The U.S. Hurricane coasts: Increasingly vulnerable?

Environment

Volumn 49, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 8-21

  Cutter, Susan ^a   Johnson, Laurie ^b   Finch, Christina ^a   Berry, Melissa ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b Unified New Orleans Plan Project

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 56949085255     PISSN: 00139157     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/ENVT.49.7.8-21     Document Type: Article

References (47)

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5. Nelson and Lang, note 3 above.
6. Nelson and Lang, note 4 above.
7. U.S. Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. 2005, Table 29. Population in coastal counties: 1960-2005 (http://www.census.gov/compendia/ stattab/population). Coastal counties as defined by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) cover 673 counties with at least 15 percent of their land area either in a coastal watershed or in a coastal cataloging unit. This applies to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts and the Great Lakes region. A different definition of coastal includes those people living within 100 miles of the coast. Using this definition, 59 percent of the U.S. population is defined as "coastal." See M. E. Hodgson, "How Many People Live Near the 'Coast'? as a Measure of Risk," paper presented at the Association of American Geographers annual meetings, San Francisco, CA, 17-21 April 2007.
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11. also see statistics available from National Ocean Economics Program (NOEP), Coastal Economy Data, http://noep .mbari.org/Market/coastal/ coastalEcon.asp (accessed 21 May 2007).
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13. See S. L. Cutter, B. Boruff, and W. L. Shirley, "Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards," Social Science Quarterly 84, no. 1 (2003): 242-61, for the original formulation.
14. For the most current Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) based on 2000 Census data, see University of South Carolina Hazards & Vulnerability Research Institute, Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) for the United States, http://www.cas.sc.edu/geog/hrl/sovi.html.
15. Ibid.
16. For example, in examining the coastal erosion hazard, there were regional differences in vulnerability. Along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, physical factors were more dominant, while in the Gulf Coast counties, social characteristics were slightly more important in explaining the variation in vulnerability. See B. J. Boruff, C. Emrich, and S. L. Cutter, "Hazard Vulnerability of U.S. Coastal Counties," Journal of Coastal Research 21, no. 5 (2005): 932-42. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, a historical analysis of social vulnerability among the affected counties in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama showed little change in the relative vulnerability of Orleans Parish. Not only do the residents have less ability to cope with major disasters than residents of other parishes, the historical analysis suggests that they had less ability to recover in 2000 than they did in 1960.
17. See S. L. Cutter and C. T. Emrich, "Moral Hazard, Social Catastrophe: The Changing Face of Vulnerability along the Hurricane Coasts," Annals, American Academy of Political and Social Science 604, no. 1 (2006): 102-12.
18. M. Mann and K. Emanuel, "Atlantic Hurricane Trends Linked to Climate Change," Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 87, no. 24 (1 May 2006): 233, 238, and 241;
19. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Working Group 1, The Physical Basis of Climate Change. Assessment Report 4, Final Report, 1 May 2007 (Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007), http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html (accessed 22 May 2007);
20. and IPCC Working Group 2, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Assessment Report 4, Summary for Policymakers, 13 April 2007 (Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007), http://www.ipcc .ch/SPM13apr07.pdf (accessed 22 May 2007).
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24. IPCC Working Group 2, note 15 above.
25. IPCC Working Group 2, note 15 above.
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27. S. L. Cutter and C. Emrich, "Are Natural Hazards and Disaster Losses in the U.S. Increasing?" EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 86, no. 41 (11 October 2005): 381 and 388-89.
28. For more information on these singular events, See NOAA, Billion Dollar U.S. Weather Disasters, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/billionz. html (accessed 26 April 2007);
29. and N. Lott, "Tracking Billion Dollar U.S. Weather Disasters," Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 87, no. 5 (2006): 557-59.
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31. and R. A Pielke and C. Landsea, "Normalized Hurricane Damages in the United States: 1925-1995," Weather and Forecasting 13, no. 3 (1998): 621-31.
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35. S. Raphael and A. Berube, "Socioeconomic Differences in Household Automobile Ownership Rates: Implications for Evacuation Policy," paper presented at the Berkeley Symposium on Real Estate, Catastrophic Risk, and Public Policy, Berkeley, California, 23 March 2006, http://urbanpolicy.berkeley. edu/pdf/raphael.pdf.
36. M. K. Lindell and C. S. Prater, "Critical Behavioral Assumptions in Evacuation Time Estimate Analysis for Private Vehicles: Examples from Hurricane Research and Planning," Journal of Urban Planning and Development 133, no. 1 (March 2007): 18-29.
37. R. Campanella, Above-Sea-Level New Orleans: The Residential Capacity of Orleans Parish's Higher Ground (New Orleans: Center for Bioenvironmental Research at Tulane and Xavier Universities, 2007), http://kerrn.org/pdf/ campanellaaslno.pdf.
38. Ibid.
39. Unified New Orleans Plan, Final Draft, City-wide Strategic Recovery and Rebuilding Plan, Appendix E: Preliminary Citywide Financial Assessment, April 2007, http://www.unifiedneworleansplan.org (accessed 27 April 2007)
40. D. Robert, "Junk Bond Rating Prevents N.O. from Borrowing Recovery Cash," New Orleans City Business, 11 December 2006.
41. Unified New Orleans Plan, note 30 above.
42. R. W. Kates, C. E. Colten, S. Laska, and S. P. Leatherman, "Reconstruction in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina: A Research Perspective," Proceedings, National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 40 (2006): 14653-60.
43. Unified New Orleans Plan, note 30 above.
44. Robert, note 31 above.
45. Unified New Orleans Plan, Final Draft, City-wide Strategic Recovery and Rebuilding Plan, April 2007, http://www.unifiedneworleansplan.org (accessed 27 April 2007).
46. Ibid.
47. st Century, http:// oceancommission.gov (accessed 27 April 2007). See Chapter 10 of the commission report, "Guarding People and Property Against Natural Hazards."