Carbonatites from a lamprophyric dyke-swarm, South Westland, New Zealand

Canadian Mineralogist

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 753-777

  Cooper, Alan F ^a   Paterson, Lorraine A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Ba Sr REE carbonates; Carbonatite; FOZO component; Lamprophyre; Liquid immiscibility; New Zealand; Phonolite; South Island

Indexed keywords

ALKALINITY; BARIUM; CALCITE; CALCIUM; CARBONATE MINERALS; CARBONATES; IGNEOUS ROCKS; IRON ORES; ISOTOPES; PARAFFIN WAXES; PETROGRAPHY; SILICATE MINERALS; SILICATES;

BA-SR-REE CARBONATES; CARBONATITE; FOZO COMPONENT; LAMPROPHYRE; LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY; NEW ZEALAND; PHONOLITE; SOUTH ISLAND;

STRONTIUM;

CALCITE; CARBONATE ROCK; CARBONATITE; DIKE SWARM; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; IMMISCIBLE FLUID; ISOTOPIC RATIO; LAMPROPHYRE; MAGMA; MANTLE SOURCE; MIOCENE; OLIGOCENE; PETROLOGY; PLATE BOUNDARY;

AUSTRALASIA; NEW ZEALAND; SOUTH ISLAND; WEST COAST [SOUTH ISLAND];

TRACHYTES;

EID: 56749103419     PISSN: 00084476     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3749/canmin.46.4.753     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. ADAMS, C.J. & COOPER, A.F. (1996): K-Ar age of a lamprophyre dike swarm near Lake Wanaka, west Otago, South Island, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 39, 17-23.
2. ANDERSEN, T. (1986): Compositional variation of some rare earth element minerals from the Fen complex (Telemark, S.E. Norway): implications for the mobility of rare earths in a carbonatite system. Mineral. Mag. 50, 503-509.
3. ANDERSEN, T. (1988): Evolution of peralkaline calcite carbonatite magma in the Fen complex, southeast Norway. Lithos 22, 99-112.
4. ANDRADE, F.R.D., MÖLLER, P., LÜDERS, V., DULSKI, P. & GILD, H.A. (1999): Hydrothermal rare earth element mineralization in the Barra do Itapirapuã carbonatite, southern Brazil: behaviour of selected trace elements and stable isotopes (C, O). Chem. Geol. 155, 91-113.
5. 3. J. Petrol. 28, 389-415.
6. ANTHONY, J.W., BIDEAUX, R.A., BLADH, K.W. & NICHOLS, M.C. (2003): Handbook of Mineralogy. V. Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.
7. APPLETON, J.D., BLAND, D.J., NANCARROW, P.H., STYLES, M.T., MAMBWE, S.H. & ZAMBESI, P. (1992): The occurrence of daqingshanite-(Ce) in the Nkombwa Hill carbonatite, Zambia. Mineral. Mag. 56, 419-422.
8. BAILEY, D.K. (1989): Carbonate melt from the mantle in the volcanoes of south-east Zambia. Nature 338, 415-418.
9. BAILEY, D.K. (1990): Mantle carbonatite eruptions: crustal context and implications. Lithos 26, 37-42.
10. BAKER, J.A., GAMBLE, J.A. & GRAHAM, I.J. (1994): The age, geology, and geochemistry of the Tapuaenuku Igneous Complex, Marlborough, New Zealand N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 37, 249-268.
11. BARREIRO, B.A. & COOPER, A.F. (1987): A Sr, Nd, Pb isotope study of alkaline lamprophyres and related rocks from Westland and Otago, South Island, New Zealand. Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap. 215, 115-125.
12. BAU, M. (1991): Rare-earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid-rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europium. Chem. Geol. 93, 219-230.
13. BAU, M. & MÖLLER, P. (1992): Rare earth element fractionation in metamorphogenic hydrothermal calcite, magnesite and siderite. Mineral. Petrol. 45, 231-246.
14. BECCALUVA, L., BARBIERI, M., BORN, H., BROTZU, P., COLTORTI, M., CONTE, A., GARBARINO, C., GOMES, G.C.B., MACCIOTIA, M., MORBIDELLI, L., RUBERTI, E., SIENA, F. & TRAVERSA, G. (1992): Fractional crystallization and liquid immiscibility processes in the alkaline-carbonatite complex of Juquia (São Paulo, Brazil). J. Petrol. 33, 1371-1404.
15. BELL, K. & RUKHLOV, A.S. (2004): Carbonatites from the Kola Alkaline Province: origin, evolution and source characteristics. In Phoscorites and Carbonatites from Mantle to Mine (A.N. Zaitsev & F. Wall, eds.). Mineralogical Society, Ser. 10, 421-455.
16. BELL, K.D. & TILTON, G.R. (2002): Probing the mantle: the story from carbonatites. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union (Eos) 83, 276-277.
17. 18 im System Eisenoxyd-Wasser. Fortschr. Mineral. 50, 32-33 (abstr.).
18. BLATTNER, P. & COOPER, A.F. (1974): Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of carbonatite dikes and metamorphic country rock of the Haast Schist terrain, New Zealand. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 44, 17-27.
19. BRODIE, C.G. & COOPER, A.F. (1989): Nodule associations from ouachitite and camptonite lamprophyres, western Otago and south Westland, New Zealand. In Kimberlites and Related Rocks 1 (J. Ross, ed.). Geol. Soc. Aust., Spec. Publ. 14, 545-559.
20. BÜHN, B. & RANKIN, A.H. (1999): Composition of natural, volatile-rich Na-Ca-REE-Sr carbonatitic fluids trapped in fluid inclusions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63, 3781-3797.
21. CHALLIS, G.A. (1978): Cretaceous igneous rocks: Marlborough Province. In The Geology of New Zealand (R.P. Suggate, G.R. Stevens & M.T. Te Punga, eds.). Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand (628-632).
22. 3. J. Geol. 73, 346-368.
23. CHAO, G.Y. & BAKER, J. (1979): What's new from Mont Saint-Hilaire? Mineral. Rec. 10, 99-101.
24. COOMBS, D.S., CAS, R., KAWACHI, Y., LANDIS, C.A., MCDONOUGH, W.F. & REAY, A. (1986): Cenozoic volcanism in north, east and central Otago. In Late Cenozoic Volcanism in New Zealand (I.E.M. Smith, ed.). R. Soc. N.Z., Bull. 23, 278-312.
25. COOPER, A.F. (1971): Carbonatites and fenitization associated with a lamprophyre dike-swarm intrusive into schists of the New Zealand geosyncline. Geol. Soc. Am., Bull. 82, 1327-1339.
26. COOPER, A.F. (1979): Petrology of ocellar lamprophyres from western Otago, New Zealand. J. Petrol. 20, 139-163.
27. COOPER, A.F. (1986): A carbonatitic lamprophyre dike swarm from the Southern Alps, Otago and Westland. In Late Cenozoic Volcanism in New Zealand (I.E.M. Smith, ed.). R. Soc. N.Z., Bull. 23, 313-336.
28. COOPER, A.F. (1996): Nb-rich baotite in carbonatites and fenites at Haast River, New Zealand. Mineral. Mag. 60, 473-482.
29. COOPER, A.F., BARREIRO, B.A., KIMBROUGH, D.L. & MATTINSON, J.M. (1987): Lamprophyre dike intrusion and the age of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Geology 15, 941-944.
30. COOPER, A.F., PATERSON, L.A. & REID, D.L. (1995): Lithium in carbonatites - consequence of an enriched mantle source? Mineral. Mag. 59, 401-408.
31. COSTANZO, A., MOORE, K.R., WALL, F. & FEELY, M. (2006): Fluid inclusions in apatite from Jacupiranga calcite carbonatites: evidence for a fluid-stratified carbonatite magma chamber. Lithos 91, 208-228.
32. CURRIE, K.L. & FERGUSON, J. (1970): The mechanism of intrusion of lamprophyre dikes indicated by "offsetting" of dikes. Tectonophysics 9, 525-535.
33. DEER, W.A., HOWIE, R.A. & ZUSSMAN, J. (1966): An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, U.K.
34. DE IGNACIO, C., MUÑOZ, M., SAGREDO, J., FERNÁNDEZ-SANTIN, S. & JOHANSSON, Å. (2006): Isotope geochemistry and FOZO mantle component of the alkaline-carbonatitic association of Fuerteventara, Canary Islands, Spain. Chem. Geol. 232, 99-113.
35. DEINES, P. (1989): Stable isotope variations in carbonatites. In Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution (K. Bell, ed.), Unwin Hyman, London, U.K. (301-359).
36. DOWNES, H., BALAGANSKAYA, E., BEARD, A., LIFEROVICH, R. & DEMAIFFE, D. (2005): Petrogenetic processes in the ultramafic, alkaline and carbonatitic magmatism in the Kola Alkaline Province: a review. Lithos 85, 48-75.
37. EBY, G.N. (1975): Abundance and distribution of the rare earth elements and yttrium in the rocks and minerals of the Oka carbonatite complex, Quebec. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 39, 597-620.
38. EGGLER, D.H. (1989): Carbonatites, primary melts and mantle dynamics. In Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution (K. Bell, ed.), Unwin Hyman, London, U.K. (561-579).
39. EGGLETON, R.A. (1972): The crystal structure of stilpnomelane. II. The full cell. Mineral. Mag. 38, 693-711.
40. FERGUSON, J. & CURRIE, K.L. (1971): Evidence of liquid immiscibility in alkaline ultrabasic dikes at Callander Bay, Ontario. J. Petrol. 12, 561-585.
41. FRIEDMAN, I. & O'NEIL, J.R. (1977): Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest. In Data of Geochemistry (M. Fleischer, ed.). U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap. 440-kk.
42. GARRICK, R.A. & HATHERTON, T. (1973): Seismic velocity studies in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 16, 973-995.
43. GIBSON, I.L. & JAGAM, P. (1980): Instrumental neutron activation analysis of rocks and minerals. In Neutron Activation Analysis in the Geosciences (G.K. Muecke, ed.). Mineral. Assoc. Can., Short Course Handbook 5, 109-132.
44. GITTINS, J. (1979): Problems inherent in the application of calcite-dolomite geothermometry to carbonatites. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 69, 1-4.
45. GITTINS, J. & HARMER, R.E. (1997): What is ferrocarbonatite? A revised classification. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 25, 159-168.
46. HALAMA, R., VENNEMANN, T., SIEBEL, W. & MARKL, G. (2005): The Grønnedal-Ika carbonatite-syenite complex, South Greenland: carbonatite formation by liquid immiscibility. J. Petrol. 46, 191-217.
47. HAMILTON, D.L., BEDSON, P. & ESSON, J. (1989): The behaviour of trace elements in the evolution of carbonatites. In Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution (K. Bell, ed.). Unwin Hyman, London, U.K. (405-427).
48. HARMER, R.E. & GITTINS, J. (1998): The case for primary, mantle-derived carbonatite magma. J. Petrol. 39, 1895-1903.
49. HART, S.R. (1988): Heterogeneous mantle domains: signatures, genesis and mixing chronologies. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 90, 273-296.
50. HART, S.R., HAURI, E.H., OSCHMANN, L.A. & WHITEHEAD, J.A. (1992): Mantle plumes and entrainment: isotopic evidence Science 256, 517-520.
51. HART, S.R. & KYLE, P.R. (1994): Geochemistry of McMurdo Group volcanic rocks. Antarct. J. U.S. 8, 14-16.
52. HASKIN, L.A., HASKIN, M.A., FREY, F.A. & WILDMAN, T.R. (1968): Relative and absolute terrestrial abundance of the rare earths. In Origin and Distribution of the Elements (L.H. Ahrens, ed.). Pergamon, New York, N.Y. (889-911).
53. HOERNLE, K., WHITE, J.D.L., VAN DEN BOGAARD, P., HAUFF, F., COOMBS, D.S., WERNER, R., TIMM, C., GARBE-SCHÖNBERG, D., REAY, A. & COOPER, A.F. (2006): Cenozoic intraplate volcanism on New Zealand: upwelling induced by lithospheric removal. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 248, 350-367.
54. HOGARTH, D.D. (1989): Pyrochlore, apatite and amphibole: distinctive minerals in carbonatite. In Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution (K. Bell, ed.). Unwin Hyman, London, U.K. (105-148).
55. HORNIG-KJARSGAAPD, I. (1998): Rare earth elements in sövitic carbonatites and their mineral phases. J. Petrol. 39, 2105-2121.
56. HUTTON, C.O. (1940): Limburgite from Nevis Bluff, Kawarau Gorge, central Otago. Trans. R. Soc. N. Z. 73, 58-67.
57. IONOV, D. & HARMER, R.E. (2002): Trace element distribution in calcite-dolomite carbonatites from Spitzkop: inferences for differentiation of carbonatites magmas and the origin of carbonates in mantle xenoliths. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 198, 495-510.
58. IVANIKOV, V.V., RUKHLOV, A.S. & BELL, K. (1998): Magmatic evolution of the melilitite - carbonatite - nephelinite dike series of the Turiy Peninsula (Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea, Russia). J. Petrol. 39, 2043-2059.
59. JONES, J.H., WALKER, D., PICKETT, D.A., MURRELL, M.T. & BEATTIE, P. (1995): Experimental investigations of the partitioning of Nb, Mo, Ba, Ce, Pb, Ra, Th, Pa, and U between immiscible carbonate and silicate liquids. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 1307-1320.
60. KAMP, P.J.J., GREEN, P.F. & WHITE, S.H. (1989): Fission track analysis reveals character of collisional tectonics in New Zealand. Tectonics 8, 169-195.
61. KJARSGAARD, B.A. (1998): Phase relations of a carbonated high-CaO nephelinite at 0.2 and 0.5 GPa. J. Petrol. 39, 2061-2075.
62. KJARSGAARD, B.A., HAMILTON, D.L. & PETERSON, T.D. (1995): Peralkaline nephelinite/carbonatite liquid immiscibility: comparison of phase compositions in experiments and natural lavas from Oldoinyo Lengai. In Carbonatite Volcanism: Oldoinyo Lengai and the Petrogenesis of Natrocarbonatites (K. Bell & J. Keller, eds.). IAVCEI Proc. Volcanology 4. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (163-190).
63. KJARSGAARD, B.A. & PETERSON, T. (1991): Nephelinite-carbonatite liquid immiscibility at Shombole volcano, East Africa: petrographic and experimental evidence. Mineral. Petrol. 43, 293-314.
64. KNUDSEN, C.K. & BUCHARDT, B. (1991): Carbon and oxygen isotope composition of carbonates from the Qaqarssuk carbonatite, complex, southern West Greenland. Chem. Geol. 86, 263-274.
65. 2 on differentiation of ultramafic alkaline series: liquid immiscibility in carbonate-bearing phonolitic dykes (Polar Siberia). Mineral. Mag. 61, 549-556.
66. KOGARKO, L.N., PLANT, D.A., HENDERSON, C.M.B. & KJARSGAARD, B.A. (1991): Na-rich carbonate inclusions in perovskite and calzirtite from the Guli intrusive Cacarbonatite, polar Siberia. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 109, 124-129.
67. 7), a new mineral from Siberia with a novel structure type. Eur. J. Mineral. 17, 715-721.
68. 2O. Am. J. Sci. 273, 465-487.
69. LANYON, R. & LE ROEX, A.P. (1995): Petrology of the alkaline and ultramafic lamprophyres associated with the Okenyenya igneous complex, northwestern Namibia. S. Afr. J. Geol. 98, 140-156.
70. LEE, WOH-JER & WYLLIE, P.J. (1998): Processes of crustal carbonatite formation by liquid immiscibility and differentiation, elucidated by model systems. J. Petrol. 39, 2005-2013.
71. 2 at 1 GPa: metasomatic wehrlites and primary carbonatite magmas. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 138, 214-228.
72. LOUBET, M., BERNAT, M, JAVOY, M. & ALLÈGRE, C.J. (1972): Rare earth contents in carbonatites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 14, 226-232.
73. LUTH, W.C., MARTIN, R.F. & FENN, P.M. (1974): Peralkaline alkali feldspar solvi. In The Feldspars (W.S. MacKenzie & J. Zussman, eds.). Manchester University Press, Manchester, U.K. (249-296).
74. MACDONALD, R., KJARSGAAPD, B.A., SKILLING, I.R, DAVIES, G.R., HAMILTON, D.L. & BLACK, S. (1993): Liquid immiscibility between trachyte and carbonate in ash flow tuffs from Kenya. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 114, 276-287.
75. MITCHELL, R.H. (2005): Carbonatites and carbonatites and carbonatites. Can. Mineral. 43, 2049-2068.
76. MÖLLER, P., MORTEANI, G. & SCHLEY, F. (1980): Discussion of REE distribution patterns of carbonatites and alkaline rocks. Lithos 13, 171-179.
77. NAKAMURA, N. (1974): Determination of REE, Ba, Mg, Na and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 38, 757-775.
78. NELSON, D.R., CHIVAS, A.R., CHAPPELL, B.W. & MCCULLOCH, M.T. (1988): Geochemical and isotopic systematics in carbonatites and implications for the evolution of ocean-island sources. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 1-17.
79. NIELSEN, T.F.D. (1980): The petrology of a melilitolite, melteigite, carbonatite and syenite ring dike system in the Gardiner complex, East Greenland. Lithos 13, 181-197.
80. NIELSEN, T.F.D., SOLOVOVA, I.P. & VEKSLER, I.V. (1997): Parental melts of melilitolite and origin of alkaline carbonatite: evidence from crystallised melt inclusions, Gardiner Complex. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 126, 331-344.
81. NORRIE, B.H. (2000): Metasomatised Mantle Xenoliths ftom Lamprophyre Dikes of the Fish River, New Zealand. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
82. OHDE, S., SUWA, K. & KITANO, Y. (1979): Trace element geochemistry of carbonatites from Homa Mountain, Kenya. 4th Preliminary Report of African Studies, Nagoya University, Japan, 169-174.
83. O'NEIL, J.R. & TAYLOR, H.P., JR. (1967): The oxygen isotope fractionation and cation exchange chemistry of feldspars. Am. Mineral. 52, 1414-1437.
84. PANTER, K.S., BLUSZTAJN, J., HART, S.R., KYLE, P.R., ESSER, R. & MCINTOSH, W.C. (2006): The origin of HIMU in the SW Pacific: evidence from intraplate volcanism in southern New Zealand and Subantarctic Islands J. Petrol. 47, 1673-1704.
85. PANTER, K.S., KYLE, P.R. & SMELLIE, J.L. (1997): Petrogenesis of a phonolite-trachyte succession at Mount Sidley, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. J. Petrol. 38, 1225-1253.
86. PATERSON, L.A. (1993): A Study of Carbonatites and Associated Fenitization at Haast River, South Westland, New Zealand. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
87. PATERSON, L.A. & COOPER, A.F. (1993): Variation of the REE content of monazites from carbonatites at Haast River, New Zealand: implications for the behaviour of REE in carbonatitic melts. In Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits. Mineral. Soc., Spring Meeting (London), Conf. Ext. Abstr., 104-106.
88. PHILPOTTS, A.R. (1976): Silicate liquid immiscibility: its probable extent and petrogenetic significance. Am. J. Sci. 276, 1147-1177.
89. PRICE, R.C., COOPER, A.F., WOODHEAD, J.D. & CARTWRIGHT, I. (2003): Phonolitic diatremes within the Dunedin Volcano, South Island, New Zealand. J. Petrol. 44, 2053-2080.
90. PRINS, P. (1981): The geochemical evolution of the alkaline and carbonatite complexes of the Damaraland igneous province, South West Africa. Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Serie A1 (Geologie) 3, 145-278.
91. REID, D.L. & COOPER, A.F. (1992): Oxygen and carbon isotope patterns in the Dicker Willem carbonatite complex, southern Namibia. Chem. Geol. 94, 293-305.
92. ROCCHI, S., ARMIENTI, M., D'ORAZIO, M., TONARINI, S., WIJBRANS, J.R. & Di VINCENZO, G. (2002): Cenozoic magmatism in the western Ross Ernbayment: role of mantle plume versus plate dynamics in the development of the West Antarctic Rift System. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 2195, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000515.
93. ROCHOLL, A., STEIN, M., MOLZAHN, M., HART, S.R. & WÖRNER, G. (1995): Geochemical evolution of rift magmas by progressive tapping of a stratified mantle source beneath the Ross Sea Rift, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 131, 207-224.
94. ROCK, N.M.S. (1986): The nature and origin of ultramafic lamprophyres: alnöites and allied rocks. J. Petrol. 27, 155-196.
95. 3 between 350° and 550°C. Am. Mineral. 52, 787-796.
96. SAMOYLOV, V.S. (1975): The temperature of formation of carbonatites (based on geothermometric studies). Geochem. Int. 12, 52-58.
97. SAMOYLOV, V.S. (1977): Carbonatites (Facies and Conditions of Formation). Nauka Press, Moscow, Russia (in Russ.).
98. SHEPPARD, S.M.F. & SCHWARZ, H.P. (1970): Fractionation of carbon and oxygen isotopes and magnesium between coexisting metamorphic calcite and dolomite. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 26, 161-198.
99. SOKOLOV, S.V. (1985): Carbonates in ultramafite, alkali-rock, and carbonatite intrusions. Geochem. Int. 22, 150-166.
100. STRACKE, A., HOFMANN, A.W. & HART, S.R. (2005): FOZO, HIMU, and the rest of the mantle zoo. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6, Q05007, doi: 10.1029/2004GC000824.
101. TAPPE, S., FOLEY, S.F., JENNER, G.A., HEAMAN, L.M., KJARSGAARD, B.A., ROMER, R.L., STRACKE, A., JOYCEE, N. & HOEFS, J. (2006): Genesis of ultramafic lamprophyres and carbonatites at Aillik Bay, Labrador: a Consequence of incipient lithospheric thinning beneath the North Atlantic Craton. J. Petrol. 47, 1261-1315.
102. TAPPE, S., FOLEY, S.F., JENNER, G.A. & KJARSGAARD, B.A. (2005): Integrating ultramafic lamprophyres into the IUGS classification of igneous rocks: rationale and implications. J. Petrol. 46, 1893-1900.
103. THOMPSON, R.N. (1982): Magmatism of the British Tertiary volcanic province. Scott. J. Geol. 18, 49-107.
104. TILTON, G.R., BRYCE, J.G. & MATEEN, A. (1998): Pb-Sr-Nd isotope data from 30 and 300 Ma collision zone carbonatites in northwest Pakistan. J. Petrol. 39, 1865-1874.
105. TREIMAN, A.H. & ESSENE, E.J. (1985): The Oka carbonatite complex, Quebec: geology and evidence for silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility. Am. Mineral. 70, 1101-1113.
106. VEKSLER, I.V., PETIBON, C., JENNER, G.A., DORFMAN, A.M. & DINGWELL, D.B. (1998): Trace element partitioning in immiscible silicate-carbonate liquid systems: an initial experimental study using a centrifuge autoclave. J. Petrol. 39, 2095-2104.
107. WALL, F. & MARIANO, A.N. (1996): Rare earth minerals in carbonatites: a discussion centered on the Kangankunde carbonatite, Malawi. In Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (A.P. Jones, F. Wall, & C.T. Williams, eds.). Chapman & Hall, London, U.K. (193-225).
108. WALLACE, M.E. & GREEN, D.H. (1988): An experimental determination of primary carbonatite magma composition. Nature 335, 343-346.
109. WALLACE, R.C. (1975): Mineralogy and petrology of xenoliths in a diatreme from south Westland, New Zealand. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 49, 191-199.
110. WELLMAN, P. & COOPER, A.F. (1971): Potassium-argon age of some New Zealand lamprophyre dikes near the Alpine Fault. N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 14, 341-350.
111. WHITE, S.R. (1998): The Mid Cenozoic Siberia Fault Zone (Sfz) in Northwest Otago, New Zealand and a Study of Greenschist Facies Metamorphism in the Haast Schist. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
112. WOOLLEY, A.R. & KEMPE, D.R.C. (1989): Carbonatites: nomenclature, average chemical compositions and element distribution. In Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution (K. Bell, ed.). Unwin Hyman, London, U.K. (1-14).
113. WYLLIE, P.J. (1966): Experimental studies of carbonatite problems: the origin and differentiation of carbonatite magmas. In Carbonatites (O.F. Tuttle & J. Gittins, eds.). Wiley, New York, N.Y. (311-352).
114. 2. Geology 3, 621-624.
115. WYLLIE, P.J. & LEE, WOH-JER (1998): Model system controls on conditions for formation of magnesiocarbonatite and calciocarbonatite magmas from the mantle. J. Petrol. 39, 1885-1893.
116. YANG, ZHUMING & WOOLLEY, A. (2006). Carbonatites in China: a review. J. Asian Earth Sci. 27, 559-575.
117. YINGCHEN, R., LULU, X. & ZHIZHONG, P. (1983): Daqing-shanite - a new mineral recently discovered in China. Geochemistry (China) 2, 180-184.
118. ZAITSEV, A.N. (1996): Rhombohedral carbonates from carbonatites of the Khibina massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Can. Mineral. 34, 453-468.
119. ZAITSEV, A.N., WALL, F. & LE BAS, M.J. (1998): REE-Sr-Ba minerals from the Khibina carbonatites, Kola Peninsula, Russia: their mineralogy, paragenesis and evolution. Mineral. Mag. 62, 225-250.
120. ZHANG PEISHAN, YANG ZHUMING, TAO KEJIE & YANG XUEMING (1995): Mineralogy and Geology of Rare Earths in China. Science Press, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
121. ZINDLER, A. & HART, S.R. (1986). Chemical dynamics. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 14, 493-571.