 525 (1992).
68. Ken-Ichi Ohbuchi & Kobun Sato, Children's Reactions to Mitigating Accounts: Apologies, Excuses, and Intentionality of Harm, 134 J. SOC. PSYCHOLOGY 5 (1994).
69. Daniel W. Shuman, The role of apology in tort law, 83 JUDICATURE 180 (2000).
70. Robbennok, supra n. 35.
71. In general, see Robbennok, supra n. 35;
72. Cohen, supra n. 36.
73. Petrucci, supra n. 40, at 341
74. Bornstein supra n. 50.
75. Steven J. Scher & John M. Darley, How Effective Are the Things People Say to Apologize? Effects of the Realization of the Apology Speech Act, 26 J. PSYCHOLINGUISTS; RF.S. 127 (1997).
76. See generally John M. Darley & Thane S. Pittman, The Psychology of Compensatory and Retributive Justice, 7 PERSONALITY AND SOC. PSYCHOLOGY REV. 324 (2003);
77. Neil Vidinar, Retribution and Revenge, in HANDBOOK OF JUSTICE RESEARCH IN LAW 31 (2000);
78. Bernard Weiner, Reward and Punishment, in SOCIAL MOTIVATION, JUSTICE, AND THE MORAL EMOTIONS 124 (2006).
79. Darley & Pittman, supra n. 59, at 332-333.
80. Id. at 331;
81. Vidmar, supra n. 59, at 57.
82. Weiner, supra n. 59, at 138-39.
83. See generally MaryDale Salston & Charles R. Figley. Secondary Traumatic Stress Effects of Working with Survivors of Criminal Victimization, 16 J. TRAUMATIC STRESS 167-174 (2003);
84. Peter Jaffe, Claire V. Crooks, Billie L. Dunfordjackson, & Michael Town, Vicarious Trauma in Judges: The Personal Challenge of Dispensing Justice, 54 JUV. & FAM. CT. J. 1-9 (2003).
85. Jared Chamberlain & Monica K. Miller, Stress in the courtroom: Call for research. 15 PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY & L. 237 (2008).
86. See generally Jaffe, supra n. 63;
87. Chamberlain & Miller, id.
88. Jaffe et al., supra n. 63.
89. Chamberlain & Miller, supra n 64.
90. David Flores, Monica K. Miller, Jared Chamberlain, James T. Richardson & Brian H. Bornstein. Judges' Perspectives on Stress and Safety in the Courtroom: An Exploratory Study. CT. REV., in press.
91. National Center for State Courts, Through the Eyes of the Juror: A Manual for Addressing Juror Stress, available at http://www.ncsconline.org/ WC/Publications/Res-Juries-JurorStressIndexPub.pdf, see appendix (2002)
92. [hereinafterNCSC].
93. Chamberlain & Miller, supra n 64.
94. Giora Keinan, Nehemia Friedland, & Dan Roth, The Effect of Stress on the Suppression of Erroneous Competing Responses, 12 ANXIETY, STRESS & COPING 472, 473 (1987).
95. Giora Keinan, Effects of Stress and Tolerance of Ambiguity on Magical Thinking, 67 J. PERSONALITY & SOC PSYCHOLOGY 52 (1994).
96. Arie W. Kruglanski & Tallie Freund, The Freezing and Unfreezing of Lay-Inferences: Effects on Impressional Primacy, Ethnic Stereotyping, and Numerical Anchoring, 19 J. EXPERIMENTAL. SOC. PSYCHOLOGY 461, 462 (1983).
97. Chamberlain & Miller, supra n. 64.
98. Cush & Goodman-Delahunty, supra n. 5.
99. Bryan H. Ward, Sentencing Without Remorse, 38 LOY. U. CHI. L.J. 164 (20060
100. Monica K. Miller &: David Flores, Addressing courtroom stress. 90 JUDICATURE 60 (2007).
101. Id.