Xenotime-(Y) from carbonatite dykes at Lofdal, Namibia: Unusually low LREE:HREE ratio in carbonatite, and the first dating of xenotime overgrowths on zircon

Canadian Mineralogist

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 861-877

  Wall, Frances ^a,b   Niku Paavola, Vistorina N ^c   Storey, Craig ^d   Müller, Axel ^e   Jeffries, Teresa ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

^c Ministry of Mines and Energy   (Namibia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^e GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY   (Norway)

Author keywords

Carbonatite; In situ dating; LA ICP MS technique; Lofdal; Namibia; Rare earth elements; U Pb dating; Xenotime; Zircon

Indexed keywords

AGGLOMERATION; AGGREGATES; CALCITE; CARBONATE MINERALS; CERIUM; CERIUM COMPOUNDS; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; EUROPIUM; GADOLINIUM; GEOCHRONOLOGY; IGNEOUS ROCKS; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY; IRON ORES; LEAD; LEAD ALLOYS; LUTETIUM; MASS SPECTROMETERS; METALLIC GLASS; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; MINERALS; MONAZITE; OXIDE MINERALS; PHOSPHATE MINERALS; RARE EARTH ELEMENTS; ROCKS; SILICA; SILICATE MINERALS; YTTERBIUM; ZIRCON;

CARBONATITE; IN SITU DATING; LA-ICP-MS TECHNIQUE; LOFDAL; NAMIBIA; U-PB DATING; XENOTIME;

YTTRIUM ALLOYS;

CARBONATITE; CRYSTALLIZATION; DATING METHOD; DIKE; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; MAGMATISM; METAMORPHIC ROCK; PARAGENESIS; RARE EARTH ELEMENT; URANIUM-LEAD DATING; XENOTIME; ZIRCON;

AFRICA; NAMIBIA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 56749155036     PISSN: 00084476     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3749/canmin.46.4.861     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. BARBOUR, E.A. (1982): Lofdal project - prospecting grant M46/3/ 1320, Khorixas area, Damaraland. Unpublished Report.
2. BARKER, D.S. (2001): Calculated silica activities in carbonatite liquids. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 141, 704-709.
3. BECCALETTO, L., NONEV, N., BOSCH, D. & BRUGUIER, O. (2007): Record of a Palaeogene syn-collisional extension in the north Aegean region: evidence form the Kemer micaschists (NW Turkey). Geol. Mag. 144, 393-400.
4. BÜHN, B., DORR, W. & BRAUNS, C.M. (2001): Petrology and age of the Otjisazu carbonatite complex, Namibia: implications for the pre-and synorogenic Damaran evolution. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 32, 1-17.
5. BURGER, A.J., VON KNORRING, O. & CLIFFORD, T.N. (1965): Mineralogical and radiometric studies of monazite and sphene occurrences in the Namib Desert, South West Africa. Mineral. Mag. 35, 519-528.
6. CAMPBELL, L.S. (1998): Zircon-fluid interaction in the Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China. In Proc. 9th Int. Symp. on Water-Rock Interaction (G.B. Arehart & J.R. Hulston, eds.). Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (521-523).
7. CHAKHMOURADIAN, A.R. & WILLIAMS, C.T. (2004): Mineralogy of high-field-strength elements (Ti, Nb, Zr, Ta, Hf) in phoscoritic and carbonatitic rocks of the Kola Peninsula, Russia. In Phoscorites and Carbonatites from Mantle to Mine: the Key Example of the Kola Alkaline Province (F. Wall & A.N. Zaitsev, eds.). Mineralogical Society, Ser. 10, 293-340.
8. CORFU, F., HANCHAR, J.M., HOSKIN, P.W.O. & KINNY, P.D. (2003): Atlas of zircon textures. In Zircon (J.M. Hanchar & P.W.O. Hoskin, eds.). Rev. Mineral. 53, 469-500.
9. DEER, W.A., HOWIE, R.A. & ZUSSMAN, J. (1992): An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals (2nd ed.), Longman, Essex, U.K.
10. DUNAI, T., STOESSEL, G.F.U. & ZIEGLER, U.R.F. (1989): A Sr isotope study of the Eureka carbonatite, Damaraland, Namibia. Commun. Geol. Surv. South West Africa/Namibia 5, 89-90.
11. FINCH, R.J. & HANCHAR, J.M. (2003): Structure and chemistry of zircon and zircon-group minerals. In Zircon (J.M. Hanchar & P.W.O. Hoskin, eds.). Rev. Mineral. 53, 1-25.
12. FLETCHER, I.R., MCNAUGHTON, N.J., ALEINIKOFF, J.A., RASMUSSEN, B. & KAMO, S.L. (2004): Improved calibration procedures and new standards for U-Pb and Th-Pb dating of Phanerozoic xenotime by ion microprobe. Chem. Geol. 209, 295-314.
13. FÖRSTER, H.-J. (1998): The chemical composition of REE-Y-Th-U-rich accessory minerals in peraluminous granites of the Erzgebirge-Fichtelgebirge region, Germany. II. Xenotime. Am. Mineral. 83, 1302-1315.
14. FRETS, D.C. (1969): Geology and structure of the Huab-Welwitschia area, South West Africa. Bull. Precambrian Research Unit, University of Cape Town 5, 1-235.
15. GITTINS, J. & HARMER, R.E. (1997): What is ferrocarbonatite? A revised classification. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 25, 159-168.
16. 4. Am. Mineral. 82, 772-780.
17. HARRISON, T.M. & WATSON, E.B. (1983): Kinetics of zircon dissolution and zirconium diffusion in granitic melts of variable water content. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 84, 66-72.
18. 39Ar studies bearing on models for the thermal evolution of the Damara Belt, Namibia. In Evolution of the Damara Orogen of South West Africa/Namibia (R. McG. Miller, ed.). Geol. Soc. S. Afr., Publ. 11, 323-338.
19. HEINRICH, W., ANDREHS, G. & FRANZ, G. (1997): Monazite-xenotime miscibility gap thermometry. I. An empirical calibration. J. Metam. Geol. 15, 3-16.
20. HOFFMAN, P.F., HAWKINS, D.P., ISACHSEN, C.E. & BOWRING, S.A. (1996): Precise U-Pb zircon ages for early Damaran magmatism in the Summas Mountains and Welwitschia Inlier, northern Damara belt, Namibia. Geol. Surv. Namibia Commun. 11, 47-52.
21. HORNIG-KJARSGAARD, I. (1998): Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. J. Petrol. 39, 2105-2121.
22. HORSTWOOD, M.S.A., FOSTER, G.L., PARRISH, R.R., NOBLE, S.R. & NOWELL, G.M. (2003): Common-Pb corrected in situ U-Pb accessory mineral geochronology by LA-MC-ICP-MS. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 18, 837-846.
23. JEFFRIES, T.E., FERNANDEZ-SUAREZ, J., CORFU, F. & ALONSO, G.G. (2003): Advances in U-Pb geochronology using a frequency quintupled Nd: YAG based laser ablation system (λ = 213 nm) and quadrupole based ICP-MS. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 18, 847-855.
24. KEMPE, U., GRUNER, T., RENNO, A.D., WOLF, D. & RENÉ, M. (2004): Discussion on Wang et al. (2000) 'Chemistry of Hf-rich zircons from the Laoshan I- and A-type granites, eastern China'. Mineral. Mag. 68, 669-675.
25. KRAVCHENKO, S.M. & POKROVSKY, B.G. (1995): The Tomtor alkaline ultrabasic massif and related REE-Nb deposits, northern Siberia. Econ. Geol. 90, 676-689.
26. KRÖNER, A. (1982): Rb-Sr geochronology and tectonic evolution of the Pan-African Damara Belt of Namibia, southwestern Africa. Am. J. Sci. 282, 1471-1507.
27. LE BAS, M.J. (1997): Standard rare earth element compositions for sovitic and alvikitic carbonatites. In Geochemical Studies on Synthetic and Natural Rock Systems (Felicitation volume in honour of Professor Kenzo Yagi; A.K. Gupta, K. Onuma & M. Arima, eds.). Allied Publishers, New Delhi, India (104-125).
28. LE BAS, M.J. (1999): Sovite and alvikite; two chemically distinct calciocarbonatites C1 and C2. S. Afr. J. Geol. 102, 109-121.
29. LE MAITRE, R.W., ed. (2002): Igneous Rocks: a Classification and Glossary of Terms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
30. LE ROEX, A.P. & LANYON, R. (1998): Isotope and trace element geochemistry of Cretaceous Damaraland lamprophyres and carbonatites, northwestern Namibia: evidence for plume-lithosphere interactions. J. Petrol. 39, 1117-1146.
31. LOTTERMOSER, B.G. (1990) Rare-earth element mineralisation within the Mt. Weld carbonatite laterite, Western Australia, Lithos 24, 151-167.
32. LUDWIG, K.R. (2003): User's manual for Isoplot 3.00, a geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center, Spec. Publ. 4.
33. MARIANO, A.N. (1989): Nature of economic mineralization in carbonatites and related rocks. In Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution (K. Bell, ed.). Unwin Hyman, Ltd., London, U.K. (149-176).
34. MARIANO, A.N. (2000): Xenotime-Bearing Carbonatite Veins from Lofdal, Damaraland, Namibia. Unpublished report.
35. MIDENDE, G., DEMAIFFE, D., WEIS, D. & MENNESSIER, J.P. (1986): Sr, Nd and Pb isotope evidence for the origin of carbonatites from the western branch of the African Rift. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union (Eos) 67, 1267 (abstr.).
36. MILNER, S.C., LE ROEX, A.P., & O'CONNOR, J.M. (1995): Age of Mesozoic igneous rocks in northwestern Namibia, and their relationship to continental breakup. J. Geol. Soc. 152, 97-104.
37. NI, YUNXIANG, HUGHES, J.M. & MARIANO, A.N. (1995): Crystal chemistry of the monazite and xenotime structures. Am. Mineral. 80, 21-26.
38. NIKU-PAAVOLA, V., SIEGFRIED, P.R. & MARIANO, A.N. (2001): Yttrium and HREE-rich carbonatite veins of Lofdal, Damaraland, Namibia. Res Terrae, Publications of the Department of Geology University of Oulu, Ser. A 19, 12-13.
39. PETERSEN, O.V. & GAULT, R.A. (1993): Xenotime from the Narssârssuk pegmatite, south Greenland. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Monatsh., 259-264.
40. RIZVANOVA, N.G., LEVCHENKOV, O.A., BELOUS, A.E., BEZMEN, N.I., MASLENIKOV, A.V., KOMAROV, A.N., MAKEEV, A.F. & LEVSKIY, L.K. (2000): Zircon reaction and stability of the U-Pb isotope system during interaction with carbonate fluid: experimental hydrothermal study. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 139, 101-114.
41. SMITH, S.R., FOSTER, G.L., ROMER, R.L., TINDLE, A.G., KELLEY, S.P., NOBLE, S.R., HORSTWOOD, M. & BREAKS, F.W. (2004): U-Pb columbite-tantalite chronology of rare-element pegmatites using TIMS and laser ablation-multi collector-ICP-MS. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 147, 549-564.
42. STOREY, C.D., JEFFRIES, T.E. & SMITH, M. (2006): Common lead corrected laser ablation ICP-MS U-Pb systematics and geochronology of titanite. Chem. Geol. 227, 37-52.
43. THOMPSON, R.N., SMITH, P.M., GIBSON, S.A., MATTEY, D.P. & DICKIN, A.P. (2002): Ankerite carbonatite from Swart-booisdrif, Namibia: the first evidence for magmatic ferrocarbonatite. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 143, 377-395.
44. VERWOERD, W.J. (1967): The carbonatites of South Africa and South West Africa. Geol. Surv. S. Afr, Handbook 6.
45. VERWOERD, W.J. (1993): Update on carbonatites of South Africa and Namibia. S. Afr. J. Geol. 96, 75-95.
46. VERWOERD, W.J., VILJOEN, E.A. & CHEVALLIER, L. (1995): Rare metal mineralization at the Salpeterkop carbonatite complex, Western Cape Province, South Africa. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 21, 171-186.
47. VOLOSHIN, A.V., SUBBOTIN, V.V., YAKOVENCHUK, V.V., PAKHOMOVSKY, YA.A., MEN'SHIKOV, Yu.P., NADEZHINA, T.N. & PUSHCHAROVSKY, D. YU. (1992): New data on the ewaldite. Zap. Vser. Mineral. Obshchest. 121(1), 56-67 (in Russ.).
48. VOLOSHIN, A.V., SUBBOTIN, V.V., YAKOVENCHUK, V.V., PAKHOMOVSKY, YA.A., MEN'SHIKOV, YU.P. & ZAITSEV, A.N. (1990): Mckelveyite from carbonatites and hydrothermalites of alkaline rocks, the Kola Peninsula (the first findings in the USSR). Zap. Vses. Mineral. Obshchest. 119(6), 76-86 (in Russ.).
49. WAKITA, H., REY, P. & SCHMITT, R.A. (1971): Abundances of the 14 rare earth elements and 12 other elements in Apollo 12 samples: five igneous and one breccia rocks and four soils. Proc. 2nd Lunar Sci. Conf., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Suppl. 2, 1319-1329.
50. WALL, F. (2000): Mineral Chemistry and Petrogenesis of Rare Earth-Rich Carbonatites with Particular Reference to the Kangankunde Carbonatite, Malawi. Ph.D. thesis, University of London, London, U.K.
51. WALL, F. & MARIANO, A.N. (1996): Rare earth minerals in carboDatites: a discussion centred on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall & C.T. Williams, eds.). Mineralogical Society, Ser. 7, 193-225.
52. WALL, F. & ZAITSEV, A.N. (2004): Rare earth minerals in Kola carbonatites. In Phoscorites and Carbonatites from Mantle to Mine: the Key Example of the Kola Alkaline Province (F. Wall & A.N. Zaitsev, eds.). Mineralogical Society, Ser. 10, 341-373.
53. WANG, R.C., ZHAO, G.T., LU, J.J., CHEN, X.M., XU, S.J. & WANG, D.Z. (2000): Chemistry of Hf-rich zircons from the Laoshan I- and A-type granites, eastern China. Mineral. Mag. 64, 867-877.
54. WIEDENBECK, M., ALLÉ, R, CORFU, F., GRIFFIN, W.L., MEIER, M., OBERLI, F., VON QUADT, A., RODDICK, J.C. & SPEIGEL, W. (1995): Three natural zircon standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, trace-element and REF analyses. Geostand. Newsl. 19, 1-23.
55. WILLIAMS, C.T. (1996): Analysis of rare earth minerals. In Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall & C.T. Williams, eds.). Mineralogical Society, Ser. 7, 327-348.
56. WILLIAMS, I.S. (1998): U-Th-Pb geochronology by ion microprobe. In Applications of Microanalytical Techniques to Understanding Mineralizing Processes (M.A. McKibben, W.C. Shanks III & W.I. Ridley, eds.). Rev. Econ. Geol. 7, 1-35.
57. WOOLLEY, A.R. (2001): Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World. 3. Africa. Geological Society, London, U.K.
58. WOOLLEY, A.R. & KEMPE, D.R.C. (1989): Carbonatites: nomenclature, average chemical compositions, and element distribution. In Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution (K. Bell, ed.). Unwin Hyman, Ltd., London, U.K. (1-14).
59. ZAITSEV, A.N., WALL, F. & LE BAS, M.J. (1998): REE-Sr-Ba minerals from the Khibina carbonatites, Kola Peninsula, Russia: their mineralogy, paragenesis and evolution. Mineral. Mag. 62, 225-250.