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8
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0000157513
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For recent reviews and accounts on the Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, see: a
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For recent reviews and accounts on the Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, see: a) A. R. Muci, S. L. Buchwald, Top. Curr. Chem. 2002, 219, 131-209;
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33644905281
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For recent reviews dealing with intramolecular direct arylation reactions, see: a
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For recent reviews dealing with intramolecular direct arylation reactions, see: a) L. C. Campeau, K. Fagnou, Chem. Commun. 2006, 1253-1264;
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c) S. Hostyn, B. U. W. Maes, G. Van Baelen, A. Gulevskaya, C. Meyers, K. Smits, Tetrahedron 2006, 62, 4676-4684;
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19
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e) P. Franck, S. Hostyn, B. Dajka-Halász, Á. Polonka-Bálint, K. Monsieurs, P. Mátyus, B. U. W. Maes, Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 6030-6037.
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T. H. M. Jonckers, B. U. W. Maes, G. L. F. Lemière, R. Dommisse, Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 7027-7034.
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21
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0037263604
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22
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0013771904
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For general reviews dealing with a-carbolines, see: a
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For general reviews dealing with a-carbolines, see: a) R. A. Abramovitch, I. D. Spenser, Adv. Heterocycl. Chem. 1964, 3, 79-207;
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0037147776
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For some recent examples, see: a
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For some recent examples, see: a) S. Aubriot, E. Nicolle, M. Lattier, C. Morel, W. Cao, K. W. Daniel, S. Collins, G. Leclerc, P. Faure, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 12, 209-212;
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For recent procedures, see: a
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For recent procedures, see: a) A. Abouabdellah, R. H. Dodd, Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 2119-2122;
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b) P. Molina, P. M. Fresneda, M. A. Sanz, C. Foces-Foces, M. C. Ramirez de Arellano, Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 9623-9638;
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c) A. Tahri, K. J. Buysens, E. V. Van der Eycken, D. M. Vandenberghe, G. J. Hoornaert, Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 13211-13226;
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d) O. Barun, P. K. Patra, H. Ila, H. Junjappa, Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3797 - 3800;
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e) B. Joseph, H. Da Costa, J.-Y. Mérour, S. Léonce, Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 3189-3196;
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g) E. M. Beccalli, F. Clerici, A. Marchesini, Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 4787-4792;
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k) F. Liger, F. Popowycz, T. Besson, L. Picot, C. M. Galmarini, B. Joseph Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007, 15, 5615-5619;
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49
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56649098612
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[10b];
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[10b];
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-
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50
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56649090760
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[11a];
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[11a];
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51
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56649109066
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[11b];
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[11b];
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52
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0022884895
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d) W. Peczyńska-Czoch, M. Mordarski, L. Kaczmarek, P. Nantka-Namirski, Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 1986, 34, 327-331.
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Nantka-Namirski, P.4
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53
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56649089236
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these reaction conditions were developed for the synthesis of 2-iodo-1-methylpyridinium iodide starting from 2-chloropyridine, see: Y. Takahashi, S. Otsuka, H. Masuda, M. Hirota, Y. Ito, Y. Hamada, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1976, 49, 2770-2774;
-
a) these reaction conditions were developed for the synthesis of 2-iodo-1-methylpyridinium iodide starting from 2-chloropyridine, see: Y. Takahashi, S. Otsuka, H. Masuda, M. Hirota, Y. Ito, Y. Hamada, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1976, 49, 2770-2774;
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-
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54
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0004573120
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the formation of 3-chloro-2-iodo-1-methylpyridinium iodide instead of 2,3-dichloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide can be explained by a nucleophilic substitution of the 2-Cl by the iodide anion in the initially formed 2,3-dichloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide; for a report on halogen exchanage reactions on 2-halopyridines, see: H. L. Bradlow, C. A. Vanderwerf, J. Org. Chem. 1951, 16, 1143-1152. The presence of small amounts of 3-chloro-2-iodopyridine in the reaction mixture suggests that 3-chloro-2-iodo-1-methylpyridinium chloride is demethylated in the course of the reaction. 3-Chloro-2-iodo-1-methylpyridinium iodide is then formed by methylation of 3-chloro-2-iodopyridine with iodomethane.
-
b) the formation of 3-chloro-2-iodo-1-methylpyridinium iodide instead of 2,3-dichloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide can be explained by a nucleophilic substitution of the 2-Cl by the iodide anion in the initially formed 2,3-dichloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide; for a report on halogen exchanage reactions on 2-halopyridines, see: H. L. Bradlow, C. A. Vanderwerf, J. Org. Chem. 1951, 16, 1143-1152. The presence of small amounts of 3-chloro-2-iodopyridine in the reaction mixture suggests that 3-chloro-2-iodo-1-methylpyridinium chloride is demethylated in the course of the reaction. 3-Chloro-2-iodo-1-methylpyridinium iodide is then formed by methylation of 3-chloro-2-iodopyridine with iodomethane.
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55
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0037017716
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It is very likely that a halogen exchange reaction between iodide and chloride anions occurs on substrate 8 whereby a more reactive pyridinium salt is formed. Initially, inspired by a literature report, we found that addition of POCl3 to the reaction mixture of 8 and 5d was crucial to obtain 9d, see: C. T. Brain, S. A. Brunton, Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 1893-1895. Later we found that LiCl, which is readily soluble in THF, had a similar effect
-
3 to the reaction mixture of 8 and 5d was crucial to obtain 9d, see: C. T. Brain, S. A. Brunton, Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 1893-1895. Later we found that LiCl, which is readily soluble in THF, had a similar effect.
-
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56
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56649103248
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[9].
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[9].
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57
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56649086202
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For examples of the use of DBU in Pd-catalyzed intramolecular direct arylation reactions, see ref.[6b] and references cited therein
-
[6b] and references cited therein.
-
-
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58
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34249793676
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Recently, Echavarren and co-workers found the use of DBU in the intramolecular direct arylation reaction on substituted 1-bromo-2-(2,2- diphenylethyl)benzenes to be ineffective; see: D. Garcia-Cuadrado, P. de Mendoza, A. A. C. Braga, F. Maseras, A. M. Echavarren, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 6880-6886.
-
b) Recently, Echavarren and co-workers found the use of DBU in the intramolecular direct arylation reaction on substituted 1-bromo-2-(2,2- diphenylethyl)benzenes to be ineffective; see: D. Garcia-Cuadrado, P. de Mendoza, A. A. C. Braga, F. Maseras, A. M. Echavarren, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 6880-6886.
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59
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56649113925
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French Patent, FR 28976377, 390900;
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a) N. Joseph, L. Meijer, F. Liger, French Patent, FR 28976377, 2006; Chem. Abstr. 2006, 144, 390900;
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Int. Appl. WO 2006131552, 62695
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b) P. Sennhenn, A. Mantoulidis, M. Treu, U. Tontsch-Grunt, W. Spevak, D. McConnell, A. Schoop, R. Brückner, A. Jacobi, U. Guertler, G. Schnapp, C. Klein, F. Himmelsbach, A. Pautsch, B. Betzemeier, L. Herfurth, J. Mack, D. Wiedenmayer, G. Bader, U. Reiser, Int. Appl. WO 2006131552, 2006; Chem. Abstr. 2006, 146, 62695.
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Schnapp, G.11
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Mack, J.17
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more..
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A. Ruiz, P. Rocca, F. Marsais, A. Godard, G. Quéguiner, Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 6205-6208.
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0142123943
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B. U. W. Maes, K. T. J. Loones, G. L. F. Lemière, R. A. Dommisse, Synlett 2003, 1822-1825. In this paper the synthesis of the structurally related N-methyl-N-phenylpyridin-2-amine starting from 2-chloropyridine and N-methylaniline was described
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B. U. W. Maes, K. T. J. Loones, G. L. F. Lemière, R. A. Dommisse, Synlett 2003, 1822-1825. In this paper the synthesis of the structurally related N-methyl-N-phenylpyridin-2-amine starting from 2-chloropyridine and N-methylaniline was described.
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56649096895
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[2a];
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[2a];
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73
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11c];
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DBU has been used previously in microwave-assisted Pd-catalyzed aminations involving nonaflates, see
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