Waist circumference as a measure of trunk fat mass in children aged 3 to 5 years

International Journal of Pediatric Obesity

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 226-233

  Taylor, Rachael W ^a   Williams, Sheila M ^a   Grant, Andrea M ^a   Ferguson, Elaine ^a   Taylor, Barry J ^a   Goulding, Ailsa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Preschool children; Receiver operating characteristic curves; Trunk fat mass; Waist circumference; Waist to height ratio

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL FAT; ABDOMINAL MASS; AGE; ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CAUCASIAN; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; TRUNK; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WAIST TO HEIGHT RATIO;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; BODY MASS INDEX; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEW ZEALAND; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; ROC CURVE; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WAIST-HIP RATIO;

EID: 57049172555     PISSN: 17477166     EISSN: 17477174     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17477160802030429     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Serra-Majem, L., Aranceta Bartrina, J, Perez-Rodrigo, C., Ribas-Barba, L. and Delgado-Rubio, A. (2006) Prevalence and deteminants of obesity in Spanish children and young people. Br J Nutr., 96, p. S67.
2. Kim, J., Peterson, KE, Scanlon, KS, Fitzmaurice, GM, Must, A. Rifas-Shiman, SL et al. (2006) Trends in overweight from 1980 through 2001 among preschool-aged children enrolled in a health maintenance organization. Obesity (Silver Spring)., 14, pp. 1107-1112.
3. Wake, M., Hardy, P., Canterford, L., Sawyer, M. and Carlin, JB. (2007) Overweight, obesity and girth of Australian preschoolers: Prevalence and socio-economic correlates. Int J Obes (Lond), 31, pp. 1044-1051.
4. Whitaker, RC and Orzol, SM. (2006) Obesity among US urban preschool children: Relationships to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med., 160, pp. 578-584.
5. Willows, ND, Johnson, MS and Ball, GD. (2007) Prevalence estimates of overweight and obesity in Cree preschool children in northern Quebec according to international and US reference criteria. Am J Public Health., 97, pp. 311-316.
6. McCarthy, HD, Jarrett, KV, Emmett, PM and Rogers, I. (2005) Trends in waist circumferences in young British children: A comparative study. Int J Obes (Lond), 29, pp. 157-162.
7. Li, C., Ford, ES, Mokdad, AH and Cook, S. (2006) Recent trends in waist circumference and waist-height ratio among US children and adolescents. Pediatrics., 118, p. e1390.
8. Daniels, SR, Morrison, JA, Sprecher, DL, Khoury, P. and Kimball, TR. (1999) Association of body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Circulation., 99, pp. 541-545.
9. Morrison, JA, Sprecher, DL, Barton, BA, Waclawiw, MA and Daniels, SR. (1999) Overweight, fat patterning, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white girls: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. J Pediatr., 135, pp. 458-464.
10. Goran, MI and Gower, BA. (1999) Relation between visceral fat and disease risk in children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr., 70, pp. 149-156.
11. Goran, MI, Gower, BA, Treuth, M. and Nagy, TR. (1998) Prediction of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in healthy pre-pubertal children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord., 22, pp. 549-558.
12. Taylor, RW, Jones, IE, Williams, SM and Goulding, A. (2000) Evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and the conicity index as screening tools for high trunk fat mass, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in children aged 3-19 y. Am J Clin Nutr., 72, pp. 490-495.
13. Savva, SC, Tornaritis, M. Savva, ME et al. (2000) Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio are better predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in children than body mass index. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord., 24, pp. 1453-1458.
14. Katzmarzyk, PT, Srinivasan, SR, Chen, W., Malina, RM, Bouchard, C. and Berenson, GS. (2004) Body mass index, waist circumference, and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a biracial sample of children and adolescents. Pediatrics., 114, p. e198.
15. Kahn, HS, Imperatore, G. and Cheng, YJ. (2005) A population-based comparison of BMI percentiles and waist-to-height ratio for identifying cardiovascular risk in youth. J Pediatr., 146, pp. 482-488.
16. Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, PT Srinivasan, SR et al. (2005) Combined influence of body mass index and waist circumference on coronary artery disease risk factors among children and adolescents. Pediatrics., 115, pp. 1623-1630.
17. Golley, RK, Magarey, AM, Steinbeck, KS, Baur, LA and Daniels, LA. (2006) Comparison of metabolic syndrome prevalence using six different definitions in overweight pre-pubertal children enrolled in a weight management study. Int J Obes (Lond), 30, pp. 853-860.
18. Brambilla, P., Bedogni, G. Moreno, LA et al. (2006) Crossvalidation of anthropometry against magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in children. Int J Obes (Lond), 30, pp. 23-30.
19. Lee, S., Bacha, F., Gungor, N. and Arslanian, SA. (2006) Waist circumference is an independent predictor of insulin resistance in black and white youths. J Pediatr., 148, pp. 188-194.
20. Maffeis, C., Pietrobelli, A., Grezzani, A., Provera, S. and Tato, L. (2001) Waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors in prepubertal children. Obes Res., 9, pp. 179-187.
21. Eisenmann, JC, Wrede, J. and Heelan, KA. (2005) Associations between adiposity, family history of CHD and blood pressure in 3-8 year-old children. J Hum Hypertens., 19, pp. 675-681.
22. Valdez, R., Seidell, JC, Ahn, YI and Weiss, KM. (1993) A new index of abdominal adiposity as an indicator of risk for cardiovascular disease. A cross-population study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord., 17, pp. 77-82.
23. Perez, B., Landaeta-Jimenez, M. and Vasquez, M. (2002) Fat distribution in Venezuelan children and adolescents estimated by the conicity index and waist/hip ratio. Am J Hum Biol., 14, pp. 15-20.
24. Chan, DF, Li, AM Chu, WC et al. (2004) Hepatic steatosis in obese Chinese children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord., 28, pp. 1257-1263.
25. McCarthy, HD and Ashwell, M. (2006) A study of central fatness using waist-to-height ratios in UK children and adolescents over two decades supports the simple message - 'keep your waist circumference to less than half your height'. Int J Obes (Lond), 30, pp. 988-992.
26. Teixeira, PJ, Sardinha, LB, Going, SB and Lohman, TG. (2001) Total and regional fat and serum cardiovascular disease risk factors in lean and obese children and adolescents. Obes Res., 9, pp. 432-442.
27. Hara, M., Saitou, E., Iwata, F., Okada, T. and Harada, K. (2002) Waist-to-height ratio is the best predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Japanese schoolchildren. J Atheroscler Thromb., 9, pp. 127-132.
28. Fernandez, JR, Redden, DT, Pietrobelli, A. and Allison, DB. (2004) Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European-American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents. J Pediatr., 145, pp. 439-444.
29. Eisenmann, JC. (2005) Waist circumference percentiles for 7- to 15-year-old Australian children. Acta Paediatr., 94, pp. 1182-1185.
30. McCarthy, HD, Jarrett, KV and Crawley, HF. (2001) The development of waist circumference percentiles in British children aged 5.0-16.9 y. Eur J Clin Nutr., 55, pp. 902-907.
31. Katzmarzyk, PT. (2004) Waist circumference percentiles for Canadian youth 11-18y of age. Eur J Clin Nutr., 58, pp. 1011-1015.
32. Fredriks, AM, van Buuren, S., Fekkes, M., Verloove-Vanhorick, SP and Wit, JM. (2005) Are age references for waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-hip ratio in Dutch children useful in clinical practice?. Eur J Pediatr., 164, pp. 216-222.
33. Zannolli, R. and Morgese, G. (1996) Waist percentiles: A simple test for atherogenic disease?. Acta Paediatr., 85, pp. 1368-1369.
34. Moreno, LA, Fleta, J., Mur, L., Rodriquez, G., Sarria, A. and Bueno, M. (1999) Waist circumference values in Spanish children-gender related differences. Eur J Clin Nutr., 53, pp. 429-433.
35. Goulding, A., Cannan, R., Williams, SM, Gold, EJ, Taylor, RW and Lewis-Barned, NJ. (1998) Bone mineral density in girls with forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res., 13, pp. 143-148.
36. Goulding, A., Jones, IE, Taylor, RW, Williams, SM and Manning, PJ. (2001) Bone mineral density and body composition in boys with distal forearm fractures: A dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry study. J Pediatr., 139, pp. 509-515.
37. Gordon, FK, Ferguson, EL Toafa, V. et al. (2003) High levels of childhood obesity observed among 3- to 7-year-old New Zealand Pacific children is a public health concern. J Nutr., 133, pp. 3456-3460.
38. Taylor, RW, Goulding, A., Lewis-Barned, NJ and Williams, SM. (2004) Rate of fat gain is faster in girls undergoing early adiposity rebound. Obes Res., 12, pp. 1228-1230.
39. Miller, JC, Grant, AM, Drummond, BF, Williams, SM, Taylor, RW and Goulding, A. (2007) DXA measurements confirm that parental perceptions of elevated adiposity in young children are poor. Obesity (Silver Spring), 15, pp. 165-171.
40. Kuczmarski, RJ, Ogden, CL Guo, SS et al. (2002) CDC Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11, 246, pp. 1-190.
41. Cole, TJ, Bellizzi, MC, Flegal, KM and Dietz, WH. (2000) Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ., 320, pp. 1240-1243.
42. Hanley, JA and McNeil, BJ. (1982) The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology., 143, pp. 29-36.
43. Taylor, RW, Keil, D., Gold, EJ, Williams, SM and Goulding, A. (1998) Body mass index, waist girth, and waist-to-hip ratio as indexes of total and regional adiposity in women: Evaluation using receiver operating characteristic curves. Am J Clin Nutr., 67, pp. 44-49.
44. Parnell, W., Scragg, R., Wilson, N., Schaaf, D. and Fitzgerald, E. (2002) NZ Food NZ Children: Key results of the National Children's Nutrition Survey. Wellington. New Zealand: Ministry of Health., 2003, pp. 1-267.
45. Hedley, AA, Ogden, CL, Johnson, CL, Carroll, MD, Curtin, LR and Flegal, KM. (2004) Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA, 291, pp. 2847-2850.
46. Goran, MI, Kaskoun, M., Johnson, R., Martinez, C., Kelly, B. and Hood, V. (1995) Energy expenditure and body fat distribution in Mohawk children. Pediatrics., 95, pp. 89-95.
47. Taylor, RW, Gold, E., Manning, P. and Goulding, A. (1997) Gender differences in body fat content are present well before puberty. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord., 21, pp. 1082-1084.
48. Komiya, S., Eto, C., Otoki, K., Teramoto, K., Shimizu, F. and Shimamoto, H. (2000) Gender differences in body fat of low- and high-body-mass children: Relationship with body mass index. Eur J Appl Physiol., 82, pp. 16-23.
49. Arfai, K., Pitukcheewanont, PD, Goran, MI, Tavare, CJ, Heller, L. and Gilsanz, V. (2002) Bone, muscle, and fat: Sex-related differences in prepubertal children. Radiology., 224, pp. 338-344.
50. Nagy, TR, Gower, BA, Trowbridge, CA, Dezenberg, C., Shewchuk, RM and Goran, MI. (1997) Effects of gender, ethnicity, body composition, and fat distribution on serum leptin concentrations in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 82, pp. 2148-2152.
51. Huang, TT, Johnson, MS, Figueroa-Colon, R., Dwyer, JH and Goran, MI. (2001) Growth of visceral fat, subcutaneous abdominal fat, and total body fat in children. Obes Res., 9, pp. 283-289.
52. Seidell, JC and Bouchard, C. (1997) Visceral fat in relation to health: is it a major culprit or simply an innocent bystander?. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord., 21, pp. 626-631.
53. Mueller, WH, Harrist, RB, Doyle, SR and Labarthe, DR. (2004) Percentiles of body composition from bioelectrical impedance and body measurements in U.S. adolescents 8-17 years old: Project HeartBeat!. Am J Hum Biol., 16, pp. 135-150.
54. Despres, JP. (2006) Is visceral obesity the cause of the metabolic syndrome?. Ann Med., 38, pp. 52-63.
55. Saelens, BE, Seeley, RJ, van Schaick, K., Donnelly, LF and O'Brien, KJ. (2007) Visceral abdominal fat is correlated with whole-body fat and physical activity among 8-y-old children at risk of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr., 85, pp. 46-53.