From 'the dose makes the poison' to 'the timing makes the poison': Conceptualizing risk in the synthetic age

Environmental History

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 667-673

  Vogel, Sarah A ^a  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; REGULATORY APPROACH; RISK PERCEPTION; TOXICOLOGY;

EID: 57049175057     PISSN: 10845453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Jerry Markowitz and David Rosner, Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press), 26-27.
2. "Plastics Newsfront," Plastics World, September 1976, 9.
3. American Chemistry Council's "essential2" website: http:// www.essential2.com/.
4. House Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives, Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Chemical Additives in Food) on H.R. 4475, H.R. 7605, 7606, 8748, 7607,7764, 8271, 8275. 84th Congress, 2nd Session. Statement of George Larrick, February 14, 1956.
5. John Wargo, Our Children's Toxic Legacy: How Science and Law Fail to Protect Us from Pesticides (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 106-07.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.;
8. Markowitz and Rosner, Deceit and Denial, 225-26.
9. The Food Quality Protection Act put in place a single standard for all pesticide residues on food (raw or processed) and provided for an additional safety factor for infants and children.
10. Chris Sellers refers to this transition as pax toxicologica in Christopher C. Sellers, Hazards of the Job: From Industrial Disease to Environmental Health Science (Durham: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
11. Mary O. Amdur and John Doull, eds., Casaret and Doull's Toxicology: the Basic Science of Poisons, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill Health Professions Division, 1996), 5.
12. Robert Proctor, Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and Don't Know about Cancer (New York: Basic Books, 1995), ch. 7, 171.
13. Theo Colborn and Coralie Clement, "Chemically-induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development-The Wildlife/Human Connection," Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology 21 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Scientific Publishing. Co., 1992).
14. W. V. Welshons et al., "Large Effects from Small Exposures. I. Mechanisms for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals with Estrogenic Activity," Environmental Health Perspectives 111 (2003).
15. Howard A. Bern, "The Fragile Fetus," in Chemically-induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Humanl Wildlife Connection, ed. Theo Colborn and Coralie Clement, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology, VOL 21 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., 1992).
16. A. L. Herbst, H. Ulfelder, and D.C. Poskanzer, "Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina: Associationof Maternal Stilbestrol Therapy with Tumor Appearance in Young Women," New England Journal of Medicine 284 (1971);
17. Arthur L. Herbst and Howard Alan Bern, Developmental Effects of Diethylstilbestrol (DES) in Pregnancy (New York: Thieme-Stratton, 1981).
18. Philippe Grandjean et al., "The Faroes Statement: Human Health Effects of Developmental Exposure to Chemicals in Our Environment," Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (2007).
19. Steve Milloy, publisher of the website "Junk Science," "junkscience.com," called endocrine disruption as discussed in the popular book by Theo Colburn et al., Our Stolen Future: Are We Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival? - A Scientific Detective Story (New York: Plume, 1996), "junk science."
20. See, http://www.junkscience.com/news/stolen.html.
21. D. Crews and J. A. McLachlan, "Epigenetics, Evolution, Endocrine Disruption, Health, and Disease," Endocrinology 147 (2006): S4-10.
22. This is referred to as a nonmonotonic dose response. See W. V. Welshons et al., "Large Effects from Small Exposures. I. Mechanisms for Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals with Estrogenic Activity," Endocrinology 111 (2003): S56-S69.