People with intellectual disabilities who are at risk of offending

Psychiatric and Behavioural Disorders in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 173-201

  Murphy, Glynis ^a   Mason, Jonathan ^b  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Cedar House ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 56649092573     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511543616.012     Document Type: Chapter

References (162)

1. American Bar Association (1986). Criminal Justice Mental Health Standards. Washington, DC: American Bar Association.
2. Balthazar, M. R. & Cook, R.J. (1984). An analysis of the factors related to the extent of violent crimes committed by incarcerated females. Journal of Offender Counselling, Services and Rehabilitation, 9(1-2), 103-18.
3. Barbaree, H.E., Seto, M.C., Langton, C.M. & Peacock, E. J. (2001). Evaluating the predictive accuracy of six risk assessment instruments for adult sexual offenders. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 28, 490-521.
4. Baroff, G., Gunn, M. & Hayes, S. (2004). Legal issues. In W. R. Lindsay, J. L. Taylor & P. Sturmey (eds.), Offenders With Developmental Disabilities. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 37-65.
5. Barron, P., Hassiotis, A. & Banes, J. (2002). Offenders with intellectual disability: the size of the problem and therapeutic outcomes. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46, 454-63.
6. Barron, P., Hassiotis, A. & Banes, J. (2004). Offenders with intellectual disability: a prospective comparative study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48, 69-76.
7. Beail, N. (2002). Interrogative suggestibility, memory and intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15, 129-37.
8. Bean, P. &Nemitz, T. (1994). Out of Depth and Out of Sight. London: Mencap.
9. Benson, B. A. & Ivins, J. (1992). Anger, depression and self-concept in adults with mental retardation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 36, 169-75.
10. Benson, B. A., Johnson Rice, C. & Miranti, S. V. (1986). Effects of anger management training with mentally retarded adults in group treatment. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 54, 728-9.
11. Birmingham, L., Mason, D. & Grubin, D. (1996). Prevalence of mental disorder in remand prisoners: consecutive case study. British Medical Journal, 313: 1521-4.
12. Blanchard, R., Watson, M., Choy, A. etal. (1999). Paedophiles: mental retardation, maternal age and sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 28, 111-27.
13. Boer, D. P., Hart, S.D., Kropp, P. R. & Webster, C.D. (1997). Manual for the Sexual Violence Risk-20: Professional Guidelines for Assessing Risk of Sexual Violence. Vancouver, BC: British Columbia Institute on Family Violence & Mental Health Law & Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
14. Boer, D. P., Tough, S. & Haaven, J. (2004). Assessment of risk manageability of intellectually disabled sex offenders. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,17, 275-84.
15. Bonnie, R.J. (1992). The competence of criminal defendants: a theoretical reformulation. Behavioural Sciences and the Law, 10, 291-316.
16. Brooke, D., Taylor, C., Gunn, J. & Maden, A. (1996). Point prevalence of mental disorder in unconvicted male prisoners in England and Wales. British Medical Journal, 313, 1524-7.
17. Brown, B. S. & Courtless, T. F. (1971). The Mentally Retarded Offender. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, Dept of Health Education and Welfare Publication, No. 72-9039.
18. Cardone, D. & Dent, H. (1996). Memory and interrogative suggestibility: The effects of modality of information presentation and retrieval conditions upon the suggestibility scores of people with learning disabilities. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 1, 34-42.
19. Churchill, J., Brown, H., Craft, A. &Horrocks, C. (1997). There Are No Easy Answers: The Provision of Continuing Care and Treatment to Adults with LearningDisabilitieswho Sexually Abuse Others. Chesterfield: ARC/NAPSAC.
20. Clare, I. C. H. (2003). Psychological vulnerabilities of adults with mild learning disabilities: implications for suspects during police detention and interviewing. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London.
21. Clare, I. C. H. & Gudjonsson, G. H. (1991). Recall and understanding of the caution and rights in police detention among persons of average intellectual ability and persons with a mental handicap. Proceedings of the First DCLP Annual Conference, 1, 34-42. Leicester: British Psychological Society (Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology Series, No. 17).
22. Clare, I.C.H. & Gudjonsson, G.H. (1992). Devising and Piloting an Experimental Version of the ‘Notice to Detained Persons’. The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice, Research Study No. 7. London: HMSO.
23. Clare, I. C. H. & Gudjonsson, G. H. (1993). Interrogative suggestibility, confabulation, and acquiescence in people with mild learning disabilities (mental handicap): Implications for reliability during police interview. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 295-301.
24. Clare, I. C. H. & Gudjonsson, G. H. (1995). The vulnerability of suspects with intellectual disabilities during police interviews: a review and experimental study of decision-making. Mental Handicap Research, 8, 110-28.
25. Clare, I. C. H., Gudjonsson, G. H. & Harari, P. M. (1998). Understanding of the current police caution (England and Wales). Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology,8, 323-9.
26. Clare, I. C. H. & Murphy, G. (1998). Working with offenders or alleged offenders with intellectual disabilities. In E. Emerson, A. Caine, J. Bromley & C. Hatton (eds.), Clinical Psychology and People with Intellectual Disabilities. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 154-76.
27. Clarke, D. J. (1989). Anti-libidinal drugs and mental retardation: a review. Medicine, Science and Law, 29, 136-48.
28. Coid, J. (1988). Mentally abnormal prisoners on remand - rejected or accepted by the NHS? British Medical Journal, 296, 1779-82.
29. Cooke, D. J. (1991). Treatment as an alternative to prosecution: offenders diverted for treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 785-91.
30. Cooper, A. J. (1995). Review ofthe role oftwo anti-libidinal drugs in the treatment of sex offenders with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 33, 42-8.
31. Day, K. (1988). A hospital-based treatment programme for male mentally handicapped offenders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 636-44.
32. Denkowski, G. C. & Denkowski, K. M. (1985). The mentally retarded offender in the state prison system: Identification, prevalence, adjustment and rehabilitation. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 12, 55-70.
33. Denkowski, G. C., Denkowski, K. M. & Mabli, J. (1983). A 50-state survey of the current status of residential programmes for mentally retarded offenders. Mental Retardation, 21, 197-203.
34. Department of Health (1993). Services for People with Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviour or Mental Health Needs (Chairman: Professor Jim Mansell). London: HMSO.
35. Department of Health (2001). Valuing People: A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century. London: HMSO.
36. Department of Health and Home Office (1992). Review of Health and Social Services for Mentally Disordered Offenders and Others Requiring Similar Services (Chairman Dr. J. Reed). London: HMSO.
37. Dickson, K., Emerson, E. & Hatton, C. (2005). Self-reported anti-social behaviour: prevalence and risk factors amongst adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 820-6.
38. Emerson, E. (1992). What is normalization? In H. Brown and H. Smith (eds.), Normalisation: A Reader for the Nineties. London: Routledge, pp. 1-18.
39. Everington, C. T. (1990). The competence assessment for standing trial for defendants with mental retardation (CAST-MR). Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 17, 147-68.
40. Everington, C. T. & Fulero, S. M. (1999). Competence to confess: Measuring understanding and suggestibility of defendants with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 37, 212-20.
41. Everington, C. & Luckasson, R. (1987). Competence Assessment for Standing Trial for Defendants with Mental Retardation: CAST-MR. Oxford, OH: Miami University, Dept. of Educational Psychology.
42. Farrington, D. P. (1985). Predicting self-reported and official delinquency. In D. P. Farrington and R. Tarling (eds.), Prediction in Criminology. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 150-73.
43. Farrington, D. P. (1995). The development of offending and anti-social behaviour from childhood: key findings from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 360, 929-64.
44. Farrington, D. P. & West, D. J. (1993). Criminal, penal and life histories of chronic offenders: risk and protective factors and early identification. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 3, 492-523.
45. Fenner, S., Gudjonsson, G. H. & Clare, I.C.H. (2002). Understanding of the current police caution (England and Wales) among suspects in police detention. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 83-93.
46. Finlay, W. M. L. & Lyons, E. (2002). Acquiescence in interviews with people who have mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 40, 14-29.
47. Fulero, S. M. & Everington, C. (1995). Assessing competence to waive Miranda rights in defendants with mental retardation. Law and Human Behaviour, 19, 533-43.
48. Glaser, W. & Deane, K. (1999). Normalisation in an abnormal world: a study of prisoners with an intellectual disability. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 43, 338-56.
49. Goddard, H. H. (1912). How shall we educate mental defectives? The Training School Bulletin, 9, 43.
50. Grisso, T. (1981). Juveniles’ Waiver of Rights: Legal and Psychological Competence. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
51. Grisso, T. (1986). Evaluating Competencies: Forensic Assessments and Instruments. NewYork, NY: Plenum Press.
52. Grove, W. M. (2000). Clinical versus mechanical prediction: a meta-analysis. Psychological Assessment,12, 19-30.
53. Grubin, D. H. (1991a). Unfit to plead in England and Wales 1976-1988, a survey. British Journal of Psychiatry,158, 540-8.
54. Grubin, D. H. (1991b). Unfit to plead, unfit for discharge: Patients found unfit to plead who are still in hospital. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 1, 282-94.
55. Gudjonsson, G. H. (1991). The ‘Notice to Detained Persons’, PACE Codes and reading ease. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 89-95.
56. Gudjonsson, G. H. (1992). The Psychology of Interrogations, Confessions and Testimony. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
57. Gudjonsson, G., Clare, I. C. H., Rutter, S. & Pearse, J. (1993). Persons at Risk during Interviews in Police Custody: The Identification of Vulnerabilities. The Royal Commission of Criminal Justice, Research Study no. 12. London: HMSO
58. Gunn, J., Maden, A. & Swinton, M. (1991). Treatment needs of prisoners with psychiatric disorders. British Medical Journal, 303, 338-41.
59. Halstead, S. (1997). Risk assessment and management in psychiatric practice: inferring predictors of risk. A view from learning disability. International Review of Psychiatry, 9, 217-24.
60. Hanson, R. K. (1997). The Development of a Brief Actuarial Risk Scale for Sexual Offence Recidivism. Ottawa, ON: Dept. of the Solicitor General of Canada.
61. Hanson, R. K. & Thornton, D. (1999). Static-99: Improving Actuarial Risk Assessment for Sex Offenders. Ottawa, ON: Dept. of the Solicitor General of Canada.
62. Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., Quinsey, V. L. et al. (2003). A multi-site comparison of actuarial risk instruments for sex offenders. Psychological Assessment, 15, 413-25.
63. Harris, G.T. & Tough, S. (2004). Should actuarial risk assessments be used with sex offenders who are intellectually disabled? Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 235-41.
64. Harris, P. (1993). The nature and extent of aggressive behaviour amongst people with learning difficulties (mental handicap) in a single health district. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 37, 221-42.
65. Hawk, G. L., Rosenfield, B. D. & Warren, J. I. (1993). Prevalence of sexual offences among mentally retarded criminal defendants. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44, 784-6.
66. Hayes, S. (1993). People with an Intellectual Disability and the Criminal Justice System: Appearances Before the Local Courts (Research Report 4). Sydney: New South Wales Reform Commission Report.
67. Hayes, S.C. (1996a). People with an Intellectual Disability and the Criminal Justice System: Two Rural Courts. Research Report Number 5. Sydney: NSW Law Reform Commission.
68. Hayes, S. C. (1996b). Recent research on offenders with learning disabilities. Tizard Learning Disability Review, 1, 7-15.
69. Hayes, S. C. (2002). Early intervention or early incarceration? Using a screening test for intellectual disability in the Criminal Justice System. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15, 120-8.
70. Heal, L. W. & Sigelman, C. K. (1995). Response biases in interviews of individuals with limited mental ability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 331-40.
71. Herrnstein, R. J. & Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York, NY: Free Press.
72. Hess, J. H. & Thomas, H.E. (1963). Incompetency to stand trial. Procedures, results and problems. American Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 713-20.
73. Hodgins, S. (1992). Mental disorder, intellectual deficiency and crime: evidence from a birth cohort. Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry, 49, 476-83.
74. Hodgins, S., Mednick, S. A., Brennan, P. A., Schulsinger, F. &Engberg, M. (1996). Mental disorder and crime. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 489-96.
75. Hoge, S. K., Bonnie, R. J., Poythress, N. & Monahan, J. (1992). Attorney-client decision-making in criminalcases: Client competenceand participation as perceived by theirattorneys. Behavioural Sciences and the Law,10, 385-94.
76. Hoge, S. K., Bonnie, R. J., Poythress, N. et al. (1997). The MacArthur adjudicative competency study: Development and validation of a research instrument. Law and Human Behaviour, 21, 141-79
77. Hollins, S., Clare, I. C. H., Murphy, G. &Webb, B. (1996a). You’re Under Arrest. London: Gaskell Press.
78. Hollins, S., Murphy, G., Clare, I. C. H. & Webb, B. (1996b). You’re On Trial. London: Gaskell Press.
79. Home Office (1990). Provisions for Mentally Disordered Offenders (Circular 66/90). London: Home Office.
80. Home Office (1995a). Mentally Disordered Offenders: Inter-Agency Working (Circular 12/95). London: Home Office.
81. Home Office (1995b). Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. Codes of Practice. Revised Edition. London: HMSO.
82. Home Office (2006). Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984: Codes of Practice. Revised edn. London: The Stationery Office.
83. James, A. (1996). Life on the Edge: Diversion and the Mentally Disordered Offender. London: Mental Health Foundation.
84. Johnson, W.G., Nicholson, R. A. & Service, N.M. (1990). The relationship of competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 17, 169-85.
85. Johnston, S. J. (2002). Risk assessment in offenders with intellectual disability: the evidence base. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46, 47-56.
86. Joseph, P. L. A. & Potter, M. (1993). Diversion from custody. I: Psychiatric assessment at the magistrates’ court. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 325-30.
87. Kebbell, M. R. & Hatton, C. (1999). People with mental retardation as witnesses in court: a review. Mental Retardation, 37, 179-87.
88. King’s Fund Centre (1980). An Ordinary Life: Comprehensive Locally-Based Residential Services for Mentally Handicapped People. London: King’s Fund Centre.
89. Laski, F. J. (1992). Sentencing the offender with mental retardation: Honouring the imperative for intermediate punishments and probation. In R. W. Conley, R. Luckasson &G. N. Bouthilet (eds.), The Criminal Justice System and Mental Retardation. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes, pp. 137-52.
90. Lindsay, W. L. (2004). Sex offenders: conceptualisation of the issues, services, treatment and management. In W. R. Lindsay, J. L. Taylor & P. Sturmey (eds.), Offenders with Developmental Disabilities. Chichester: John Wiley &Sons, pp. 163-85.
91. Lindsay, W. R. (2002). Research and literature on sex offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46, 74-85.
92. Lindsay, W. R. & Beail, N. (2004). Risk assessment: actuarial prediction and clinical judgement of offending incidents and behaviour for intellectual disability services. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 229-34.
93. Lindsay, W. R., Law, J., Quinn, K., Smart, N. & Smith, A. H. W. (2001). A comparison of physical and sexual abuse histories: sexual and non-sexual offenders with intellectual disability. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 989-95.
94. Lindsay, W.R., Marshall, I., Neilson, C.Q., Quinn, K. & Smith, A.H.W. (1998b). The treatment of men with a learning disability convicted of exhibitionism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 19, 295-316.
95. Lindsay, W. R., Murphy, L., Smith, G. et al. (2004). The dynamic risk assessment and management system: an assessment of immediate risk of violence for individuals with offending and challenging behaviour. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 267-74.
96. Lindsay, W. R., Neilson, C.Q., Morrison, F. & Smith, A. H. W. (1998a). The treatment of six men with a learning disability convicted of sexual offences with children. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 83-98.
97. Lindsay, W. R., Olley, S., Jack, C., Morrison, F. & Smith, A. H. W. (1998c). The treatment of two stalkers with intellectual disabilities using a cognitive approach. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 11, 333-44.
98. Lindsay, W. R. & Smith, A. (1998). Responses to treatment for sex offenders with intellectual disability: a comparison of men with 1- and 2-year probation sentences. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 346-53.
99. Lindsay, W. R., Smith, A. H. W., Law, J. et al. (2002). A treatment service for sex offenders and abusers with intellectual disability: characteristics of referrals and evaluation. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability, 15, 166-74.
100. Lyall, I., Holland, A. J. & Collins, S. (1995a). Offending by adults with learning disabilities: identifying need in one health district. Mental Handicap Research, 8, 99-109.
101. Lyall, I., Holland, A. J., Collins, S. & Styles, P. (1995b). Incidence of persons with a learning disability detained in police custody: A needs assessment for service development. Medicine, Science and the Law, 35, 61-71.
102. MacEachron, A. E. (1979). Mentally retarded offenders: prevalence and characteristics. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 84, 165-76.
103. MacKay, R. D. (1990). Insanity and fitness to stand trial in Canada and England: a comparative study. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 1, 277-303.
104. MacKay, R. D. & Kearns, G. (2000). An upturn in fitness to plead? Disability in relation to the trial under the 1991 Act. Criminal Law Review, July, 532-46.
105. Mason, J. & Murphy, G. H. (2002a). People with intellectual disabilities on probation: an initial study. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12, 44-55.
106. Mason, J. & Murphy, G. H. (2002b). People with an intellectual disability in the criminal justice system: developing an assessment tool for measuring prevalence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 315-20.
107. McAfee, J. K. & Gural, M. (1988). Individuals with mental retardation and the Criminal Justice System: The View from States’ Attorneys General. Mental Retardation, 26, 5-12.
108. McBrien, J., Hodgetts, A. & Gregory, J. (2003). Offending and risky behaviour in community services for people with intellectual disabilities in one Local Authority. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 14, 280-97.
109. McBrien, J. & Murphy, G. (2006). Police and carers’ views on reporting of alleged offences by people with intellectual disabilities. Psychology, Crime and Law, 12, 127-44.
110. McGarry, A. L. (1971). The fate of psychotic offenders returned for trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 1181-4.
111. McGee, J. J. & Menolascino, F. J. (1992). The evaluation of defendants with mental retardation in the Criminal Justice System. In R. W. Conley, R. Luckasson & G. N. Bouthilet (eds.), The Criminal Justice System and Mental Retardation. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes, pp. 55-77.
112. McMillan, D., Hastings, R. & Coldwell, J. (2004). Clinical and actuarial prediction of physical violence in a forensic intellectual disability hospital: a longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 255-65.
113. McNulty, C., Kissi-Deborah, R. & Newsom-Davies, I. (1995). Police Involvement with Clients having Intellectual Disabilities: A Pilot Study in South London. Mental Handicap Research, 8, 129-36.
114. Medford, S., Gudjonsson, G. & Pearse, J. (2000). The Identification of Persons at Risk in Police Custody: The Use of Appropriate Adults by the Metropolitan Police. London: Published by the Metropolitan Police.
115. Monahan, J. (2002). The McArthur studies of violence risk. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 12, 67-72.
116. Murphy, G. (1997). Treatment and risk management. In J. Churchill, A. Craft and H. Brown (eds.), There Are No Easy Answers. ARC and NAPSAC, New York: Dorset Press, pp. 108-29.
117. Murphy, G. & Clare, I. C. H. (1995). Analysis of motivation in people with mild learning disabilities (mental handicap) who set fires. Psychology, Crime and the Law, 2, 153-64
118. Murphy, G. & Clare, I.C.H. (2003). Adults’ capacity to make legal decisions. In R. Bull and D. Carson (eds.), Handbook of Psychology in Legal Contexts, 2nd edn. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 31-66.
119. Murphy, W. D., Coleman, E. M. & Haynes, M. R. (1983). Treatment and evaluation issues with the mentally retarded sex offender. In J. D. Greer & I. R. Stuart (eds.), The Sexual Aggressor: Current Perspectives on Treatment. New York: Nostrand-Rheinhold, pp. 21-41.
120. Murphy, G., Harnett, H. & Holland, A. J. (1995). A survey of intellectual disabilities amongst men on remand in prison. Mental Handicap Research, 8, 81-98.
121. Murphy, G., Holland, A., Fowler, P. & Reep, J. (1991). MIETS: A service option for people with mild mental handicaps and challenging behaviour or psychiatric problems. 1. Philosophy, service and service users. Mental Handicap Research, 4, 41-66.
122. Murray, G. J., Briggs, D. & David, C. (1992). Psychopathic disorders, mentally ill and mentally handicapped sex offenders: a comparative study. Medicine, Science and Law, 32, 331.
123. Noble, J. H. & Conley, R. W. (1992). Toward an epidemiology of relevant attributes. In R. W. Conley, R. Luckasson &G. N. Bouthilet (eds.), The Criminal Justice System and Mental Retardation. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes, pp. 17-53.
124. O’Brien, G. (2002). Dual diagnosis in offenders with intellectual disability: setting research priorities - a review of research findings concerning psychiatric disorder (excluding personality disorder) among offenders with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46, 21-30.
125. Pearse, J. & Gudjonsson, G.H. (1996). How appropriate are Appropriate Adults? Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 7, 570-80.
126. Perlman, N. B., Ericson, K. I., Esses, V. M. & Isaacs, B. J. (1994). The developmentally handicapped witness. Law and Human Behaviour, 18, 171-87.
127. Perske, R. (1991). Unequal Justice? Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press.
128. Petrella, R.C. (1992). Defendants with mental retardation in the forensic services system. In R. W. Conley, R. Luckasson andG. N. Bouthilet (eds.), The Criminal Justice System and Mental Retardation. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes, pp. 79-96.
129. Prins, H. (1980). Offenders, Deviants or Patients? An Introduction to the Study of Socio-Forensic Problems. London: Tavistock Publications.
130. Quinsey, V. L., Book, A. & Skilling, T. A. (2004). A follow-up of deinstitutionalised men with intellectual disabilities and histories of anti-social behaviour. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 243-53.
131. Quinsey, V.L., Harris, G.T., Rice, M.E. &Cromier, C.A. (1998). Violent Offenders: Appraising and Managing Risk. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
132. Quinsey, V. L., Rice, M. E. & Harris, G. T. (1995). Actuarial prediction of sexual recidivism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10, 85-105.
133. Rasanen, P., Hakko, H. & Vaisanen, E. (1995). The mental state of arsonists as determined by forensic psychiatric examinations. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 23, 547-53.
134. Rasch, W. (1990). Criminal responsibility in Europe. In R. Bluglass and P. Bowden (eds.), Principles and Practice in Forensic Psychiatry. London: Churchill-Livingstone, pp. 299-305.
135. Richardson, S. A. &Koller, H. (1985). Epidemiology. In A. M. Clarke, A. D. B. Clarke &J.M. Berg (eds.), Mental Deficiency: The Changing Outlook. London: Methuen.
136. Robertson, G. (1981). The extent and pattern of crime amongst mentally handicapped offenders. Apex: Journal of the British Institute of Mental Handicap, 9, 100-3.
137. Robertson, G. (1988). Arrest patterns among mentally disordered offenders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 313-16.
138. Rose, J., Jenkins, R., O’Connor, C., Jones, C. & Felce, D. (2002). A group treatment for men with intellectual disabilities who sexually offend or abuse. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15, 138-50.
139. Rose, J., West, C. & Clifford, D. (2000). Group interventions for anger in people with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21, 171-81.
140. Scotti, J. R., Evans, I. M., Meyer, L. H. &Walker, P. (1991), A meta-analysis of intervention research with problem behaviour: treatment validity and standards of practice. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 29, 136-48.
141. Singleton, N., Meltzer, H., Gatward, R., Coid, J. &Deasy, D. (1998). Psychiatric Morbidity Among Prisoners. London: The Stationery Office.
142. Sjostedt, G. & Langstrom, N. (2002). Assessment of risk for criminal recidivism among rapists: a comparison of four different measures. Psychology, Crime &Law, 8, 25-40.
143. Smith, S. A. (1993). Confusing the terms “guilty” and “not guilty”: Implications for alleged offenders with mental retardation. Psychological Reports, 73, 675-8.
144. Smith, S. A. & Broughton, S. F. (1994). Competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility: an analysis in South Carolina. Mental Retardation, 32, 281-7.
145. Smith, S. A. & Hudson, R. L. (1995). A quick screening test of competency to stand trial for defendants with mental retardation. Psychological Reports, 76, 91-7.
146. Steadman, H. J. & Halfon, A. (1971). The Baxstrom patients: Backgrounds and outcomes. Seminars in Psychiatry, 3, 376-85.
147. Steadman, H. J., Monahan, J. & Hartson, E. (1982). Mentally disordered offenders: a national survey of patients and facilities. Law and Human Behaviour, 6, 31-8.
148. Steiner, J. (1984). Group counselling with retarded offenders. Social Work, 29, 181-2.
149. Taylor, J. (2002). A review of the assessment and treatment of anger and aggression in offenders with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46, 57-73.
150. Taylor, J. L., Novaco, R. W., Gillmer, B. & Robertson, A. (2004). Treatment of anger and aggression. In W. R. Lindsay, J. L. Taylor & P. Sturmey (eds.), Offenders with Developmental Disabilities. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 201-20.
151. Taylor, J. L., Novaco, R. W., Gillmer, B. & Thorne, I. (2002). Cognitive-behavioural treatment of anger intensity among offenders with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,15, 151-65.
152. Van Brunschot, E. G. & Brannigan, A. (1995). IQ and crime: Dull behaviour and/or misspecified theory. The Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 61 (3), 316-21.
153. Vaughan, P. J., Pullen, N. & Kelly, M. (2000). Services for mentally disordered offenders in community psychiatry teams. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 11, 571-86.
154. Walker, T. &Cheseldine, S. (1997). Towards outcome measurements monitoring effectiveness of anger management and assertiveness training in a group setting. British Journal ofLearning Disabilities, 25, 134-7.
155. Walker, N. & McCabe, S. (1973). Crime and Insanity in England, Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
156. Webster, C. D., Eaves, D., Douglas, K.S. & Wintrup, A. (1995). The HCR-20: The Assessment of Dangerousness and Risk. Vancouver: Simon Fraser University & British Columbia Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission.
157. West, D. J. & Farrington, D. P. (1973). Who Becomes Delinquent? London: Heinemann.
158. Whitaker, S. (2001). Anger control for people with learning disabilities: a critical review. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 277-93.
159. White, D.L. & Wood, H. (1988). Lancaster County MRO programme. In J.A. Stark, F.J. Menolascino, M. H. Albarelli & V. C. Gray (eds.), Mental Retardation/Mental Health: Classification, Diagnosis, Treatment, Services. New York, NY: Springer Verlag.
160. Willner, P., Jones, J., Tams, R. & Green, G. (2002). A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioural anger management group for clients with learning disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15, 224-35.
161. Winter, N., Holland, A. J. & Collins, S. (1997). Factors predisposing to suspected offending by adults with self-reported learning disabilities. Psychological Medicine, 27, 595-607.
162. Woodward, M. (1955). The role of low intelligence in delinquency. British Journal of Delinquency, 5, 281-303.