The health care revolution: From medical monopoly to market competition

The Health Care Revolution: From Medical Monopoly to Market Competition

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages

  Ameringer, Carl F ^a  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 56749160983     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (381)

1. American Medical Association: Special Collections (consists of congressional testimony, membership data, and correspondence). American Medical Association, Chicago (Legislative Affairs Division).
2. Federal Trade Commission: Special Collections (consists of staff reports, memoranda, and correspondence). Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D.C.
3. Harry A. Blackmun Papers. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
4. Thurgood Marshall Papers. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. primary and secondary sources
5. Agrawal, Gail B., and Howard R. Veit. 2002. Back to the Future: The Managed Care Revolution. Law and Contemporary Problems 65(4):11-53.
6. Albert, Tanya, and Andis Robeznieks. 2002. AMA Delegates Likely to Hear Call for PRN Support. AMA News, 3 June.
7. AMA Plans Appeal of FTC's Ruling on Physician Advertising. 1979. AMA News, 2 November.
8. AMA to Continue FTC Battle. 1980. AMA News, 17 October.
9. AMA Vows to Fight FTC Attempt to End Ban on Ads by Physicians. 1976. AMA News, 5 January.
10. AMA Will Challenge FTC Decision on Ads. 1978. AMA News, 8 December.
11. American Medical Association. Code of Medical Ethics (see text reference for applicable year). Chicago: American Medical Association.
12. American Medical Association. House of Delegates. Proceedings (see text reference for applicable dates and page numbers). Chicago: American Medical Association.
13. American Medical Association. Opinions and Reports of the Judicial Council (see text reference for applicable year). Chicago: American Medical Association.
14. American Medical Association. 1964. Legal Conference for Medical Society Representatives, Chicago, 16-18 April.
15. American Medical Association. Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. 1995. Ethical Issues in Managed Care. JAMA 273(4):330-335.
16. Ameringer, Carl F. 1999. State Medical Boards and the Politics of Public Protection. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
17. Anderson, B. J. 2003. Author interview of the former head of the health law department of the American Medical Association. 12 June.
18. Anderson, Gerard F., Uwe E. Reinhardt, Peter S. Hussey, and Varduhi Petrosyan. 2003. It's the Prices, Stupid: Why the United States Is So Different from Other Countries. Health Affairs 22(3):89-105.
19. Antitrust Relief. 1996. AMA News, 23/30 September.
20. Appeal Brief of Respondent American Medical Association. 1979. In the Matter of the American Medical Ass'n, docket no. 9064, 31 January.
21. Arrow, Kenneth. 1963. Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care. The American Economic Review 53(5):941-973.
22. Asimow, Michael, Arthur Earl Bonfield, and Ronald M. Levin. 1998. State and Federal Administrative Law. 2nd ed. American Casebook Series. St. Paul: West Group.
23. Aston, Geri. 1998. Zero Hour Near for Patient Bill. AMA News, 3 August.
24. Balogh, Brian. 1991. Chain Reaction: Expert Debate and Public Participation in American Commercial Nuclear Power, 1945-1975. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
25. Barnes, Ernest G. 2003. Author interview of the administrative law judge in the AMA case. 10 July.
26. Barnett, Albert E. 1998 Protecting Doctor-Patient Relationship in PPMs Isn't Easy. AMA News, 9 February.
27. Benedict, Gerry, and Brent Feorene. 1997. The PPM Phenomenon. AMA News, 13 October.
28. Berger, Loren, Steve Weissman, and Michael Surrusco. 2000. Holding Patients Hostage: The Unhealthy Alliance between HMOs and Senate Leaders.Washington, D.C.: Public Citizen's Congress Watch.
29. Berlant, Jeffrey. 1975. Profession and Monopoly: A Study of Medicine in the United States and Great Britain. Berkeley: University of California Press.
30. Bernstein, Michael A. 2001. A Perilous Progress: Economists and Public Purpose in Twentieth-Century America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
31. Bickel, David R. 1983. The Antitrust Division's Adoption of a Chicago School Economic Policy Calls for Some Reorganization: But Is the Division's New Policy Here to Stay? Houston Law Review 20:1083-1127.
32. Bierig, Jack. 2003. Author interview of the lead attorney for the American Medical Association in the AMA case. 30 June.
33. Bloche, M. Gregg, and David M. Studdert. 2004. A Quiet Revolution: Law as an Agent of Health System Change. Health Affairs 23(2):29-42.
34. Blyth, Mark. 2002. Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
35. Bodenheimer, Thomas S., and Kevin Grumbach. 2005. Understanding HealthPolicy: A Clinical Approach. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/ McGraw Hill.
36. Bork, Robert H. 1978. The Antitrust Paradox: A Policy at War with Itself. New York: Basic Books.
37. Bork, Robert H. 1991. Legislative Intent and the Policy of the Sherman Act. In The Political Economy of the Sherman Act: The First One Hundred Years, ed. E. Thomas Sullivan. New York: Oxford University Press.
38. Born, Patricia H., and Carol J. Simon. 2001. Patients and Profits: The Relationship between HMO and Financial Performance and Quality of Care. Health Affairs 20(2):167-174.
39. Brennan, Jeffrey W., David R. Pender, and Markus H. Meier. 2003. FTC Antitrust Actions in Health Care Services and Products. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Competition, Federal Trade Commission.
40. Brennan, Troyen A. 1991. Just Doctoring: Medical Ethics in the Liberal State.Berkeley: University of California Press.
41. Brief for the United States. 1939. United States v. American Medical Ass'n. In the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, docket no. 7488- special calendar, 10 November.
42. Brodie, Mollyann, Lee Ann Brady, and Drew Altman. 1998. Media Coverage of Managed Care: Is There a Negative Bias? Health Affairs 17(1):9-25.
43. Brown, Lawrence. 1983. Politics and Health Care Organizations: HMOs as Federal Policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
44. Brown, Lawrence. 2003. Shadow Governance: The Political Construction of Health Policy Leadership. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 28(2-3):517-524.
45. Budrys, Grace. 1997. When Doctors Join Unions. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
46. Burnham, John. 1982. American Medicine's Golden Age: What Happened to It? Science 215:1476-1478.
47. Burrow, James G. 1977. Organized Medicine in the Progressive Era: The Move toward Monopoly. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
48. Campion, Fred. 1984. The AMA and U.S. Health Policy since 1940. Chicago: American Medical Association.
49. Canon, Bradley C. 1991. Justice John Paul Stevens: The Lone Ranger in a Black Robe. In The Burger Court: Political and Judicial Profiles, ed. Charles M. Lamb and Stephen C. Halpern. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
50. Carper, Jean. 1977. The Backlash at the FTC. Washington Post, 6 February.
51. Casalino, Lawrence P. 2004. Physicians and Corporations: A Corporate Transformation of American Medicine? Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 29(4-5):869-883.
52. Chapman, Stu. 1980. Has the FTC Overplayed Its Hand in Trying to Control Your Fees? Legal Aspects of Medical Practice February:21-25.
53. Chase-Lubitz, Jeffrey F. 1987. The Corporate Practice of Medicine Doctrine: An Anachronism in the Modern Health Care Industry. Vanderbilt Law Review 40:445-488.
54. Chiropractic: Its Cause and Cure. 1942. Medical Economics 19:41-43, 72-76.
55. Clarkson, Kenneth W., and Timothy J. Muris, eds. 1981. The Federal Trade Commission since 1970: Economic Regulation and Bureaucratic Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
56. Clayton Act. U.S. Code 15 (1914), secs. 12-27.
57. Colliver, Victoria. 2001. Blue Cross Sets New Policy on Doctor Bonuses: Physician Rewards Now Based on Quality of Care. San Francisco Chronicle, 11 July.
58. Congress: The Big Battalions. 1979. The Economist, 24 November.
59. Congress Waits for Carter's Signal. 1977. Business Week, 4 April.
60. Cook, Robert. 2002. Clash of the Titans. AMA News, 23/30 December.
61. Costilo, Barry. 1981. Competition Policy and the Medical Profession. New England Journal of Medicine 304(18):1099-1102.
62. Costilo, Barry. 2003. Author interview of the lead attorney for the Federal Trade Commission in the AMA case. 8 July.
63. Court, Jamie. 2000. Author interview of the executive director of the Foundation for Taxpayers and Consumer Rights. 30 June.
64. Critser, Greg. 2005. Generation Rx: How Prescription Drugs Are Altering American Lives, Minds, and Bodies. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
65. Cubanski, Juliette, and Patricia Neuman. 2006. Status Report on Medicare Part D Enrollment in 2006: Analysis of Plan-Specific Market Share and Coverage. Health Affairs 25(6):w1-w12.
66. Demsetz, Harold. 1999. Henry Manne: Scholar, Academic Entrepreneur, and Friend. Case Western Reserve Law Review 50:253-257.
67. Derickson, Alan. 2005. Health Security for All: Dreams of Universal Health Care in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
68. Derthick, Martha, and Paul Quirk. 1985. The Politics of Deregulation. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
69. Dodson, John M. 1919. Report of the Council on Medical Education. JAMA 72:1752-1753.
70. Downs, Anthony. 1985. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
71. Dranove, David. 2000. The Economic Evolution of American Health Care: From Marcus Welby to Managed Care. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
72. Easterbrook, Frank H. 1984. Foreword: The Supreme Court and the Economic System. Harvard Law Review 98:4-60.
73. Edsall, Thomas Byrne. 1984. The New Politics of Inequality. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
74. Egdahl, Richard H. 1973. Foundations for Medical Care. New England Journal of Medicine 288(10):491-498.
75. Eisner, Marc. 1991. Antitrust and the Triumph of Economics: Institutions, Expertise, and Policy Change. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
76. Employee Retirement Income Security Act. U.S. Code 29 (as amended 1994), secs. 1001 et seq.
77. Enthoven, Alain C. 1999. Managed Care: What Went Wrong? Can It Be Fixed? Donald C. Ozmun and Donald B. Ozmun Family Lecture in Management, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 29 November.
78. Enthoven, Alain C and Richard Kronick. 1989. A Consumer-Choice Health Plan for the 1990s. New England Journal of Medicine 320(1):29-37.
79. Epstein, Arnold M. 2007. Pay for Performance at the Tipping Point. New England Journal of Medicine 356(5):515-517.
80. Federal Trade Commission. 1974. Annual Report of the Federal Trade Commission for the Fiscal Year. Washington, D.C.: GPO.
81. Federal Trade Commission. 1975. Annual Report of the Federal Trade Commission for the Fiscal Year. Washington, D.C.: GPO.
82. Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice. 2004. Improving Health Care: A Dose of Competition. Washington, D.C. Http://www.ftc.gov/reports/healthcare/ 040723healthcarerpt.pdf.
83. Federal Trade Commission Act. U.S. Code 15 (1914), secs. 41-57a.
84. Fein, Rashi. 1986. Medical Care, Medical Costs: The Search for a Health Insurance Policy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
85. Feldman, Roger B., Douglas R. Wholey, and Jon B. Christianson. 1999. HMO Consolidations: How National Mergers Affect Local Markets. Health Affairs 18(4):96-104.
86. Feldstein, Paul J. 1988. The Politics of Health Legislation: An Economic Perspective. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press.
87. Feldstein, Paul J. 1999. Health Policy Issues: An Economic Perspective on Health Reform. 2nd ed. Chicago: Health Administration Press.
88. Fishbein, Morris. 1932. The Committee on the Costs of Medical Care. JAMA 99:1950-1952.
89. Fishbein, Morris. 1947. A History of the American Medical Association, 1847 to 1947. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
90. Foubister, Vida. 1998. Unions a Difficult Option, Physicians Say. AMA News, 20 July.
91. Fox, Daniel M. 1986. Health Policies, Health Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
92. Fox, Daniel M. 2006. Keynote address, Menzies Centre for Health Policy Seminar, Sydney, Australia, 5 April.
93. Fox, Daniel M and Paul Fronstin. 2000. Letter to the editor. Health Affairs 19(2):271-273.
94. Frech, H.E., III. 2003. Author interview of the 1975-1976 economic consultant to the Federal Trade Commission. 13 August.
95. Freidson, Eliot. 1973. Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company.
96. Freidson, Eliot. 1986. The Medical Profession in Transition. In Applications of Social Science to Clinical Medicine and Health Policy, ed. Linda Aiken and David Mechanic. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
97. Freidson, Eliot. 2001. Professionalism:The Third Logic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
98. Freyer, Tony. 1992. Regulating Big Business: Antitrust in Great Britain and America, 1880-1990. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
99. Friedman, Milton. 1982. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
100. Fronstin, Paul. 2006a. Employer Health Benefits 2006 Annual Survey. Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Research and Educational Trust.
101. Fronstin, Paul. 2006b. Sources of Health Insurance and Characteristics of the Uninsured: Analysis of the March 2006 Current Population Survey. EBRI Issue Brief No. 298. Employee Benefit Research Institute, October.
102. FTC's Action Improper, AMA Tells U.S. Court. 1980. AMA News, 16 May.
103. FTC:Watch. (Newsletter.) Arthur L. Amolsch and Mimi Madden, eds. Springfield, VA: Washington Regulatory Reporting Associates.
104. Fuchs, Victor R. 1986. The Health Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
105. Fuhrmans, Vanessa. 2006. After Streak of Strong Profits, Health Insurers May See Decline. Wall Street Journal, 31 July.
106. Fuhrmans, Vanessa. 2007. Health Insurers Settle Dispute on Pay with 900,000 Doctors. Wall Street Journal, 28-29 April.
107. Funigiello, Philip J. 2005. Chronic Politics: Health Security from FDR to George W. Bush. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
108. Furrow, Barry R., Thomas L. Greaney, Sandra H. Johnson, Timothy Stoltzfus Jost, and Robert L. Schwartz. 2004. Health Law: Cases, Materials, and Problems. 5th ed. American Casebook Series. St. Paul: West Group.
109. Garceau, Oliver. 1941. The Political Life of the American Medical Association.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
110. Gerhart, Peter M. 1982. The Supreme Court and Antitrust Analysis: The (Near Triumph) of the Chicago School. Supreme Court Review 1982:319-349.
111. Gevitz, Norman. 1988. Osteopathic Medicine: From Deviance to Difference. In Other Healers: Unorthodox Medicine in America, ed. Norman Gevitz. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
112. Gilmer, Todd, and Richard Kronick. 2005. It's the Premiums, Stupid: Projections of the Uninsured through 2013. Health Affairs 24(Supp. 1):w143-w151.
113. Ginzberg. Eli. 1977. The Limits of Health Reform: The Search for Realism. New York: Basic Books.
114. Ginzberg. Eli. 1990. The Medical Triangle: Physicians, Politicians, and the Public. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
115. Goldberg, Lawrence G., and Warren Greenberg. 1977. The Effect of Physician-Controlled Health Insurance: United States v. Oregon State Medical Society. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 2:48-78.
116. Gorney, Mark. 1980. Are We Restraining Competition or Human Misery? Legal Aspects of Medical Practice (February):32-35.
117. Gottschalk, Marie. 2005. Organized Labor's Incredible Shrinking Social Vision. In Healthy, Wealthy and Fair: Health Care and the Good Society, ed. James A. Morone and Lawrence R. Jacobs. New York: Oxford University Press.
118. Greaney, Thomas L. 1989. Quality of Care and Market Failure Defenses in Antitrust Health Care Litigation. Connecticut Law Review 21:605-665.
119. Greaney, Thomas L. 1996. Is Antitrust Anti-autonomy? Health Matrix 96(6):129-146.
120. Greaney, Thomas L. 2002. Whither Antitrust? The Uncertain Future of Competition Law in Health Care. Health Affairs 21(2):185-196.
121. Green, Mark J., Beverly C. Moore, and Bruce Wasserstein. 1972. The Closed Enterprise System: Ralph Nader's Study Group Report on Antitrust Enforcement. New York: Grossman.
122. Gressley, Gene M., ed. 1977. Voltaire and the Cowboy: The Letters of Thurman Arnold. Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press.
123. Gross, Stanley J. 1984. Of Foxes and Hen Houses: Licensing and the Healing Professions. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
124. Grunes, Rodney A. 2003. William J. Brennan, Jr., and Human Dignity. In Leaders of the Pack: Polls and Case Studies of Great Supreme Court Justices, ed. William D. Pederson and Norman W. Provizer. New York: Peter Lang.
125. Gunther, Gerald. 1991. Constitutional Law. 12th ed. University Casebook Series. Westbury, NY: Foundation Press.
126. Gwartney, James D., and Richard L. Stroup. 1990. Microeconomics: Private and Public Choice. 5th ed. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
127. Havighurst, Clark C. 1970. Health Maintenance Organizations and the Market for Health Services. Law and Contemporary Problems 35(4):716-795.
128. Havighurst, Clark C. 1974a. Motion for Leave to File and Brief of Clark C. Havighurst, Amicus Curiae, in Support of Petition for Writ of Certiorari, 23 September. In the U.S. Supreme Court, Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, docket no. 74-70.
129. Havighurst, Clark C. 1974b. Speculations on the Market's Future in Health Care. In Regulating Health Facilities Construction: Proceedings of a Conference on Health Planning, Certificates of Need, and Market Entry, ed. Clark C. Havighurst. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute.
130. Havighurst, Clark C. 1975. Federal Regulation of the Health Care Delivery System-a Forward in the Nature of a 'Package Insert.'" University of Toledo Law Review 6:577-590.
131. Havighurst, Clark C. 1978. Professional Restraints on Innovation in Health Care Financing. Duke Law Journal 1978(2):303-387.
132. Havighurst, Clark C. 1986. Professional Peer Review and the Antitrust Laws. Case WesternReserve Law Review 36(4):1117-1169.
133. Havighurst, Clark C. 1988. The Questionable Cost-Containment Record of Commercial Health Insurers. In Health Care in America: The Political Economy of Hospitals and Health Insurance, ed. H. E. Frech. San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy.
134. Havighurst, Clark C. 1996. Are the Antitrust Agencies Overregulating Physician Networks? Loyola Consumer Law Reporter 8(2):78-97.
135. Havighurst, Clark C. 2000. American Health Care and the Law-We Need to Talk! Health Affairs 19(4):84-106.
136. Havighurst, Clark C. 2001. Health Care as a (Big) Business: The Antitrust Response. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 26(5):939-955.
137. Havighurst, Clark C. 2002a. How the Health Care Revolution Fell Short. Law and Contemporary Problems 65(4):55-101.
138. Havighurst, Clark C. 2002b. Is the Health Care Revolution Finished?-a Forward. Law and Contemporary Problems 65(4):3-9.
139. Havighurst, Clark C. 2003. Author interview of the William Neal Reynolds Professor of Law, Duke University. 31 October -1 November.
140. Havighurst, Clark C. 2004. I've Seen Enough! My Life and Times in Health Care Law and Policy. Health Matrix 14:107-130.
141. Havighurst, Clark C. 2006. Author interview, Washington, D.C. 29-30 June.
142. Havighurst, Clark C., James F. Blumstein, and Troyen A. Brennan. 1998. Health Care Law and Policy: Readings, Notes, and Questions. 2nd ed. University Casebook Series. New York: Foundation Press.
143. Havighurst, Clark C., James F. Blumstein, and Troyen A. Brennan. 1999. Teacher's Manual for Health Care Law and Policy: Readings, Notes, and Questions. University Casebook Series. New York: Foundation Press.
144. Havighurst, Clark C., and Nancy M. P. King. 1983a. Private Credentialing of Health Care Personnel: An Antitrust Perspective (Part 1). American Journal of Law and Medicine 9:131-201.
145. Havighurst, Clark C., and Nancy M. P. King. 1983b. Private Credentialing of Health Care Personnel: An Antitrust Perspective (Part 2). American Journal of Law and Medicine 9:263-334.
146. Havighurst, Clark C., and Nancy M. P. King. 1984. Correspondence. American Journal of Law and Medicine 10(4):459-461.
147. Hays, Samuel P. 1987. The Politics of Environmental Administration. In The New American State: Bureaucracies and Policies since World War II, ed. Louis Galambos. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
148. Health Care Quality Improvement Act. U.S. Code 42 (1986), secs. 1110111152.
149. Herndon, Jill Boylston, and John E. Lopatka. 1999. Managed Care and the Questionable Relevance of Maricopa. Antitrust Bulletin 44(1):117-178.
150. Hirshfeld, Edward. 1994. The Case for Antitrust Reform for Physician Groups. In Antitrust and Health Care: Antitrust Developments in Changing Health Care Markets. Chicago: ABA Section of Antitrust Law.
151. Hofstadter, Richard. 1991. What Happened to the Antitrust Movement? In The Political Economy of the Sherman Act: The First One hundred Years, ed. E. Thomas Sullivan. New York: Oxford University Press.
152. Holsworth, Robert D. 1980. Public Interest Liberalism and the Crisis of Affluence: Reflections on Nader, Environmentalism, and the Politics of a Sustainable Society. Boston: G. K. Hall.
153. Hovenkamp, Herbert. 1985. Antitrust Policy after Chicago. Michigan Law Review 84:213-284.
154. Hurley, Robert E., Bradley C. Strunk, and Justin S. White. 2004. The Puzzling Popularity of the PPO. Health Affairs 23(2):56-68.
155. Huston, Luther A. 1952. A.M.A. Is Potent Force among the Lawmakers: Social Security Switch an Example of Lobby's Ability to Win Votes. New York Times, 15 June.
156. Hyman, David. 1999. Managed Care at the Millennium: Scenes from a Maul. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 24(5):1061-1070.
157. Institute of Medicine. 2005. Performance Measurement: Accelerating Improvement. Committee on Redesigning Health Insurance Performance Measures, Payment, and Performance Improvement Programs, 1 December.
158. Jacob, Julie A. 1999. Columbia/HCA Cuts Physician Practices. AMA News, 20 September.
159. Jacob, Julie A. 2000. Blues Plans See Strength in Consolidation.AMA News, 14 August
160. Jacobs, Lawrence R., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1999. The American Public's Pragmatic Liberalism Meets Its Philosophical Conservatism. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 24(5):1021-1031.
161. Jacobson, Peter D. 2003. Who Killed Managed Care? A Policy Whodunit. Saint Louis University Law Journal 47:365-396.
162. Jacoby, Mary. 2005. European Rush to Courthouse? Antitrust Cops Want Firms to Fight Their Own Battles. Wall Street Journal, 6 June.
163. Jaklevic, Mary Chris. 1998. AMA's Hirshfeld Passes Away at Age 48. Modern Healthcare, 31 August 1998.
164. Japsen, Bruce. 2005. Inside Health Care. Chicago Tribune, 20 January.
165. Jenkins, Holman. 2004. MBA vs. Poli Sci. Wall Street Journal, 16 June.
166. Johnson, Haynes, and David Broder. 1996. The System: The American Way of Politics at the Breaking Point. Boston: Little, Brown.
167. Johnson, James A., and Walter Jones. 1993. The American Medical Association: A Commentary and Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland.
168. Jost, Timothy Stoltzfus. 2004. The Supreme Court Limits Lawsuits against Managed Care Organizations. Health Affairs 23(Supp. 2):w417-w426.
169. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2004. Trends and Indicators in the Changing Health Care Marketplace. Exhibit 5.12: Health Care Mergers and Acquisitions, 1994-2003. Http://profile.kff.org/insurance.
170. Karlin, Joel M. 1998. Is There a Future for the Federation of Medicine? AMA News, 12 January.
171. Kass, Leon R. 1983. Professing Ethically: On the Place of Ethics in Defining Medicine. JAMA 249(10):1305-1310.
172. Katzmann, Robert A. 1980. Regulatory Bureaucracy: The Federal Trade Commission and Antitrust Policy. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
173. Kawachi, Ichiro. 2005. Why the United States Is Not Number One in Health. In Healthy, Wealthy and Fair: Health Care and the Good Society, ed. James A. Marone and Lawrence R. Jacobs. New York: Oxford University Press.
174. Kaysen, Carl, and Donald F. Turner. 1991. Antitrust Policy: An Economic and Legal Analysis. In The Political Economy of the Sherman Act: The First One Hundred Years, ed. E. Thomas Sullivan. New York: Oxford University Press.
175. Kessel, Reuben A. 1958. Price Discrimination in Medicine. Journal of Law and Economics 1:20-53.
176. Kessel, Reuben A. 1970· The AMA and the Supply of Physicians. Law and Contemporary Problems 35(2):267-283.
177. Kinder, Lori. 2000. Author interview of the chief advisor on health care legislation for Representative Thomas Campbell. 30 June.
178. King, Lester S. 1982. The Founding of the American Medical Association. JAMA 248(14):1749-1752.
179. King, Lester S. 1983. The AMA Gets a New Code of Ethics. JAMA 249(10):1338-1342.
180. King, Lester S. 1985. Medicine-Trade or Profession? JAMA 253(18):2709-2710.
181. Kingdon, John. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2nd ed. New York: HarperCollins.
182. Kintner, Earl W., and Mark R. Joelson. 1974. An International Antitrust Primer: A Businessman's Guide to the International Aspects of United States Antitrust Law and to Key Foreign Antitrust Laws. New York: Macmillian.
183. Kirby, Wendy T., and T. Clark Weymouth. 1985. Antitrust and Amateur Sports: The Role of Noneconomic Values. Indiana Law Journal 61:31-51.
184. Kissam, Phillip C. 1983. Antitrust Law and Professional Behavior. Texas Law Review 62(1):1-66.
185. Kissam, Phillip C. William L. Webber, Lawrence Bigus, and John Holzgraefe. 1982. Antitrust and Hospital Privileges: Testing the Conventional Wisdom. California Law Review 70:595-685.
186. Klein, Sarah A. 1998. Florida Class Action Challenges Prudential Claim Payment. AMA News, 10 August.
187. Klein, Sarah A. 1999a. AMA Negotiating Unit Gets Name, Board. AMA News, 27 September.
188. Klein, Sarah A. 1999b. Board Details Discomfort with Collective Bargaining. AMA News, 21 June.
189. Klein, Sarah A. 2000. California Court: Plans Can't Drop Physicians without Reason. AMA News, 5 June.
190. Kovacic, William E. 1982. The Federal Trade Commission and Congressional Oversight of Antitrust Enforcement. Tulsa Law Journal 17(4):587-671.
191. Krause, Elliott. 1996. Death of the Guilds: Professions, States, and the Advance of Capitalism, 1930 to the Present. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
192. Krieger, Gary F. 1997. Setting the Record Straight about the AMAP Initiative. AMA News, 9 June.
193. Krieger, Gary F. 1998. Medicine's House of Delegates-Worthwhile or Not? AMA News, 21 September.
194. Kronenfeld, Jennie Jacobs. 1997. The Changing Federal Role in U.S. Health Care Policy. Westport, CT: Praeger.
195. Leffler, Keith. 1983. Economic and Legal Analysis of Medical Ethics: The Case of Restrictions on Interprofessional Association. Law and Human Behavior 7(2-3):183-217.
196. Lerner, Arthur N. 2003. Author interview of the former assistant director of the Bureau of Competition, Federal Trade Commission. 24 September.
197. Levit, Katherine R., Helen C. Lazenby, and Bradley R. Braden. 1998. National Health Spending Trends in 1996. Health Affairs 17(1)45-51.
198. Liebeler, Wesley J. 1986. Economic Review of Antitrust Developments: Horizontal Restrictions, Efficiency, and the Per Se Rule. UCLA Law Review 33:1019-1062.
199. Lindsay, Robert. 1978. California Tax Revolt: Lesson for Legislators. New York Times, 12 June.
200. Lowi, Theodore J., and Benjamin Ginsberg. 1994. American Government: Freedom and Power. 3rd ed. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
201. Marmor, Theodore R., ed. 1994. Understanding Health Care Reform. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
202. Marmor, Theodore R., and Rudolf Klein. 1994. Rationing: Painful Prescription, Inadequate Diagnosis. In Understanding Health Care Reform, ed. Theodore R. Marmor. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
203. Marone, James, and Lawrence Jacobs, eds. 2005. Healthy, Wealthy and Fair: Health Care and the Good Society. New York: Oxford University Press.
204. Marone, James, and Lawrence Jacobs, and Gary Belkin. 1996. The Science Illusion and the Triumph of Medical Capitalism. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C.
205. Mason, Alpheus T. 1956. Brandeis: A Free Man's Life. New York: Viking.
206. Mayer, Caroline E. 1982. Medical Societies Aided Backers of FTC Curbs. Washington Post, 10 June.
207. Mayes, Rick. 2004. Universal Coverage:The Elusive Quest for National Health Insurance. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
208. McCarran-Ferguson Act. U.S. Code 15 (1945), secs. 1101-1015.
209. McChesney, Fred S., and William F. Shughart, II. 1995. The Causes and Consequences of Antitrust: The Public Choice Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
210. McCormick, Brian. 1997. AMA Mourns Death of Dr. James Todd. AMA News, 7 July.
211. McCormick, Robert E. 1989. A Review of the Economics of Regulation: The Political Process. In Regulation and the Reagan Era: Politics, Bureaucracy and the Public Interest, ed. Roger E. Meiners and Bruce Yandle. New York: Holmes & Meier.
212. McCraw, Thomas K. 1984. Prophets of Regulation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press.
213. McDonough, John E. 1997. Interests, Ideas, and Deregulation: The Fate of Hospital Rate Setting. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
214. McFadden, Daniel L. 2007. Editorial: A Dog's Breakfast. Wall Street Journal, 16 February.
215. Mechanic, David. 1969. The Changing Structure of Medical Practice. In Medical Progress and the Law, ed. Clark Havighurst. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications.
216. Mechanic, David. 1998. The Functions and Limitations of Trust in the Provision of Medical Care. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 23(4):661-686.
217. Medicine's Legal Offensive. 2001. AMA News, 23/30 April.
218. Meier, Kenneth J. 2000. Politics and the Bureaucracy. 4th ed. Orlando, FL.: Har-court College Publishers.
219. Memorandum of Chairman Pertschuk in Response to Motions for His Recusal in This Proceeding. 1979. In the Matter of the American Medical Ass'n, docket no. 9064, 18 April.
220. Memorandum of Respondent American Medical Association in Reply to Posttrial Brief of Counsel Supporting the Complaint. 1978. In the Matter of the American Medical Ass'n, docket no. 9064, 25 August.
221. Millenson, Michael L. 1997. "Miracle and Wonder": The AMA Embraces Quality Measurement. Health Affairs 16(3):183-194.
222. Miller, James C., III. 1982. Redirect the FTC? Yes. Exempt the Professions? No! Regulatory Action Network: Washington Watch, May.
223. Morris, Edmund. 2002. Theodore Rex. New York: Modern Library.
224. Motion of the American Medical Association for the Recusal or Disqualification of Chairman Michael Pertschuk. 1979. In the Matter of the American Medical Ass'n, docket no. 9064, 6 April.
225. Muris, Timothy J. 2000. California Dental Association v. Federal Trade Commission: The Revenge of Footnote 17. Supreme Court Economics Review 8:265-310.
226. Muris, Timothy J. 2002. Creating a Culture of Competition: The Essential Role of Competition Advocacy. Prepared Remarks before the International Competition Network Panel on Competition Advocacy and Antitrust Authorities. Naples, Italy, 28 September.
227. Muris, Timothy J. 2003. Author interview of the chair of the Federal Trade Commission. 10 July.
228. Navarro, Vicente. 1994. The Politics of Health Policy: The U.S. Reforms, 19801994. Cambridge, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
229. O'Brien, David. 1990. Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics.2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
230. Ohsfeldt, Robert L., Michael A. Morrisey, Leonard Nelson, and Victoria Johnson. 1998. The Spread of State Any Willing Provider Laws. HSR: Health Services Research 33:5 (December 1998, Part 2):1537-1562.
231. Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
232. Olson, Mancur. ed. 1982. A New Approach to the Economics of Health Care. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute.
233. Page, Leigh. 1999a. Managed Care Bill Already Law in Most States. AMA News, 16 August.
234. Page, Leigh. 1999b. States Expected to Take Up Flood of Managed Care Bills. AMA News, 25 January.
235. Painter, Joseph T., Lonnie R. Bristow, and James S. Todd. 1994. Shared Sacrifice: The AMA Leadership Response to the Health Security Act. JAMA 271(10):786-788.
236. Palmer, Alan. 2003. Author interview of the former assistant director for general litigation of the Bureau of Competition, Federal Trade Commission. 23 September.
237. Parsons, Talcott. 1964. The Social Structure. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
238. Patel, Kant, and Mark E. Rushefsky. 1999. Health Care Politics and Policy in America. 2nd ed. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
239. Patients Will Be the Real Losers. 1978. AMA News, 8 December.
240. Pave, Irene. 1977. The 9% Flaw in Carter's Hospital Plan. Business Week, 9 May.
241. Pear, Robert. 2000. Elated by Antitrust Triumph, Doctors Take Case to Senate. New York Times, 1 July.
242. Peck, Richard. 1979. Why the FTC Has Declared War on Doctors. Medical Economics 56(16):29-30, 32, 37-38.
243. Pertschuk, Michael. 1986. Giant Killers. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
244. Peterson, Mark A. 1999. Introduction: Politics, Misperception, or Apropos? Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 24(5):873-886.
245. Peterson, Mark A. 2005. The Congressional Graveyard for Health Care Reform. In Healthy, Wealthy and Fair: Health Care and the Good Society, ed. James A. Marone and Lawrence R. Jacobs. New York: Oxford University Press.
246. Pinkham, Charles B. 1921. The Chiropractic Problem. JAMA 76(2 April):938.
247. Pitofsky, Robert. 1979. The Political Content of Antitrust. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 127:1051-1075.
248. Posner, Richard A. 1976. Antitrust Law: An Economic Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
249. Posner, Richard A. 1991. The Chicago School of Antitrust Analysis. In The Political Economy of the Sherman Act: The First One Hundred Years, ed. E. Thomas Sullivan. New York: Oxford University Press.
250. Prager, Linda O. 2000. AMAP's Demise Leaves Void in Physician Evaluation. AMA News, 27 March.
251. Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Counsel Supporting the Complaint. 1978. In the Matter of the American Medical Ass'n, docket no. 9064, 27 July.
252. Quadagno, Jill. 2005. One Nation Uninsured: Why the U.S. Has No National Health Insurance. New York: Oxford University Press.
253. Rankin, James W., and Bruce A. Hubbard. 1984. Private Credentialing of Health Care Personnel: A Pragmatic Response to Academic Theory. American Journal of Law and Medicine 10:189-200.
254. Rayack, Elton. 1967. Professional Power and American Medicine: The Economics of the American Medical Association. Cleveland: World Publishing Company.
255. Reder, Melvin W. 1982. Chicago Economics: Permanence and Change. Journal of Economic Literature 20(March 1982):1-38.
256. Reeher, Grant. 2003. Reform and Remembrance: The Place of the Private Sector in the Future of Health Care Policy. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 28(2-3):355-385.
257. Reigel, Quentin. 1981. The FTC in the 1980's: An Analysis of the FTC Improvements Act of 1980. The Antitrust Bulletin Fall:449-486.
258. Relman, Arnold. 1978. Professional Directories-but Not Commercial Advertising-as a Public Service. New England Journal of Medicine 299(9):476-478.
259. Reply Brief of Counsel Supporting the Complaint. 1978. In the Matter of the American Medical Ass'n, docket no. 9064, 25 August.
260. Rewarding Quality Care. 2003. AMA News, 6 January.
261. Rich, Robert, and Christopher Erb. 2005. The Two Faces of Managed Care Regulation and Policy Making. Stanford Law and Policy Review 16:233-276.
262. The Right Approach for Doctors. 2000. AMA News, 11 December.
263. Robinson, James. 1999. The Corporate Practice of Medicine: Competition and Innovation in Health Care. Berkeley: University of California Press.
264. Rodwin, Marc A. 1993. Medicine, Money, and Morals: Physicians' Conflicts of Interest. New York: Oxford University Press.
265. Rosen, George. 1983. The Structure of American Medical Practice, 1875-1941.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
266. Rowe, John, Denis Cortese, and J. Michael McGinnis. 2006. The Emerging Context for Advances in Comparative Effectiveness Assessment. Health Affairs25(6):w593-w595.
267. Rubin, Ross. 2003. Author interview of the vice president of legislative affairs of the American Medical Association. 31 July.
268. Sabatier, Paul, and Hank Jenkins-Smith, eds. 1993. Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
269. Sabatier, Paul, and Hank Jenkins-Smith, 1999. The Advocacy Coalition Framework: An Assessment. In Theories of the Policy Process, ed. Paul Sabatier. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
270. Sage, William M. 2003. Protecting Competition and Consumers: A Conversation with Timothy Muris. Health Affairs 22(6):101-110.
271. Savage, Deborah A. 2004. Professional Sovereignty Revisited: The Network Transformation of American Medicine? Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 29(4-5):661-677.
272. Schaller, Michael, and George Rising. 2002. The Republican Ascendancy: American Politics, 1968-2001. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson.
273. Schattschneider, E. E. 1975. The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press.
274. Schlesinger, Mark A. 2002. Loss of Faith: The Sources of Reduced Political Legitimacy for the American Medical Association. Milbank Quarterly 80(2):185-235.
275. Schlesinger, Mark A. 2005. The Dangers of a Market Panacea. In Healthy, Wealthy and Fair: Health Care and the Good Society, ed. James A. Marone and Lawrence R. Jacobs. New York: Oxford University Press.
276. Schulman, Bruce J. 2001. The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics. New York: Free Press.
277. Schwartz, Daniel C. 2003. Author interview of the former deputy director of the Bureau of Competition, Federal Trade Commission. 22 September.
278. Scott, Charity. 1991. Medical Peer Review, Antitrust, and the Effect of Statutory Reform. Maryland Law Review 50:316-407.
279. Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. 1993. The Supreme Court and the Atti-tudinal Model. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
280. Shadid, Michael A. 1939. A Doctor for the People: The Autobiography of the Founder of America's First Co-operative Hospital. New York: Vanguard Press.
281. Sherman Act. U.S. Code 15 (1890), secs. 1-7.
282. Skocpol, Theda. 1996. Boomerang: Clinton's Health Security Effort and the Turn against Government in U.S. Politics. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
283. Smith, Peter, and Nick York. 2004. Quality Incentives: The Case of U.K. General Practitioners. Health Affairs 23(3):112-118.
284. Smith-Cunnien, Susan Lee. 1990. Organized Medicine and Chiropractic: The Role of the Deviation of Chiropractic in the Development of U.S. Medicine, 1908 to 1976. PhD diss., University of Minnesota.
285. Snyder, James. 1982. Assaults on the Medical Profession. Physician's Management 22 September:28-30, 32, 37, 40.
286. Starr, Paul. 1982. The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York: Basic Books.
287. Stevens, Rosemary A. 1971. American Medicine and the Public Interest. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
288. Stevens, Rosemary A. 1989. In Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books.
289. Stevens, Rosemary A. 2001. Public Roles for the Medical Profession in the United States: Beyond Theories of Decline and Fall. Milbank Quarterly 79(3):327-353.
290. Stigler, George. 1988. The Theory of Economic Regulation. In Chicago Studies in Political Economy, ed. George Stigler. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
291. Stone, Deborah. 1999. Managed Care and the Second Great Transformation. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 24(5):1213-1218.
292. Stone, Deborah. 2005. How Market Inequality Guarantees Racial Inequality. In Healthy, Wealthy and Fair: Health Care and the Good Society, ed. James A. Marone and Lawrence R. Jacobs. New York: Oxford University Press.
293. Strum, Philippa. 1993. Brandeis: Beyond Progressivism. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
294. Sullivan, E. Thomas, ed. 1991. The Political Economy of the Sherman Act: The First One hundred Years. New York: Oxford University Press.
295. Todd, James S., Steven V. Seekins, John A. Krichbaum, and Lynn K. Harvey. 1991. Health Access America-Strengthening the US Health Care System. JAMA 265(19):2503-2506.
296. Trial Brief of Respondent American Medical Association. 1977. In the Matter of the American Medical Ass'n, docket no. 9064, 22 August.
297. U.S. Congress. House. 1982a. Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism. Hearings on Federal Trade Commission Reauthorization. 97th Cong., 2nd sess., 1 and 20 April.
298. U.S. Congress. House. 1982b. Congressional Record. 97th Cong., 2nd sess. Vol. 128, pt. 19.
299. U.S. Congress. House. 1984. Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Report Prepared by a Member of the Federal Trade Commission Together with Comments from Other Members of the Commission. 98th Cong., 2nd sess., 19 September.
300. U.S. Congress. House. 1999. Committee on the Judiciary. Quality Health-Care Coalition Act of 1999.106th Cong., 1st sess., 22 June.
301. U.S. Congress. House. 2000. Committee on the Judiciary. Quality Health-Care Coalition Act of 2000: Report Together with Additional Views. 106th Cong., 2nd sess. Report 106-625.
302. U.S. Congress. Senate. 1974. Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. 93rd Cong., 2nd sess., 14-15,17, 29-30 May and 10 July.
303. U.S. Congress. Senate. 1982. Senate Record Vote Analysis. 97th Cong., 2nd sess., 17 December. Page S-15080 Temp. Record. Vote No. 428.
304. U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission. 1994. Statements of Enforcement Policy and Analytical Principles Relating to Health Care and Antitrust. Trade Reg. Reprint (CCH) 4, par. 13,152.
305. U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission. 1996. Statements of Antitrust Enforcement Policy in Health Care. Trade Reg. Reprint (CCH) 4, par. 13,153.
306. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). 1997. Managed Care: Explicit Gag Clauses Not Found in HMO Contracts, but Physician Concerns Remain. Pub. no. GAO/HEHS 97-175. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GAO.
307. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). 2004. Health Care: Unsustainable Trends Necessitate Comprehensive and Fundamental Reforms to Control Spending and Improve Value. Pub. no. GAO- 04-793SP. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GAO.
308. Walt, Richard. 1997. Specialty Participation Reflects Medicine's Changing Face. AMA News, 2 June.
309. Wardwell, Walter I. 1988. Chiropractors: Evolution to Acceptance. In Other Healers: Unorthodox Medicine in America, ed. Norman Gevitz. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
310. Weissert, Carol, and William Weissert. 1996. Governing Health: The Politics of Health Policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
311. Weller, Charles D. 1983. Antitrust Joint Ventures and the End of the AMA's Contract Practice Ethics: New Ways of Thinking about the Health Care Industry. North Carolina Central Law Journal 14:3-32.
312. Weller, Charles D. 1984. "Free Choice" as a Restraint of Trade in American Health Care Delivery and Insurance. Iowa Law Review 69(July):1351-1389.
313. Wells, Wyatt. 2002. Antitrust and the Formation of the Postwar World. New York: Columbia University Press.
314. Wessel, David. 2005. Deficit Debate Makes for Strange Bedfellows. Wall Street Journal, 20 October.
315. White, Joseph. 2003. Three Meanings of Capacity, or Why the Federal Government Is Most Likely to Lead on Insurance Access Issues. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 28(2-3):217-244.
316. Wilensky, Gail. 2006. Developing a Center for Comparative Effectiveness Information. Health Affairs 25:w572-w585.
317. Wiley, John Shepard, Jr. 1986. A Capture Theory of Antitrust Federalism. Harvard Law Review 99:713-789.
318. Woolfe, Steven, and Kurt Stange. 2006. A Sense of Priorities for the Health Care Commons. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 31(1):99-102.
319. Wylie, Philip. 1952. The Doctors' Conspiracy of Silence. Medical Economics 29:173.
320. Yale Law Journal. 1954. The American Medical Profession: Power, Purpose, and Politics in Organized Medicine (Comment) 63:937-1022.
321. Zeitlin, Kim, ed. 1985. Antitrust, Competition Policy and State Professional Regulation: A Manual for Regulators. Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments.
322. Zinn, Howard. 2003. A People's History of the United States: 1492-Present.New York: HarperCollins. reported cases
323. Aetna v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200 (2004).
324. American Medical Ass'n, In the Matter of, 94 F.T.C. 701 (1979).
325. American Medical Ass'n, United States v., 28 F.Supp. 752 (D.D.C. 1939).
326. American Medical Ass'n, United States v., 110 F.2d 703 (D.C. Cir. 1940).
327. American Medical Ass'n, United States v., 317 U.S. 519 (1943).
328. American Medical Ass'n v. F.T.C., 638 F.2d 443 (2nd Cir. 1980).
329. American Medical Ass'n v. F.T.C., 455 U.S. 676 (1982).
330. Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Soc., 1979 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11918, 1979-1 Trade Cas. (CCH) par. 62,694 (D. Ariz. 1979).
331. Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Soc., 643 F.2d 553 (9th Cir. 1980). Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Soc., 457 U.S. 332 (1982).
332. Ass'n of American Physicians and Surgeons v. Clinton, 997 F.2d 898 (D.C. Cir. 1993).
333. Atlantic Cleaners and Dyers, Inc. v. United States, 286 U.S. 427 (1932).
334. Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350 (1977).
335. Brown Univ., United States v., 5 F.3d 658 (3rd Cir. 1993).
336. California Dental Ass'n v. F.T.C., 526 U.S. 756 (1999).
337. California Retail Liquor Dealers Ass'n v. Midcal Aluminum, Inc., 445 U.S. 97 (1980).
338. Chicago Board of Trade v. United States, 246 U.S. 231 (1918).
339. Cigna v. Calad, 542 U.S. 200 (2004).
340. Cinderella Career and Finishing Schools, Inc. v. F.T.C., 425 F.2d 583 (D.C. Cir. 1970).
341. Community Blood Bank of Kansas City Area, Inc. v. F.T.C. 405 F.2d 1011 (8th Cir. 1969).
342. Corcoran v. United Healthcare, Inc., 965 F.2d 1321 (5th Cir. 1992).
343. Darling v. Charlestown Community Memorial Hosp., 211 N.E.2d 253 (111. 1965).
344. Dent v. State of West Virginia, 129 U.S. 114 (1888).
345. Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park & Sons Co., 220 U.S. 373 (1911).
346. Dukes v. U.S. Healthcare, Inc., 57 F.3d 350 (3rd Cir. 1995).
347. Eastern R.R. Presidents Conf. v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc., 365 U.S. 127 (1961). Falcone v. Middlesex County Medical Soc.,170 A.2d 324 (N.J. 1961).
348. F.T.C. v. Gratz, 253 U.S. 421 (1920).
349. F.T.C. v. Indiana Federation of Dentists, 476 U.S. 447 (1986).
350. F.T.C. v. National Commission on Egg Nutrition, 88 F.T.C. 89, aff'd 570 F.2d 157 (7th cir. 1977).
351. F.T.C. v. Sperry & Hutchinson Co., 405 U.S. 233 (1972).
352. Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 355 F.Supp. 491 (E.D. Va. 1973).
353. Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 497 F.2d 1 (4th Cir. 1974).
354. Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773 (1975).
355. Greisman v. Newcomb Hosp., 192 A.2d 817 (N.J. 1963).
356. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964).
357. Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Trustees of Rex Hospital, 425 U.S. 738 (1976).
358. In re or In the Matter of (see name of party).
359. Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964).
360. Kentucky Ass'n of Health Plans v. Miller, 538 U.S. 329 (2003).
361. Managed Care Litigation, In re, 209 F.R.D. 678 (2002).
362. McLain v. Real Estate Bd. of New Orleans, Inc., 444 U.S. 232 (1980).
363. Medical Ass'n of Georgia v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Georgia, 536 S.E.2d 184 (Ga. App. 2000).
364. Michigan State Medical Society, In the Matter of, 101 F.T.C. 191 (1983). National Society of Professional Engineers, United States v., 389 F.Supp. 1193 (D.C 1974).
365. National Society of Professional Engineers, United States v., 555 F.2d 978 (D.C. Cir. 1977).
366. National Society of Professional Engineers v. United States, 435 U.S. 679 (1978).
367. N.C.A.A. v. Board of Regents of the Univ. of Oklahoma, 468 U.S. 85 (1984). N.L.R.B. v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1 (1937).
368. Northern Pac. Ry. Co. v. United States, 356 U.S. 1 (1958).
369. Oregon State Medical Society, United States v., 95 F.Supp. 103 (D. Or. 1950). Oregon State Medical Society, United States v., 343 U.S. 326 (1952).
370. Parker v. Board of Dental Examiners, 14 P.2d 67 (Cal. 1932).
371. Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. 341 (1943).
372. Patrick v. Burget, 800 F.2d 1498 (9th Cir. 1986).
373. Patrick v. Burget, 486 U.S. 94 (1988).
374. Pegram v. Herdrich, 530 U.S. 211 (2000).
375. Pennsylvania Psychiatric Society v. Green Spring Health Services, 280 F.3d 278 (3rd Cir. 2002).
376. People v. United Medical Services, Inc., 200 N.E. 157 (Ill. 1936).
377. Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41 (1987).
378. Potvin v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 997 P.2d 1153 (Cal. 2000). Rush Prudential HMO v. Moran, 536 U.S. 355 (2002).
379. Southbank IPA, Inc., 114 F.T.C. 783 (1991) (consent order). Thompson v. Nason Hosp., 591 A.2d 703 (Pa. 1991).
380. United States v._(see opposing party).
381. Wilk v. American Medical Ass'n, 671 F. Supp. 1465 (N.D. Ill. 1987). Wilk v. American Medical Ass'n, 895 F.2d 352 (7th Cir. 1990).