Psychological Distress in Orphan, Vulnerable Children and Non-Vulnerable Children in High Prevalence HIV/AIDS Communities

Journal of Psychology in Africa

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 421-429

  Killian, Bev ^a   Durrheim, Kevin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Adversities; Emotional distress; Orphans and vulnerable children; Symptomatology

Indexed keywords

EID: 57049155403     PISSN: 14330237     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2008.10820218     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Fourth Edition-Text Revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Beale-Spencer, M., Cole, S. P., Jones, S. M. & Phillips Swanson, D. (1997). Social Support Scale. New York: New York University Press.
3. Biere, J., & Elliot, D. M. (1997). Psychological assessment of interpersonal victimization effects in adults and children. Psychotherapy, theory, research, practice, training, 34 (4), 353-364.
4. Brady, K. L., & Caraway, S. J. (2002). Home away from home: factors associated with current functioning in children living in a residential treatment setting. Child Abuse and Neglect, 26 (11), 1149-1164.
5. Cluver, L., Gardner Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of Oxford, UK, F. & Operario, D. (2007). Psychological distress amongst AIDS-orphaned children in urban South Africa. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48 (8), 755-763.
6. Cook, R. M. (1998). Starting from strengths: Community care for orphaned children. University of Victoria, Unit for Research and Education on the Convention of the Rights of the Child. Malawi: School of Child and Youth Care, Canada and Department of Psychology.
7. Conners, C.K., Parker, J.D.A., Sitarenios, G., & Epstein, J.N. (1998). The Revised Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-93): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 257-268.
8. Corr, C. (1996). Child development and encounters with death and bereavement. In C. Corr & D. Corr (Eds.), Handbook of childhood death and bereavement (pp. 3-28). New York: Springer Publishing Co.
9. Ebersohn, L. & Eloff, I. (2002). The black, white and grey of rainbow children coping with HIV/AIDS. Perspectives in Education, 20 (2), 77-86.
10. Foster, G. & Williamson, J. (2000). A review of current literature on the impact of HIV/AIDS on children in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 2000, 14 (3), 275-284.
11. Freeman, M. (2004). HIV/AIDS in developing countries: Heading towards a mental health and consequent social disaster? South African Journal of Psychology, 34 (1), 139-159.
12. Giese, S., Meintjes, H., Croke, R., & Chamberlain, R. (2003). A social security response to address the needs of children in the context of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Cape Town: The Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town.
13. Killian, B. J. (2004a). The development and implementation of a holistic community based intervention programme offering psychosocial support to vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS, poverty and violence. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg.
14. Killian, B.J. (2004b). Risk and resilience. In R. Pharoah (ed.), A Generation at risk? HIV/AIDS, Vulnerable children and security in Southern Africa (pp. 33-64). Monograph No 109. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
15. Kovacs, M. (1979). Children’s depression inventory. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
16. Kranzler, E. M. (1990). Parental death in childhood. In L. E. Arnold (Ed.), Childhood stress (pp. 405-422). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
17. Lutzke, J., Ayers, T., Sandler, I., & Barr, A. (1997). Risks and interventions for the parentally bereaved child. In S. Wolchik & I. Sandler (Eds.), Handbook of children's coping: Linking theory and intervention (pp. 215-243). New York: Plenum Books, Inc.
18. Marcus, T. (2002). Living and dying with AIDS: Wo! Zaphela Izingane – It is destroying the children (2nd Edition). Pietermaritzburg: The CINDI (Children in Distress) Network.
19. Masten, A. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56 (3), 227-238.
20. Mazza, J. J., & Reynolds, W. M. (1999). Exposure to violence in young inner-city adolescents and PTSD symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. Retrieved August 10, 2008 from www.humboldt.edu/~psych/fs/reynolds/ reynolds.htm [12-12-2001]
21. McLoyd, V. (1998). Socio-economic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53 (2), 185-204.
22. Muthukrishna, N. (2006). Mapping barriers to basic education in the context of HIV and AIDS. In N. Muthukrishna (Ed.), Mapping barriers to basic education in the context of HIV and AIDS: A report on research conducted in the Richmond District, KwaZulu Natal. (pp. 1–14). Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu Natal.
23. Reinecke, M. A., & Schultz, T. M. (1995). Comparison of self-report and clinician ratings of depression among outpatient adolescents. Depression, 3, 139-145.
24. Reynolds, W. M. (1989). Reynolds Child Depression Scale: Professional Manual. New York: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
25. Reynolds, W. M., & Graves, A. (1989). Reliability of children s reports of depressive symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17 (6), 647-655.
26. Richter, L., Foster, G., & Sherr, L. (2006). Where the heart is: Meeting the psychosocial needs of young children in the context of HIV/AIDS. Retrieved on May 2, 2006 from http://synkronweb.aidsalliance.org/graphics/OVC/documents/ 0000837e00.pdf
27. Schönteich, M. (2002). Age and AIDS: South Africa’s crime time bomb? Pretoria: Institute of Security Studies. Retrieved March 12, 2004 from http://www.iss.co.za/ASR/8No4/ SchOnteich. html
28. Shaw, J.A., Lewis, J.E., Loels, A., Rosado, J., & Rodriquez, R.A. (2000). Child on child sexual abuse: A Psychological Perspective. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24 (12), 1591-1600.
29. Stein, J. (2003). Sorrow makes children of us all: A literature review on the psychosocial impact of HIV/AIDS on children. Centre for Social Science Research: AIDS and Society Research Unit. CSSR Working Paper No 47.
30. Townsend, M. (2002). Trauma symptom checklist for children (TSCC). Retrieved March 12, 2004, from www.criminology. unimelb.edu.au/victims/resourses/assesment/ptsd/tscc.html
31. UNESCO, Regional Overview: Sub-Saharan Africa. (2003). EFA Global Monitoring Report. Retrieved April 15, 2005 from http://portal.unesco.org/education/efa_report/zoom_ regions_pdf/ssafrica.pdf
32. Van der Merwe, A. (2001). The relationship between exposure to community violence, social support, parenting attitudes and child behavioural adjustment. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
33. Van der Riet, M., Hough, A., Killian, B.J., O’Neill, V., & Ram, A (2006). We struggle to learn. In N. Muthukrishna (Ed.), Mapping barriers to basic education in the context of HIV and AIDS: A report on research conducted in the Richmond District, KwaZulu Natal (pp. 15– 80). Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu Natal.
34. Wicks-Nelson, R., & Israel, A.C. (1997). Behaviour disorders of childhood (3rd Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.