Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and diffusely adherent E coli as likely causes of a proportion of pathogen-negative travelers' diarrhea - A PCR-based study

Journal of Travel Medicine

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 412-418

  Meraz, Ismail M ^a   Jiang, Zhi Dong ^a   Ericsson, Charles D ^b   Bourgeois, A Louis ^c   Steffen, Robert ^d   Taylor, David N ^e   Hernandez, Norma ^f   DuPont, Herbert L ^a,b,g,h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^e VaxInnate Corporation   (United States)

^f Hospital Jardines de Guadalupe   (Mexico)

^g BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h ST LUKE S EPISCOPAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL DNA; ESCHERICHIA COLI ENTEROTOXIN; GENE PRODUCT;

ARTICLE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FECES ANALYSIS; GUATEMALA; HUMAN; INDIA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEXICO; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; TOURISM; TRAVELLER DIARRHEA;

ADHESINS, BACTERIAL; BARBUDA AND ANTIGUA; DIARRHEA; ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; ENTEROTOXINS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS; GUATEMALA; HUMANS; INDIA; MEXICO; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; TRAVEL;

EID: 56849086721     PISSN: 11951982     EISSN: 17088305     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00249.x     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. DuPont HL, Ericsson CD. Prevention and treatment of traveler's diarrhea. N Engl J Med 1993 328 : 1821 1827.
2. Gorbach SL, Kean BH, Evans DG, et al. Travelers' diarrhea and toxigenic Escherichia coli. N Engl J Med 1975 292 : 933 936.
3. Jiang ZD, Lowe B, Verenkar MP, et al. Prevalence of enteric pathogens among international travelers with diarrhea acquired in Kenya (Mombasa), India (Goa), or Jamaica (Montego Bay). J Infect Dis 2002 185 : 497 502.
4. DuPont HL, Reves RR, Galindo E, et al. Treatment of travelers' diarrhea with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and with trimethoprim alone. N Engl J Med 1982 307 : 841 844.
5. DuPont HL, Jiang ZD, Belkind-Gerson J, et al. Treatment of travelers' diarrhea: randomized trial comparing rifaximin, rifaximin plus loperamide, and loperamide alone. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007 5 : 451 456.
6. DuPont HL, Ericsson CD, Mathewson JJ, et al. Oral aztreonam, a poorly absorbed yet effective therapy for bacterial diarrhea in US travelers to Mexico. JAMA 1992 267 : 1932 1935.
7. DuPont HL, Ericsson CD, Mathewson JJ, DuPont MW. Five versus three days of ofloxacin therapy for traveler's diarrhea: a placebo-controlled study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992 36 : 87 91.
8. Taylor DN, Bourgeois AL, Ericsson CD, et al. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of rifaximin compared with placebo and with ciprofloxacin in the treatment of travelers' diarrhea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006 74 : 1060 1066.
9. Adachi JA, Jiang ZD, Mathewson JJ, et al. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli as a major etiologic agent in traveler's diarrhea in 3 regions of the world. Clin Infect Dis 2001 32 : 1706 1709.
10. Caeiro JP, Estrada-Garcia MT, Jiang ZD, et al. Improved detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among patients with travelers' diarrhea, by use of the polymerase chain reaction technique. J Infect Dis 1999 180 : 2053 2055.
11. Vargas M, Gascon J, Gallardo F, et al. Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains detected by PCR in patients with travelers' diarrhea. Clin Microbiol Infect 1998 4 : 682 688.
12. Vial PA, Mathewson JJ, DuPont HL, et al. Comparison of two assay methods for patterns of adherence to HEp-2 cells of Escherichia coli from patients with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 1990 28 : 882 885.
13. Iijima Y, Tanaka S, Miki K, et al. Evaluation of colony-based examinations of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in stool specimens: low probability of detection because of low concentrations, particularly during the early stage of gastroenteritis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007 58 (3 303 308.
14. Bischoff C, Luthy J, Altwegg M, Baggi F. Rapid detection of diarrheagenic E. coli by real-time PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2005 61 : 335 341.
15. Stark D, Beebe N, Marriott D, et al. Evaluation of three diagnostic methods, including real-time PCR, for detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2006 44 : 232 235.
16. Yang C, Jiang Y, Huang K, et al. Application of real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry, milk and environmental water. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003 38 : 265 271.
17. Jiang ZD, Mathewson JJ, Ericsson CD, et al. Characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains in patients with travelers' diarrhea acquired in Guadalajara, Mexico, 1992-1997. J Infect Dis 2000 181 : 779 782.
18. Sack DA, Shimko J, Torres O, et al. Randomised, double-blind, safety and efficacy of a killed oral vaccine for enterotoxigenic E. coli diarrhoea of travellers to Guatemala and Mexico. Vaccine 2007 25 : 4392 400.
19. Arikawa K, Meraz IM, Nishikawa Y, et al. Interleukin-8 secretion by epithelial cells infected with diffusely adherent Escherichia coli possessing Afa adhesin-coding genes. Microbiol Immunol 2005 49 : 493 503.
20. Betis F, Brest P, Hofman V, et al. The Afa/Dr adhesins of diffusely adhering Escherichia coli stimulate interleukin-8 secretion, activate mitogen-activated protein kinases, and promote polymorphonuclear transepithelial migration in T84 polarized epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2003 71 : 1068 1074.
21. Betis F, Brest P, Hofman V, et al. Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli infection in T84 cell monolayers induces increased neutrophil transepithelial migration, which in turn promotes cytokine-dependent upregulation of decay-accelerating factor (CD55), the receptor for Afa/Dr adhesins. Infect Immun 2003 71 : 1774 1783.
22. Meraz IM, Arikawa K, Ogasawara J, et al. Epithelial cells secrete interleukin-8 in response to adhesion and invasion of diffusely adhering Escherichia coli lacking Afa/Dr genes. Microbiol Immunol 2006 50 : 159 169.
23. Scaletsky IC, Fabbricotti SH, Carvalho RL, et al. Diffusely adherent Escherichia coli as a cause of acute diarrhea in young children in Northeast Brazil: a case-control study. J Clin Microbiol 2002 40 : 645 648.
24. Gunzburg ST, Chang BJ, Elliott SJ, et al. Diffuse and enteroaggregative patterns of adherence of enteric Escherichia coli isolated from aboriginal children from the Kimberley region of Western Australia. J Infect Dis 1993 167 : 755 758.
25. Giron JA, Jones T, Millan-Velasco F, et al. Diffuse-adhering Escherichia coli (DAEC) as a putative cause of diarrhea in Mayan children in Mexico. J Infect Dis 1991 163 : 507 513.
26. Germani Y, Bégaud E, Duval P, Le Bouguenec C. Prevalence of enteropathogenic, enteroaggregative, and diffusely adherent Escherichia coli among isolates from children with diarrhea in new Caledonia. J Infect Dis 1996 174 : 1124 1126.
27. Jallat C, Livrelli V, Darfeuille-Michaud A, et al. Escherichia coli strains involved in diarrhea in France: high prevalence and heterogeneity of diffusely adhering strains. J Clin Microbiol 1993 31 : 2031 2037.
28. Tacket CO, Moseley SL, Kay B, et al. Challenge studies in volunteers using Escherichia coli strains with diffuse adherence to HEp-2 cells. J Infect Dis 1990 162 : 550 552.
29. Huang DB, Mohamed JA, Nataro JP, et al. Virulence characteristics and the molecular epidemiology of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates from travellers to developing countries. J Med Microbiol 2007 56 (Pt 10 1386 1392.
30. Dickinson JH, Kroll RG, Grant KA. The direct application of the polymerase chain reaction to DNA extracted from foods. Lett Appl Microbiol 1995 20 : 212 216.
31. Stephens TP, Loneragan GH, Karunasena E, Brashears MM. Reduction of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella in feces and on hides of feedlot cattle using various doses of a direct-fed microbial. J Food Prot 2007 70 : 2386 2391.
32. Chapin AR, Carpenter CM, Dudley WC, et al. Prevalence of norovirus among visitors from the United States to Mexico and Guatemala who experience traveler's diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 2005 43 : 1112 1127.
33. Ko G, Garcia C, Jiang ZD, et al. Noroviruses as a cause of traveler's diarrhea among students from the United States visiting Mexico. J Clin Microbiol 2005 43 : 6126 6129.
34. Claros MC, Claros ZC, Tang YJ, et al. Occurrence of Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin gene-carrying strains in Germany and the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2000 38 : 1996 1997.
35. Durmaz B, Dalgalar M, Durmaz R. Prevalence of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in patients with diarrhea: a controlled study. Anaerobe 2005 11 : 318 321.
36. Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Wintermans RG, Van Belkum A, et al. Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) strains isolated in The Netherlands and Poland are genetically diverse. Pol J Microbiol 2004 53 : 35 39.
37. Shetab R, Cohen SH, Prindiville T, et al. Detection of Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin gene by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1998 36 : 1729 1732.
38. Hogenauer C, Langner C, Beubler E, et al. Klebsiella oxytoca as a causative organism of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. N Engl J Med 2006 355 : 2418 2426.