Everyday discrimination experienced by conservative Christians at the secular university

Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 113-137

  Hyers, Lauri L ^a   Hyers, Conrad ^b  

^a WEST CHESTER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHRISTIANITY; HIGHER EDUCATION; RACIAL DISPARITY; RACISM; STUDENT; UNIVERSITY SECTOR;

EID: 57049180032     PISSN: 15297489     EISSN: 15302415     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-2415.2008.00162.x     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Allport, G. W. (1966). The religious context of prejudice. The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 5, 447-457.
3. Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432-443.
4. Altemeyer, B. (2003). Why do religious fundamentalists tend to be prejudiced? The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 13, 17-28.
5. Astin, A., & Astin, H. (2004). A national study of college students' search for meaning and purpose, The Higher Education Research Institute (HERI) at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Retrieved August 17, 2008 from http://www.spirituality.ucla.edu/spirituality/reports/FINAL_REPORT.pdf.
6. Barr, S. (2006). Modern physics and ancient faith. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
7. Bollag, B. (2005). Choosing their flock. Chronicle of Higher Education, (1/28/05), 21, A33-A35.
8. Boyarin, D. (1999). Dying for God: Martyrdom and the making of Christianity and Judaism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
9. Bryant, J. M. (1993). The sect-church dynamic and Christian expansion in the roman empire: Persecution, penitential discipline and schism in sociological perspective. British Journal of Sociology, 44 (2), 303-339.
10. Buckley, W. F. (1952). God and man at Yale. Chicago, IL: Henry Regnery Company.
11. Burdett, A., Ellison, C., & Hill, T. (2005). Conservative Protestantism and tolerance of homosexual: An examination of potential mechanisms. Sociological Inquiry, 75, 177-196.
12. Chamberlain, P. (2006). The right v. higher education: Change and continuity. Radical Teacher, 12/22/2006.
13. Conkin, P. K. (2001). When all the gods trembled: Darwinism, Scopes and American intellectuals. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
14. Coulter, A. (2006). Godless: The church of liberalism. New York, NY: Crown Forum.
15. Cunningham, S. (1997). Through many tribulations: The theology of persecution in Luke-Acts. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group.
16. D'Augelli, A. R. (1989). Lesbians' and gay men's experiences of discrimination and harassment in a university community. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 317-321.
17. Devine, P. O. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
18. Devine, P. G., Evett, S. R., & Vasquez-Suson, K. A. (1996). Exploring the interpersonal dynamics of intergroup contact. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition, Vol. 3 (pp. 423-464), New York, NY: Guilford.
19. Dovidio, J. F., Brigham, J. C., Johnson, B. T., & Gaertner, S. L. (1996). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: Another look. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
20. Emerson, M., Smith, C., & Sikkink, D. (1999). Equal in Christ but not in the world: White conservative Protestants and explanations of black-white inequality. Social Problems, 46, 398-417.
21. Essed, P., & Stanfield, J. A. (1991). Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
22. Fals-Borda, O., & Rahman, M. (1991). Action and knowledge: Breaking the monopoly with action-research. New York: Apex Press.
23. Feagin, J. R. (1991). The continuing significance of race: Anti-black discrimination in public places. American Sociological Review, 56, 101-116.
24. Feagin, J. R. (1992). The continuing significance of racism: Discrimination against black students in white colleges. Journal of Black Studies, 22, 546-578.
25. Feagin, J. R., & Sikes, M. P. (1994). Living with racism: The black middle-class experience. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
26. Frend, W. H. C. (1965). Martyrdom and persecution in the early church: A study of a conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
27. Gallup (2004). Third of American say evidence has supported Darwin's evolution theory. Religion and Social Trends. Retrieved August 17, 2008, from http://www.gallup.com/poll/14107.
28. Gallup (2007). One-third of Americans believe the bible is literally true. Religion and Social Trends. Retrieved August 17, 2008, from http://www.gallup.com/poll/27682.
29. Giorgi, A. (1997). The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research procedure. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 28, 235-260.
30. Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
31. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: The management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
32. Goldberg, H. (1977). The hazards of being male. New York, NY: New American Library.
33. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
34. Harding, S. (1993). Rethinking standpoint epistemology: What is "strong objectivity"? In L. Alcoff & E. Potter (Eds.), The "racial" economy of science (pp. 127-140). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
35. Hebel, S. (2004). Patrolling professors' politics: Conservative activists and students press campaigns against perceived bias on campuses. Chronicle of Higher Education (2/3/04), 23, A18.
36. Hillerbrand, H. J. (2006). On book burnings and book burners: Reflections on the power (and powerlessness) of ideas. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 74, 593-614.
37. Hyers, C. (1984). The meaning of creation: Genesis and modern science. Atlanta, GA: John Knox.
38. Hyers, C. (1996). The spirituality of comedy: Comic heroism in a tragic world. London, UK: Transaction Publishers.
39. Hyers, L. L. (In press). Choosing alternatives to silence in face-to-face encounters with everyday heterosexism. Journal of Homosexuality.
40. Hyers, L. L. (2007a). Resisting prejudice every day: Exploring Women's assertive responses to anti-black racism, anti-Semitism, heterosexism, and sexism. Sex Roles, 56, 1-12.
41. Hyers, L. L. (2007b). Keeping the Peace: How to Help Students (and Faculty) Reconcile Conflicts between Personal Religious Beliefs and Secular Psychological Science. Presentation made at the National Institute on the Teaching of Psychology, St. Petersburg, Florida.
42. Hyers, L. L., & Swim, J. K. (1998). A comparison of the experiences of dominant and minority group members during an intergroup encounter. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 1, 143-163.
43. Hyers, L. L., Swim, J. K., & Mallet, R. M. (2006). The personal is political: Using daily diaries to examine everyday gender-related experiences. In S. Hesse-Biber & P. Leavy (Eds.), Emergent methods in social research. New York, NY: Sage Publications.
44. Jacobsen, D., & Jacobsen, R. (Eds.). (2008). The American university in a post-secular age. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
45. Janofsky, M. (December 25, 2005) Professors' politics draw lawmakers into gray. New York Times.
46. Johnson, P. (2005). A history of Christianity. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
47. Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A. H., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. A. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York, NY: Freeman.
48. Kimmel, M. S. (1997). Manhood in America: A Cultural history. New York, NY: Free Press.
49. Lalonde, R. N., & Cameron, J. E. (1994). Behavioral responses to discrimination: A focus on action. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium, Vol. 7. (Ontario Symposium on Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 7, pp. 257-288). Hillsdale, NJ, & England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
50. Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. (Eds.) (1997). Discrimination against women: Prevalence, consequences, remedies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
51. Larson, E. J. (1997). Summer for the gods: The Scopes Trial and America's continuing debate over science and religion. New York, NY: Basic Books.
52. Lester, J. S. (2000). The future of white men and other diversity dilemmas. Lincoln, NE: I-universe Press.
53. Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 302-318.
54. Martin, J. G., & Westie, F. R. (1959). The tolerant personality. American Sociological Review, 24, 521-528.
55. McGuire, W., & McGuire, C. (1981). The spontaneous self-concept as affected by personal distinctiveness. In M. D. Lynch & K. Gergen (Eds.), Self-concept: Advances in theory and research (pp. 147-171). New York: Ballinger.
56. Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
57. Niebuhr, R. (1935/1960). Moral man and immoral society. New York, NY: Scribners.
58. Noll, M. A. (2001). American evangelical Christianity: An introduction. Boston, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
59. O'Keefe, K. (2005). The average American. New York, NY: Public Affairs.
60. O'Neil, J., Egan, J., Owen, S., & Murry, V. (1993). The gender role journey measure: Scale development and psychometric evaluation. Sex Roles, 28, 167-185.
61. Poskocil, A. (1977). Encounters between blacks and white liberals: The collision of stereotypes. Social Forces, 55, 715-727.
62. Provenzo, E. F. (1990). Religious fundamentalism and American education: The battle for the public schools. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
63. Ritz, S. R., & Hyers, L. L. (2005). Everyday classism. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.
64. Ritz, S. R., Lawson, D. J., & Hyers, L. L. (2002). Experiencing and coping with everyday ableism. Paper presented at the Society for Southeastern Social Psychologists, Augusta, Georgia.
65. Rothman, S., Lichter, S. R., & Nevitte, N. (2005). Politics and professional advancement among college faculty. The Forum: A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics, 3, 1.
66. Schwartz, J., & Lindley, L. (2005). Religious fundamentalism and attachment: Prediction of homophobia. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 15, 145-157.
67. Sherkat, D. (2007). Religion and higher education: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Social Science Research Network, Retrieved August 17, 2008, from http://religion.ssrc.org/reforum/sherkat/index1.html.
68. Sigelman, L., & Welch, S. (1991). Black American's views of racial inequality: The dream deferred. New York: Cambridge University Press.
69. Smith, J. A., (2008). Qualitative psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
70. Smith, J. A., Jarman, M., & Osborn, M. (1999). Doing interpretative phenomenological analysis. In M. Murray & K. Chamberlain (Eds.), Qualitative health psychology: Theories and methods (pp. 219-240), London: Sage.
71. Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157-175.
72. Stephenson, W. (1955). The study of behavior: Q-technique and its methodology. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 50, 1415-1417.
73. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. London, UK: Sage Publications.
74. Swim, J. K., & Hyers, L. L. (1998). Excuse me - what did you say?!: Women's public and private responses to sexist remarks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 68-88.
75. Swim, J. K., & Hyers, L. L. (2001). The social psychology of stigma. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Ltd.
76. Swim, J. K., & Stangor, J. K. (1998). Prejudice: The target's perspective. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
77. Swim, J. K., & Thomas, M. A. (2005). Responding to everyday discrimination: A synthesis of research on goal directed, self-regulatory coping behaviors. In S. Lavin & C. Van Laar (Eds.), Stigma and group inequality: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 129-150). Claremont, CA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
78. Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 199-214.
79. Swim, J. K., Cohen, L. L., & Hyers, L. L. (1998). Experiencing everyday discrimination and discrimination. In J. K. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 38-60). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
80. Swim, J. K., Hyers, L. L., Cohen, L. L., & Ferguson, M. J. (2001). Everyday sexism: Evidence for its incidence, nature, and psychological impact from three daily diary studies. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 31-54.
81. Swim, J. K., Hyers, L. L., Cohen, L. L., Fitzgerald, D. F., & Bylsma, W. H. (2003a). African American college students' experiences with everyday racism: Characteristics of and responses to these incidents. Journal of Black Psychology, 29, 38-67.
82. Swim, J. K., Scott, E. D., Sechrist, G. B., Campbell, B., & Stangor, C. (2003b). The role of intent and harm in judgments of prejudice and discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 944-59.
83. Thomas, G. S. (1969). Martyrdom and persecution in the early church. Journal of Religious History, 5, 248-254.
84. U.S. Government. (2007). Religious freedom report. Available at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/irf/rpt.
85. Whyte, W. F. (1991). Participatory action research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
86. Willig, C. (2001). Introducing qualitative research in psychology: Adventures in theory and method. Buckingham: Open University Press.
87. Woodberry, R., & Smith, C. (2008). Fundamentalism et al: Conservative protestants in America. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 25-56.
88. Wuthow, R. (2005). America and the challenges of religious diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
89. Wuthow, R. (2008). Can faith be more than a side show in contemporary America? In D. Jacobsen, & R. Jacobsen (Eds.), The American university in a post-secular age. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
90. Yoder, J. (1991). Rethinking tokenism: Looking beyond numbers. Gender & Society, 5, 178-192.
91. Yoder, J. (2002). Context matters: Understanding tokenism processes and their impact on women's work. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 1-8.
92. Young-Bruel, E. (1996). The anatomy of prejudices, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.