Thirty years of research on diagnostic and therapeutic thresholds for the self-measured blood pressure at home

Blood Pressure Monitoring

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 352-365

  Staessen, Jan A ^a,d   Thijs, Lutgarde ^d   Ohkubo, Takayoshi ^e   Kikuya, Masahiro ^e   Richart, Tom ^a,d   Boggia, José ^d,f   Adiyaman, Ahmet ^c,d   Dechering, Dirk G ^c,d   Kuznetsova, Tatiana ^d   Thien, Theo ^c   De Leeuw, Peter ^b   Imai, Yutuka ^e   O'Brien, Eoin ^g   Parati, Gianfranco ^h,i  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^e TOHOKU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^f UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPÚBLICA   (Uruguay)

^g UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

ⁱ ISTITUTO AUXOLOGICO ITALIANO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Diagnostic threshold; Home blood pressure; Hypertension; Normotension; Reference frame; Self measured blood pressure

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR;

ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DATA BASE; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SELF EXAMINATION; SELF MONITORING; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING, AMBULATORY; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; PHYSICIANS' OFFICES; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RESEARCH; SELF CARE; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL;

EID: 57149128593     PISSN: 13595237     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283108f93     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Joossens JV, Willems J, Claessens J, Claes J, Lissens W. Sodium and hypertension. In: Fidanza F, Keys A, Ricci G, Somogyi JC, editors. Nutrition and Cardiovascular Diseases. Rome, Italy: Morgagni Edizioni Scientifiche; 1971. pp. 91-110.
2. De Cesaris R, Ranieri G, Andriani A, Filitti V, Bonfantino MV, Dentamaro M. Comparison of two angiotensin converting enzyme inibitors with different pharmacokinetics alone or combined with a diuretic on 24-h blood pressure levels. Curr Ther Res 1991; 50:599-605.
3. Pessina AC. Home blood pressure monitoring in the elderly. Cardiol Elderly 1993; 1:494-499.
4. Van Egmond J, Lenders JWM, Weernink E, Thien T. Accuracy and reproducibility of 30 devices for self-measurement of arterial blood-pressure. Am J Hypertens 1993; 6:873-879.
5. Stergiou GS, Skeva II, Zourbaki AS, Mountokalakis TD. Self-monitoring of blood pressure at home: how many measurements are needed? J Hypertens 1998; 16:725-731.
6. Stergiou GS, Voutsa AV, Achimastos AD, Mountokalakis TD. Home self-monitoring of blood pressure: is fully automated oscillometnc technique as good as conventional stethoscopic technique? Am J Hypertens 1997; 10:428-433.
7. Soghikian K, Casper SM, Fireman BH, Hunkeler EM, Hurley LB, Tekawa IS, et al. Home blood pressure monitoring. Effect on use of medical services and medical care costs. Med Care 1992; 30:855-865.
8. Celis H, De Cort P, Fagard R, Thijs L, Staessen JA. For how many days should blood pressure be measured at home in older patients before steady levels are obtained? J Hum Hypertens 1997; 11:673-677.
9. Conway J. Home blood pressure recording. Clin Exp Hypertens 1986; 8:1247-1294.
10. Fagard R, Staessen J, Thijs L. Ambulatory blood pressure during antihypertensive therapy guided by conventional pressure. Blood Press Monit 1996; 1:279-281.
11. O'Brien E, Fitzgerald D, O'Malley K. Comparison of clinic, home and ambulatory blood pressure measurement. J Ambul Monit 1988; 1: 285-291.
12. Cottier C, Julius S, Gajendragadkar SV, Schork MA. Usefulness of home BP determination in treating borderline hypertension. J Am Med Assoc 1982; 248:555-558.
13. Evans CE, Haynes RB, Goldsmith CH, Hewson SA. Home blood pressure-measuring devices: a comparative study of accuracy. J Hypertens 1989; 7:133-142.
14. Carnahan JE, Nugent CA. The effects of self-monitoring by patients on the control of hypertension. Am J Med Sci 1975; 269:69-73.
15. Chatellier G, Dutrey-Dupagne C, Vaur L, Zannad F, Genes N, Bkik F, et al. Home self blood pressure measurement in general practice. The SMART Study. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9:644-652.
16. Rademaker M, Lindsay BA, McLaren JA, Padfield PL Home monitoring of blood pressure: usefulness as a predictor of persistent hypertension. Scott Med J 1987; 32:16-19.
17. Wilson MD. Hypertension management in managed care: the role of home blood pressure monitoring. Blood Press Monit 1997; 2:201-206.
18. Parati G, Stergiou GS, Asmar R, Bilo G, de Leeuw P, Imai Y, et al. European Society of Hypertension guidelines for blood pressure monitoring at home: a summary report of the second international consensus conference on home blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens 2008; 26:1505-1530.
19. Thijs L, Staessen JA, Celis H, De Gaudemaris R, Imai Y, Julius S, et al. Reference values for self-recorded blood pressure. A meta-analysis of summary data. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:481-488.
20. Thijs L, Staessen JA, Celis H, Fagard R, De Cort P, De Gaudemaris R, et al. The International Database of Self-Recorded Blood Pressures in normotensive and untreated hypertensive subjects. Blood Press Monit 1999; 4:77-86.
21. Tsuji I, Imai Y, Nagai K, Ohkubo T, Watanabe N, Minami N, et al. Proposal of reference values for home blood pressure measurement. Prognostic criteria based on a prospective observation of the general population in Ohasama, Japan. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10:409-418.
22. Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, Nagai K, Kato J, Kikuchi N, et al. Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohasama, Japan. J Hypertens 1998; 16:971-975.
23. Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Nagai K, Kikuya K, Matsubara M, Tsuji I, et al. Prognosis of isolated systolic hypertension and isolated diastolic hypertension as assessed by self-measurement of blood pressure at home. The Ohasama Study. Arch Intern Med 2001; 160:3301-3306.
24. Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, et al. How many times should blood pressure be measured at home for better prediction of stroke risk? Ten-year follow-up results from the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2004; 22:1099-1104.
25. Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Obara T, Saito S, et al. Prediction of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke by self-measured blood pressure at home: the Ohasama study. Blood Press Monit 2004; 9:315-320.
26. Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Hoshi H, Hashimoto J, et al. Prediction of stroke by self-measurement of blood pressure at home versus casual screening blood pressure measurement in relation to the Joint National Committee 7 classification: the Ohasama study. Stroke 2004; 35:2356-2361.
27. Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Kikuya K, Metoki H, Obara T, Hoshi H, et al. Use of the 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for predicting stroke using self-measured blood pressure at home: the Ohasama study. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:2026-2031.
28. Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Kikuya K, Obara T, Metoki H, Inoue R, et al. Prediction of stroke by home 'morning' versus 'evening' blood pressure values: the Ohasama study. Hypertension 2006; 48:737-743.
29. Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Cesana G, Corrao G, Grassi G, et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population. Follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazione (PAMELA) Study. Circulation 2005; 111:1777-1783.
30. Mancia G, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Grassi G, Sega R. Long-term risk of mortality associated with selective and combined elevation in office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertension 2006; 47:846-853.
31. Stergiou GS, Baibas NM, Kalogeropoulos PG. Cardiovascular risk prediction on home blood pressure measurement: the Didima Study. J Hypertens 2007; 25:1590-1596.
32. Rave K, Bender R, Heise T, Sawacki PT. Value of blood pressure self-monitoring as a predictor of progression to diabetic nephropathy. J Hypertens 1999; 17:597-601.
33. Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Wada T, Fujisawa A, Osaki Y, Doi Y, et al. A U-shaped association between home systolic blood pressure and four-year mortality in community-dwelling older men. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47:1415-1421.
34. Nishinaga M, Takata J, Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Ozawa T, Doi Y. High morning home blood pressure is associated with a loss of functional independence in the community-dwelling elderly aged 75 years or older. Hypertens Res 2005; 28:657-663.
35. Bobrie G, Chatellier G, Genes N, Clerson P, Vaur L, Väisse B, et al. Cardiovascular prognosis of 'Masked Hypertension' detected by blood pressure self-measurement in elderly treated hypertensive patients. J Am Med Assoc 2004; 291:1342-1349.
36. Agarwal R, Andersen MJ. Prognostic importance of clinic and home blood pressure recordings in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2005; 69:406-411.
37. Waugh J, Bosio P, Habiba M, Boyce T, Shennan A, Halligan A. Home monitoring of blood pressure in pregnancy at high risk of pre-eclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 99:109-111.
38. Ross-McGill H, Hewison J, Hirst J, Dowswell T, Holt A, Brunskill P, et al. Antenatal home blood pressure monitoring : a pilot randomised controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000; 107:217-221.
39. Waugh J, Habiba MA, Bosio P, Boyce T, Shennan A, Halligan AWF. Patient initiated home blood pressure recordings are accurate in hypertensive pregnant women. Hypertens Pregnancy 2003; 2:93-97.
40. Denolle T, Daniel JC, Calvez C, Ottavioli JN, Esnault V, Herpin D. Home blood pressure during normal pregnancy. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18:1178-1180.
41. Rey E, Pilon F, Baudreault J. Home blood pressure levels in pregnant women with chronic hypertension. Hypertens Pregnancy 2007; 26: 403-414.
42. Stergiou GS, Alamara CV, Kalkana CB, Vaindirlis IN, Stefanidis CJ, Dacou-Vouletakis C, et al. Out-of-office blood pressure in children and adolescents: disparate findings by using home or ambulatory monitoring. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17:869-875.
43. Wühl E, Hadtstein C, Mehls O, Schaefer F, ESCAPE trial group. Home, clinic, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Res 2004; 55:492-497.
44. Stergiou GS, Alamara CV, Vazeou A, Stefanidis CJ. Office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement in children and adolescents. Blood Press Monit 2004; 9:293-296.
45. Stergiou GS, Yiannes NG, Rarra VC, Panagiotakos DB. Home blood pressure normalcy in children and adolescents: the Arsakeion School study. J Hypertens 2008; 25:1375-1379.
46. Staessen JA, Den Hond E, Celis H, Fagard R, Keary L, Vandenhoven G, et al. Antihypertensive treatment based on blood pressure measurement at home or in the physician's office. A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2004; 291:955-964.
47. Verberk WJ, Kroon AA, Lenders JWM, Kessels AGH, van Montfrans GA, Smit AJ, et al. Self-measurement of blood pressure at home reduces the need for anithypertensive drugs. A randomized, controlled trial. Hypertension 2007; 50:1019-1025.
48. Fujiwara T, Nishimura T, Ohkubo T, Imai Y. Rationale and design of HOMED-BP study: hypertension objective treatment based on measurement by electrical devices of blood pressure study. Blood Press Monit 2002; 7:77-82.
49. Asmar R, Zanchetti A. On behalf of the Organizing Committee and participants. Guidelines for the use of self-blood pressure monitoring: a summary report of the first international consensus conference. J Hypertens 2000; 18:493-508.
50. Ogihara T, Hiwada K, Morimoto S, Matsuoka H, Matsumoto M, Takishita S, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypertension in the elderly - 2002 revised version. Hypertens Res 2003; 26:1-36.
51. Imai Y, Otsuka K, Kawano Y, Shimada K, Hayashi H, Tochikubo O, et al. Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH) guidelines for self-monitoring of blood pressure at home. Hypertens Res 2003; 26:771-782.
52. O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mallion JM, Mancia G, et al. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 2003; 21:821-848.
53. European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology guidelines For the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21:1011-1053.
54. World Health Organization International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21:1983-1992.
55. Sheridan S, Pignone M, Donahue K. Screening for high blood pressure. A review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Task Force. Am J Prev Med 2003; 25:151-158.
56. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection and Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003; 42:1206-1252.
57. Stergiou G, Mengden T, Padfield P, O'Brien E. On behalf of the Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring of the European Society of Hypertension. Self-monitoring of blood pressure at home. Is an important adjunct to clinic measurement. Br Med J 2004; 329:870-871.
58. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, Davis M, McInnes GT, Potter JF, et al. Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV. J Hum Hypertens 2004; 18:139-185.
59. Hemmelgam BR, Zamke KB, Campbell NRC, Feldman RD, McKay DW, McAlister FA, et al. The 2004 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part I-Blood pressure management, diagnosis and assessment of risk. Can J Cardiol 2004; 20:31-40.
60. O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mancia G, Mengden T, et al. Practice guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension for clinic, ambulatory and self blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 2005; 23:697-701.
61. Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel U, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans. A statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension 2005; 45:142-161.
62. British Cardiac Society, British Hypertension Society, Diabetes UK, HEART UK, Primary Care Cardiovascular Society, The Stroke Association. JBS 2: Joint British Societies' guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular diseases in clinical practice. Heart 2006; 91:1-52.
63. James GD, Pickering TG, Yee LS, Harshfield GA, Riva S, Laragh JH. The reproducibility of average ambulatory, home, and clinic pressures. Hypertension 1988; 11:545-549.
64. Bättig B, Steiner A, Jeck T, Vetter W. Blood pressure self-measurement in normotensive and hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 1989; 7 (Suppl 3): S59-S63.
65. Beckman M, Panfilov V, Sivertsson R, Sannerstedt R, Andersson O. Blood pressure and heart rate recordings at home and at the clinic. Acta Med Scand 1981; 210:97-102.
66. Brody S, Rau H. Behavioral and psychophysiological predictors of self-monitored 19 month blood pressure change in normotensives. J Psychosom Res 1994; 38:885-891.
67. De Gaudemaris R, Chau NP, Mallion JM. For the Groupe de la Mesure-French Society of Hypertension. Home blood pressure: variability, comparison with office readings and proposal for reference values. J Hypertens 1994; 12:831-838.
68. Imai Y, Satoh H, Nagai K, Sakuma M, Sakuma H, Minami N, et al. Characteristics of a community-based distribution of home blood pressure in Ohasama in Northern Japan. J Hypertens 1993; 11:1441-1449.
69. Johnson EH. Cardiovascular reactivity, emotional factors, and home blood pressures in black males with and without a parental history of hypertension. Psychosom Med 1989; 51:390-403.
70. Julius S, Ellis CN, Pascual AV, Matice M, Hansson L, Hunyor SN, et al. Home blood pressure determination. Value in borderline ('labile') hypertension. J Am Med Assoc 1974; 229:663-666.
71. Julius S, Jamerson K, Gudbrandsson T, Schork N. White coat hypertension: a follow-up. Clin Exp Hypertens (A) 1992; A14:45-53.
72. Kawabe H, Saito I, Nagano S, Saruta T. Relation of home blood pressure to body weight in young normotensive men with or without family history of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7:498-502.
73. Kesteloot H, Park BC, Lee CS, Brems-Heyns E, Joossens JV. A comparative study of blood pressure and sodium intake in Belgium and Korea. In: Kesteloot H, Joossens JV, editors. Epidemiology of Arterial Blood Pressure. The Hague, the Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 1980. pp. 453-470.
74. Kjeldsen SE, Moan A, Petrin J, Weder AB, Zweifler AJ, Julius S. Evaluation of self-measured home vs. clinic intra-arterial blood pressure. Blood Press 1993; 2:28-34.
75. Mancia G, Sega R, Bravi C, Di Vito G, Valagussa F, Cesana G, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure normality: results from the PAMELA study. J Hypertens 1995; 13:1377-1390.
76. Mengden T, Bättig B, Edmonds D, Jeck T, Huss R, Sachindis A, et al. Self-measured blood pressures at home and during consulting hours: are there any differences? Journal of Hypertension 1990; 8 (Suppl 3):S15-S19.
77. Saito I, Takishita E, Hayashi S, Takenaka T, Murakami M, Saruta T, et al. Comparison of clinic and home blood pressure levels and the role of the sympathetic nervous system in clinic-home differences. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3:219-224.
78. Weisser B, Grüne S, Burger R, Blickenstorier H, Iseli J, Michelsen SH, et al. The Dübendorf Study: a population-based investigation on normal values of blood pressure self-measurement. J Hum Hypertens 1994; 8:227-231.
79. Mancia G, Zanchetti A. White-coat hypertension: misnomers, misconceptions and misunderstandings. What should we do next? J Hypertens 1996; 14:1049-1052.
80. Matsubayashi K, Okumiya K, Wada T, Dai Y, Ozawa T. Home blood-pressure control in Japanese hypertensive population. Lancet 1997; 350:290-291.
81. Sega R, Cesana G, Milesi C, Grassi G, Zanchetti A, Mancia G. Ambulatory and home blood pressure normality in the elderly: data from the PAMELA population. Hypertension 1997; 30 (Pt 1):1-6.
82. Waugh JJ, Halligan AW, Shennan AH. Ambulatory monitoring and self-monitoring of blood pressure during pregnancy. Blood Press Monit 2007; 5:3-30.
83. Penny JA, Halligan AWE, Shennan AH, Lambert PC, Jones DR, de Swiet M. Automated, ambulatory or conventional blood pressure measurement in pregnancy: Which is the better predictor of severe hypertension? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:521-526.
84. Wells TG, Neaville WA, Arnold JR, Belsha CW. Evaluation of home blood pressure monitors in children and adolescents. Am J Med Sci 1998; 315:110-117.
85. Stergiou GS, Yiannes NG, Rarra VC. Validation of the Omron 705 IT oscillometric device for home blood pressure measurement in children and adolescents: the Arsakion School study. Blood Press Monit 2006; 11:229-234.
86. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 2004; 114:555-576.
87. Wühl E, Witte K, Soergel M, Mehls O, Schaefer F. For the German Working Group on Pediatric Hypertension. Distribution of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in children: normalized reference values and role of body dimensions. J Hypertens 2002; 20:1995-2007.
88. Verberk WJ, Kroon AA, Kessels AG, Dirksen C, Nelemans PJ, Lenders JW, et al. Home versus Office blood pressure MEasurements: Reduction of unnecessary treatment Study: rational and study design of the HOMERUS trial. Blood Press 2003; 12:326-333.
89. Saito S, Asayama K, Ohkubo T, Kikuya K, Metoki H, Obara T, et al. The second progress report on the Hypertension Objective treatment based on Measurement by Electrical Devices of Blood Pressure (HomeD-BP) study. Blood Press Monit 2004; 9:243-247.
90. Obara T, Ohkubo T, Funahashi J, Kikuya K, Asayama K, Metoki H, et al. Isolated uncontrolled hypertension at home and in the office among treated hypertensive patients from the J-HOME study. J Hypertens 2005; 23:1653-1660.
91. Staessen JA, O'Brien ET, Amery AK, Atkins N, Baumgart P, De Cort P, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive subjects: results from an international database. J Hypertens 1994; 12 (Suppl 7): S1-S12.
92. Kikuya M, Hansen TW, Thijs L, Björklund-Bodegård K, Kuznetsova T, Ohkubo T, et al. Diagnostic thresholds for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring based on 10-year cardiovascular risk. Circulation 2006; 115:2145-2152.
93. Kikuya M, Staessen JA, Ohkubo T, Thijs L, Metoki H, Asayama K, et al. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index and 24-h ambulatory pulse pressure as predictors of mortality in Ohasama, Japan. Stroke 2007; 38:1161-1166.
94. Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Blood pressure indices and cardiovascular disease in the Asia Pacific region. A pooled analysis. Hypertension 2003; 42:69-75.
95. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903-1913.
96. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressure reduction: a quantitative overview updated until March 2003. J Hypertens 2003; 21:1055-1076.
97. Staessen JA, Li Y, Thijs L, Wang JG. Blood pressure reduction and cardiovascular prevention: an update including the 2003-2004 secondary prevention trials. Hypertens Res 2005; 28:385-407.
98. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli A, Gattobigio R, Bentivoglio M, Thijs L, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers for coronary heart disease and stroke prevention. Hypertension 2005; 46:386-392.
99. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Blood Pressure Lowering Trialists' Collaboration: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 362:1527-1535.
100. Casas JP, Chua W, Loukogoergakis S, Vallance P, Smeeth L, D'Hingorani A, et al. Effects of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and metaanalysis. Lancet 2005; 366:2026-2033.
101. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Blood pressure dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens 2007; 25:951-958.
102. Zhang H, Thijs L, Staessen JA. Blood pressure lowering for the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Hypertension 2006; 48:187-195.
103. Staessen JA, Birkenhäger WH. Evidence that new antihypertensives are superior to older drugs. Lancet 2005; 366:869-871.
104. Staessen JA, Thijs L, Byttebier G, Clement D, O'Brien ET, Palatini P, et al. Determining the trough-to-peak ratio in parallel-group trials. Hypertension 1997; 29:659-667.
105. Staessen JA, Byttebier G, Buntinx F, Celis H, O'Brien ET, Fagard R, et al. Antihypertensive treatment based on conventional or ambulatory blood pressure measurement. A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 1997; 278:1065-1072.
106. Funahashi J, Ohkubo T, Fukunaga H, Kikuya M, Takada N, Asayama K, et al. The economic impact of the introduction of home blood pressure measurement for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Blood Press Monit 2006; 11:257-267.
107. Fukunaga H, Ohkubo T, Kobayashi M, Tamaki Y, Kikuya M, Obara T, et al. Cost-effectiveness of the introduction of home blood pressure measurement in patients with office hypertension. J Hypertens 2008; 26:685-690.