Artificial insemination in deer and non-domestic bovids

Theriogenology

Volumn 71, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 149-165

  Morrow, C J ^a   Penfold, L M ^b   Wolfe, B A ^c  

^a Scimitar Scientific ^*  (New Zealand)

^b WHITE OAK CONSERVATION CENTER   (United States)

^c The Wilds   (United States)

Author keywords

Antelope; Artificial insemination; Assisted reproduction; Deer; Estrus synchronization

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION; ARTIODACTYLA; GENETICS; PHYSIOLOGY; WILD ANIMAL;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, WILD; ARTIODACTYLA; INSEMINATION, ARTIFICIAL;

BOS; BOS TAURUS; BOVIDAE; BOVINAE; CERVIDAE;

EID: 56549129182     PISSN: 0093691X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.09.001     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. IUCN. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Downloaded 20 July 2008.
2. Sekulic R. Seasonality of reproduction in the sable antelope. Afr J Ecol 16 (1978) 177-182
3. Thompson K.V. Flehmen and birth synchrony among female sable antelope, Hippotragus niger. Anim Behav 50 (1995) 475-484
4. Bronson F.H. Mammalian reproduction (1989), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
5. Ims R.A. The ecology and evolution of reproductive synchrony. Trends Ecol Evol 5 (1990) 135-140
6. Lincoln G.A., and Short R.E. Seasonal breeding: nature's contraceptive. Rec Prog Hormone Res 36 (1980) 1-52
7. Louden A.S.I., and Curlewis J.D. Cycles of antler and testicular growth in an aseasonal tropical deer (Axis axis). J Reprod Fertil 83 (1988) 729-738
8. Vishwanath R. Artificial insemination: the state of the art. Theriogenology 59 (2003) 571-584
9. Leboeuf B., Delgadillo J.A., Manfredi E., Piacere A., Clement V., Martin P., et al. Management of goat reproduction and insemination for genetic improvement in France. Reprod Dom Anim 43 Suppl. 2 (2008) 379-385
10. Rhodes L., Pearse A.J., and Asher G.W. Approaches in developing a successful trans-cervical AI programme for farmed deer. Proc NZ Soc Anim Prod 63 (2003) 258-261
11. McMillan W.H., and Asher G.W. Development of large scale commercial AI for genetic improvement in farmed red deer in New Zealand. Proc NZ Soc Anim Prod 67 (2007) 82-90
12. Asher G.W., Fisher M.W., Fennessy P.F., Mackintosh C.G., Jabbour H.N., and Morrow C.J. Oestrous synchronization, semen collection and artificial insemination of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). Anim Reprod Sci 33 (1993) 241-325
13. Asher G.W., Berg D.K., and Evans G. Storage of semen and artificial insemination in deer. Anim Reprod Sci 62 (2000) 195-211
14. Loskutoff N.M., Bartels P., Meintjes M., Godke R.A., and Schiewe M.C. Assisted reproductive technology in nondomestic ungulates: a model approach to preserving and managing genetic diversity. Theriogenology 43 (1995) 3-12
15. Holt W.V., Abaigar T., and Jabbour H.N. Oestrous synchronization, semen preservation and artificial insemination in the Mohor gazelle (Gazella dama mhorr) for the establishment of a Genome Resource Bank Programme. Reprod Fertil Dev 8 (1996) 1215-1222
16. Solti L., Crichton E.G., Loskutoff N.M., and Cseh S. Economical and ecological importance of indigenous livestock and the application of assisted reproduction to their preservation. Theriogenology 53 (2000) 149-162
17. Holt W.V., Abaigar T., Watson P.F., and Wildt D.E. Genetic resource banks for species conservation. In: Holt W.V., Pickard A.R., Rodger J.C., and Wildt D.E. (Eds). Reproductive science and integrated conservation (2003), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 267-280
18. Pukazhenthi B.S., and Wildt D.E. Which reproductive technologies are most relevant to studying, managing and conserving wildlife?. Reprod Fertil Dev 16 (2004) 33-46
19. Roldan E.S., Gomendio M., Garde J.J., Espeso G., Ledda S., Berlinguer F., et al. Inbreeding and reproduction in endangered ungulates: preservation of genetic variation through the organization of genetic resource banks. Reprod Dom Anim 41 (2006) 82-92
20. Wildt D.E., Rall W.F., Crister J.K., Monfort S.L., and Seal U.S. Genome resource banks: 'living collections' for biodiversity conservation. Bioscience 47 (1997) 689-698
21. Holt W.V., Bennett P.M., Volovouev V., and Watson P.F. Genetic resource banks in wildlife conservation. J Zool (London) 238 (1996) 531-534
22. Monfort S.L., Asher G.W., Wildt D.E., Wood T.C., Schiewe M.C., Williamson L.R., et al. Successful intrauterine insemination of Eld's deer (Cervus eldi thamin) with frozen-thawed spermatozoa. J Reprod Fertil 99 (1993) 459-465
23. Asher G.W., Adam J.L., James R.W., and Barnes D.R. Artificial insemination of farmed fallow deer (Dama dama): fixed-time insemination at a synchronized oestrus. Anim Prod 47 (1988) 487-492
24. Asher G.W., Morrow C.J., Jabbour H.N., Mulley R.C., Veldhuizen F.A., and Langridge M. Laparoscopic intra-uterine insemination of fallow deer with frozen-thawed semen after synchronisation with CIDR devices. NZ Vet J 40 (1992) 8-14
25. Jacobson H.A., Bearden H.J., and Whitehouse D.B. Artificial insemination trials with white-tailed deer. J Wildl Manage 53 (1989) 224-227
26. Schenk J.L., and DeGrofft D.L. Insemination of cow elk with sexed frozen semen. Theriogenology 59 (2003) 514
27. Holt W.V., Moore H.D.M., North R.D., Hartman T.D., and Hodges J.K. Hormonal and behavioural detection of oestrus in blackbuck, Antilope cervicapra, and successful artificial insemination with fresh and frozen semen. J Reprod Fertil 82 (1988) 717-725
28. Garland P., Frazer L., Sanderson N., Mehren K., and Kroetsch T. Artificial insemination of scimitar-horned oryx at Orana Park with frozen semen from Metro Toronto Zoo. Symp Zool Soc Lond 64 (1992) 37-43
29. Monfort S.L., Wolfe B.A., Blumer E.S., Atkinson M.W., Spindler R.E., Pukazhenthi B.S., et al. Artificial insemination in the scimitar-horned oryx as a conservation management tool. Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet (1999) 72-88
30. Morrow C.J., Wolfe B.A., Roth T.L., Wildt D.E., Bush M., Blumer E.S., et al. Comparing ovulation synchronization protocols for artificial insemination in the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Anim Reprod Sci 59 (2000) 71-86
31. Santiago-Moreno J., Toledano-Diaz A., Pulido-Pastor A., Gomez-Brunet A., and Lopez-Sebastian A. Birth of live Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) derived from artificial insemination with epididymal spermatozoa retrieved after death. Theriogenology 66 (2006) 283-291
32. Santiago-Moreno J., Toledano-Diaz A., Gomez-Brunet A., Pulido-Pastor A., and Lopez-Sebastian A. Short communication. Synchronization of ovulation and artificial insemination protocol for Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) based in progesterone and cloprostenol. Spanish J Agric Res 6 (2008) 39-41
33. Johnston S.D., Blyde D., Pedrana R., and Gibbs A. Laparoscopic intrauterine insemination in Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia). Aust Vet J 78 (2000) 714-717
34. Ptak G., Clinton M., Barboni B., Muzzeddu M., Cappai P., Tischner M., et al. Preservation of the wild European mouflon: the first example of genetic management using a complete program of reproductive technologies. Biol Reprod 66 (2002) 796-801
35. Haigh J.C., and Bowen G. Artificial insemination of red deer (Cervus elaphus) with frozen-thawed wapiti semen. J Reprod Fertil 93 (1991) 119-123
36. Asher G.W., Kraemer D.C., Magyar S.J., Brunner M., Moerbe R., and Giaquinto M. Intrauterine insemination of farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) with frozen-thawed semen via laparoscopy. Theriogenology 34 (1990) 569-577
37. Mylrea G.E., Evans G., and English A.W. Conception rates in European fallow does (Dama dama dama) following intrauterine insemination with frozen-thawed semen from Mesopotamian fallow (Dama dama mesopotamica) and crossbred (Dama dama dama × Dama dama mesopotamica) bucks. Aust Vet J 68 (1991) 294-295
38. Bartels P., Friedmann Y., Lubbe K., Mortimer D., Rasmussen L.A., and Godke R.A. The live birth of an eland (Taurotragus oryx) calf following estrous synchronization and artificial insemination using frozen thawed epididymal sperm. Theriogenology 55 (2001) 381
39. Jabbour H.N., Argo C.M., Brinklow B.R., Loudon A.S.I., and Hooton J. Conception rates following intrauterine insemination of European (Dama dama dama) fallow deer does with fresh or frozen-thawed Mesopotamian (Dama dama mesopotamica) fallow deer spermatozoa. J Zool (London) 230 (1993) 379-384
40. Asher G.W., Adam J.L., Otway W., Bowmar P., van Reenan G., Mackintosh C.G., et al. Hybridization of Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) by artificial insemination. J Zool (London) 215 (1988) 197-203
41. Fennessy P.F., Tate M.L., and Johnstone P.D. Hybridisation between red deer (Cervus elaphus) and other deer species. Proc Assoc Adv Anim Breed Genet 9 (1991) 469-472
42. Fennessy P.F., Mackintosh C.G., Shackell G.H., and Whaanga A.J. Artificial insemination and synchronised natural breeding in Red deer. Proc NZ Soc Anim Prod 51 (1991) 327-331
43. Argo C.M., Jabbour H.N., Goddard P.J., Webb R., and Loudon A.S.I. Superovulation in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and Père David's (Elaphurus davidianus), and fertilization rates following artificial insemination with Père David's deer semen. J Reprod Fertil 100 (1994) 629-636
44. Tate M.L., Goosen G.J., Patene H., Pearse A.J., McEwan K.M., and Fennessy P.F. Genetic analysis of Père David's × red deer interspecies hybrids. J Hered 88 (1997) 361-365
45. Willard S.T., Hughes D.M., Bringans M., Sasser R.G., White D.R., Jaques J.T., et al. Artificial insemination, hybridization and pregnancy detection in sika deer (Cervus nippon). Theriogenology 46 (1996) 779-789
46. Muir P.D., Semiadi G., Asher G.W., Broad T.E., Tate M.L., and Barry T.N. Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) × red deer (C. elaphus) interspecies hybrids. J Hered 88 (1997) 366-372
47. Wolfe B.A., Kamolnorranath S., Dumnui S., Lochachit C., Sukwongs Y., Armstrong D., et al. Conserving and using the genetics of the wild cattle of southeast Asia. Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet (1997) 274-275
48. Krzywinski A., and Jaczewski Z. Observations on the artificial breeding of red deer. Symp Zool Soc Lond 43 (1978) 271-287
49. Curlewis J.D., Louden A.S.I., and Coleman A.P.M. Oestrous cycles and the breeding season of the Père David's deer hind (Elaphurus davidanus). J Reprod Fertil 82 (1988) 119-126
50. Wemmer C., and Grodinsky C. Reproduction in captive female brow-antlered deer (Cervus eldi thamin). J Mammal 69 (1988) 389-393
51. Hosack D.A., Miller K.V., Ware L.H., Mashburn K.L., Morrow C.J., Williamson L.R., et al. Stag exposure advances the LH surge and behavioral estrus in Eld's deer hinds after CIDR device synchronization of estrus. Theriogenology 51 (1999) 1333-1342
52. Ropstad E., Kindahl H., Nilsen T.A.B., Forsberg M., Sire J.E., Pedersen O., et al. The effect of cloprostenol in non-pregnant and pregnant Norwegian semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.). Anim Reprod Sci 43 (1996) 205-219
53. Macmillan K.L., and Curnow R.J. Tailpainting: a simple form of oestrous detection in New Zealand dairy herds. NZ J Expt Ag 5 (1977) 357-361
54. Xu Z.Z., McKnight D.J., Vishwanath R., Pitt C.J., and Burton L.J. Estrus detection using radiotelemetry or visual observation and tail painting for dairy cows on pasture. J Dairy Sci 81 (1998) 2890-2896
55. Rorie R.W., Bilby T.R., and Lester T.D. Application of electronic estrus detection technologies to reproductive management of cattle. Theriogenology 57 (2002) 137-148
56. Godfrey R.W., Lunstra D.D., French J.A., Schwartz J., Armstrong D.L., and Simmons L.G. Estrous synchronization in the gaur (Bos gaurus): behavior and fertility to artificial insemination after prostaglandin treatment. Zoo Biol 10 (1991) 35-41
57. Mylrea G.E., English A.W., Mulley R.C., and Evans G. Artificial insemination of farmed chital deer. In: Brown R.D. (Ed). The biology of deer (1992), Springer-Verlag, New York 334-337
58. Bowers S.D., Brown C.G., Strauch T.A., Gandy B.S., Neuendorff D.A., Randel R.D., et al. Artificial insemination following observational versus electronic methods of estrus detection in red deer hinds (Cervus elaphus). Theriogenology 62 (2004) 652-663
59. Dott H.M., and Utsi M.N.P. Artificial insemination of Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). J Zool (London) 170 (1973) 505-508
60. Haigh J.C., Cranfield M., and Sasser R.G. Estrus synchronization and pregnancy diagnosis in red deer. J Zoo Anim Med 19 (1988) 202-207
61. Morrow CJ. Studies on the reproductive biology of the female Scimitar-horned Oryx (Oryx dammah). PhD thesis, George Mason University Virginia, USA; 1997. p. 143.
62. Magyar S.J., Biediger T., Hodges C., Kraemer D.C., and Seager S.W.J. A method of artificial insemination in captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Theriogenology 31 (1989) 1075-1080
63. Shaw H.J., Green D.I., Sainsbury A.W., and Holt W.V. Monitoring ovarian function in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) by measurement of fecal 20α-progestagen metabolites. Zoo Biol 14 (1995) 239-250
64. Rowson L.E.A., Tervit H.R., and Brand A. The use of prostaglandins for synchronization of estrus in cattle. J Reprod Fertil 29 (1972) 145
65. Cooper M.J., and Rowson L.E.A. Control of the estrus cycle in Friesan heifers with ICI 80996. Ann Biol Anim Biochem Biophys 15 (1975) 427
66. Jackson P.S., Johnson C.T., Furr B.J., and Beattie J.F. Influence of stage of oestrous cycle on the time to oestrus following cloprostenol treatment in the bovine. Theriogenology 12 (1979)
67. 2α-a fertility drug in dairy cattle?. Theriogenology 18 (1982) 245-253
68. Lucy M.C., McDougall S., and Nation D.P. The use of hormonal treatments to improve the reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows in feedlot or pasture-based management systems. Anim Reprod Sci 82-83 (2004) 495-512
69. Lane E.A., Austin E.J., and Crowe M.A. Oestrous synchronisation in cattle-current options following the EU regulations restricting use of oestrogenic compounds in food producing animals: a review. Anim Reprod Sci (2008) 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.08.009
70. Macmillan K.L., Segwagwe B.V., and Pino C.S. Associations between the manipulation of patterns of follicular development and fertility in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 78 (2003) 327-344
71. Fisher M.W., Fennessy P.F., and Davis G.H. A note on the induction of ovulation in lactating red deer hinds prior to the breeding season. Anim Prod 49 (1989) 134-138
72. Quinn-Walsh E.C., Wellby M., Ridgway M.J., and Barrell G.K. Artificial insemination of red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds late in the breeding season. Proc NZ Soc Anim Prod 68 (2008) 12-15
73. Asher G.W., and Smith J.D. Induction of oestrus and ovulation in farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) by using progesterone and PMSG treatment. J Reprod Fertil 81 (1987) 113-118
74. Jabbour H.N., Veldhuizen F.A., Green G., and Asher G.W. Endocrine responses and conception rates in fallow deer (Dama dama) following oestrous synchronisation and cervical insemination with fresh or frozen-thawed spermatozoa. J Reprod Fertil 98 (1993) 495-502
75. Morrow C.J., Asher G.W., Smith J.F., Jabbour H.N., Mulley R.C., and McLeay L.M. Seasonal effects on the efficiency of intravaginal CIDR devices for oestrous synchronisation of farmed fallow deer (Dama dama). Proc NZ Soc Anim Prod 52 (1992) 165-169
76. Mulley R.C., Moore N.W., and English A.W. Successful uterine insemination of fallow deer with fresh and frozen semen. Theriogenology 29 (1988) 1149-1153
77. Umapathy G., Sontakke S.D., Reddy A., and Shivaji S. Seasonal variations in semen characteristics, semen cryopreservation, estrus synchronization, and successful artificial insemination in the spotted deer (Axis axis). Theriogenology 67 (2007) 1371-1378
78. Fisher M.W., Asher G.W., Meikle L.M., and Newman R.E. Cloprostenol-induced luteolysis in the red deer hind: the effects of age, dose, number of corpora lutea and the later stages of the oestrous cycle. Anim Reprod Sci 35 (1994) 99-109
79. Asher G.W., Fisher M.W., Berg D.K., Veldhuizen F.A., and Morrow C.J. Luteolytic potency of prostaglandin analogue at different stages of the oestrous cycle in the red deer (Cervus elaphus) hind. J Reprod Fertil 103 (1995) 307-314
80. Glover GJ. Aspects of reproductive physiology of female Wapiti. MSc thesis, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Canada; 1985.
81. Asher G.W., and Thompson J.G.E. Plasma progesterone and LH concentrations during oestrous synchronization in female fallow deer (Dama dama). Anim Reprod Sci 129 (1989) 143-153
82. Haigh J.C. Artificial insemination of two white-tailed deer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185 (1984) 1446-1447
83. Magyar S.J., Hodges C., Seager S.W.J., and Kraemer D.C. Successful nonsurgical embryo collection with surgical transfer in captive white-tailed deer. Theriogenology 29 (1988) 273
84. Haigh J.C., Shadbolt M.P., and Glover G.J. Artificial insemination of wapiti (Cervus elaphus). Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet (1984) 173
85. Asher G.W., Scott I.C., O'Neill K.T., Smith J.F., Inskeep E.K., and Townsend E.C. Ultrasonographic monitoring of antral follicle development in red deer (Cervus elaphus). J Reprod Fertil 111 (1997) 91-99
86. McLeod B.J., Meikle L.M., Fisher M.W., Manley T.R., Heath D.A., and McNatty K.P. Variation in antral follicle development during the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle in red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds. Reproduction 121 (2001) 697-705
87. Asher G.W., Scott I.C., Mockett B.G., O'Neill K.T., Diverio S., Inskeep E.K., et al. Ultrasonographic monitoring of ovarian function during the oestrous cycle of fallow deer (Dama dama). In: Zomborsky Z. (Ed). Advances in deer biology (1999), Pannon University of Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Science, Kaposvar, Hungary 148-152
88. McCorkell R.B., MacDougall L., and Adams G.P. Ovarian follicle development in wapiti (Cervus elaphus) during the anovulatory season. Theriogenology 61 (2004) 473-483
89. McCorkell R., Woodbury M., and Adams G.P. Ovarian follicular and luteal dynamics in wapiti during the estrous cycle. Theriogenology 65 (2006) 540-556
90. Raphael B.L., Loskutoff N.M., Howard J.G., Wolfe B.A., Nemec L.A., Schiewe M.C., et al. Embryo transfer and artificial insemination in Suni (Neotragus moschatus zuluensis). Theriogenology 31 (1989) 244
91. Schiewe M.C., Bush M., Phillips L.G., Citino S., and Wildt D.E. Comparative aspects of estrus synchronization, ovulation induction, and embryo cryopreservation in the scimitar-horned oryx, bongo, eland, and greater kudu. J Exp Zool 258 (1991) 75-88
92. Loskutoff N.M., Raphael B.L., Nemec L.A., Wolfe B.A., Howard J.G., and Kraemer D.C. Reproductive anatomy, manipulation of ovarian activity and non-surgical embryo recovery in suni (Neotragus moschatus zuluensis). J Reprod Fertil 88 (1990) 521-532
93. Densmore M.A., Bowen M.J., Magyar S.J., Amoss M.S., Robinson R.M., Harms P.G., et al. Artificial insemination with frozen, thawed semen and pregnancy diagnosis in Addax (Addax nasomaculatus). Zoo Biol 6 (1987) 21-29
94. Armstrong D.L., Looney C.R., Lindsey B.R., Gonseth C.L., Johnson D.L., Williams K.R., et al. Transvaginal egg retieval and in vitro embryo production in gaur (Bos gaurus) with establishment of interspecies pregnancy. Theriogenology 43 (1995) 162
95. Loskutoff N.M., Armstrong D.L., Ohlrichs C.L., Johnson D.L., Funk D.J., VanRoekel P.V., et al. Transvaginal, ultrasound-guided oocyte retrevial and the developmental competence of in vitro-produced embryos in vitro and in vivo in the gaur (Bos gaurus). Theriogenology 53 (2000) 337
96. Hammer C.J., Tyler H.D., Loskutoff N.M., Armstrong D.L., Funk D.J., Lindsey B.R., et al. Compromised development of calves (Bos gaurus) derived from in vitro-generated embryos and transferred interspecifically into domestic cattle (Bos taurus). Theriogenology 55 (2001) 1447-1455
97. Asa C.S., Bauman K.L., Houston E.W., Fischer M.T., Junge R.E., and Krisher R.L. Transvaginal oocyte retrieval and in vitro maturation, fertilization and embryo culture in addax (Addax nasomaculatus). Theriogenology 49 (1998) 261
98. Hall-Woods M., Asa C., Bauman K., Houston E., Fischer M., Junge R., et al. Timing of in vitro maturation of oocytes in addax (Addax nasomaculatus). Theriogenology 51 (1999) 286
99. Pickard A.R., Abaigar T., Green D.I., Holt W.V., and Cano M. Hormonal characterization of the reproductive cycle and pregnancy in the female Mohor gazelle (Gazella dama mhorr). Reproduction 122 (2001) 571-580
100. Bowen J.M., and Barrell G.K. Duration of the oestrous cycle and changes in plasma hormone concentrations measured after an induced ovulation in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). J Zool (London) 238 (1996) 137-148
101. Thompson K.V., and Monfort S.L. Synchronization of oestrous cycles in sable antelope. Anim Reprod Sci 57 (1999) 185-197
102. Penfold L.M., Monfort S.L., Wolfe B.A., Citino S.B., and Wildt D.E. Reproductive physiology and artificial insemination studies in wild and captive gerenuk (Litocranius walleri walleri). Reprod Fertil Dev 17 (2005) 707-714
103. Durrant B.S. Reproductive studies of the oryx. Zoo Biol 2 (1983) 191-197
104. Gandolf A.R., Kouba A.J., Wolfe B.A., Johnson C.J., Atkinson M.W., Blumer E.S., et al. Preliminary findings on estrus synchronization and artificial insemination of fringe-eared oryx (Oryx gazella callotis). Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet (2002) 405-408
105. Pope C.E., Gelwicks E.J., Burton L.J., Reece R., and Dresser B.L. Nonsurgical embryo transfer in the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah): birth of a live offspring. Zoo Biol 10 (1991) 43-51
106. Morrow C.J., and Monfort S.L. Ovarian activity in Scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) determined by faecal steroid analysis. Anim Reprod Sci 53 (1998) 191-207
107. 2α on ovarian cycle dynamics in addax, Addax nasomaculatus. Biol Reprod 62 Suppl. 1 (2000) 176
108. Boever J., Knox D., Merilan C.P., and Read B.W. Estrus induction and artificial insemination with successful pregnancy in Speke's gazelle. Proceedings of the 9th international congress on animal reproduction and AI. Madrid, Spain (1980) 565-570
109. Kramer L., Dresser B.L., Pope C.E., Dahlhausen R.D., and Reed G. Collection, transfer and cryopreservation of African eland (Taurotragus oryx) embryos. Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet (1982) 129-131
110. Dresser B.L., Pope C.E., Kramer L., Kuehn G., Dahlhausen R.D., and Thomas W.D. Superovulation of bongo antelope (Tragelaphus euryceros) and interspecies embryo transfer to African eland antelope (Tragelaphus oryx). Theriogenology 21 (1984) 232
111. Gelwicks E.J., Pope C.E., Gillespie D.G., Burton M.S., and Dresser B.L. Embryo collection, splitting and transfer in the common eland (Tragelaphus oryx). Theriogenology 31 (1989) 196
112. Wirtu G., Pope C.E., Paccamonti D.L., Godke R.A., and Dresser B.L. Ultrasonographic-guided retrieval and in vitro maturation of eland (Taurotragus oryx) and bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci) antelope oocytes. Anim Reprod Sci (2008) 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.02.017
113. Dresser B.L., Pope C.E., Kramer L., Kuehn G., Dahlhausen R.D., Maruska E.J., et al. Birth of bongo antelope (Tragelaphus euryceros) to eland antelope (Tragelaphus oryx) and cryopreservation of bongo embryos. Theriogenology 23 (1985) 190
114. Stover J., Evans J., and Dolensek E.P. Inter species embryo transfer from the gaur to domestic holstein. Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet (1981) 122-124
115. Morrow C.J., Wildt D.E., and Monfort S.L. Reproductive seasonality in the female scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Anim Conserv 2 (1999) 261-268
116. Thompson K.V., Mashburn K.L., and Monfort S.L. Characterization of estrous cyclicity in the sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) through fecal progestagen monitoring. Gen Comp Endocrinol 112 (1998) 129-137
117. Asa C.S., Houston E.W., Fischer M.T., Bauman J.E., Hagberg P.K., and Read B.W. Ovulatory cycles and anovulatory periods in the addax (Addax nasomaculatus). J Reprod Fertil 107 (1996) 119-124
118. Santiago-Moreno J., Gomez-Brunet A., Gonzalez-Bulnes A., Malpaux B., Chemineau P., Pulido-Pastor A., et al. Seasonal ovulatory activity and plasma prolactin concentrations in the Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) maintained in captivity. Reprod Nutr Dev 43 (2003) 217-224
119. Asa C.S., Read B., Houston E.W., Gross T., Parfet J., and Boever W.J. Serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations during the ovulatory cycle and pregnancy in Banteng cattle (Bos javanicus). Theriogenology 39 (1993) 1367-1376
120. Mylrea GE. Natural and artificial breeding of farmed chital deer (Axis axis) in Australia. PhD thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; 1992.
121. Monfort S.L., Wemmer C., Kepler T.H., Bush M., Brown J.L., and Wildt D.E. Monitoring ovarian function and pregnancy in Eld's deer (Cervus eldi thamin) by evaluating urinary steroid metabolite excretion. J Reprod Fertil 88 (1991) 271-281
122. Killeen I.D., and Caffery M.G.J. Uterine insemination of ewes with the aid of a laparoscope. Aust Vet J 59 (1982) 95
123. Fennessy P.F., Mackintosh C.G., and Shackell G.H. Artificial insemination of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus). Anim Prod 51 (1990) 613-621
124. Willard S.T., Neuendorff D.A., Lewis A.W., and Randel R.D. A comparison of transvaginal artificial insemination procedures for use in commercially farmed deer. Small Rumin Res 44 (2002) 135-140
125. Johnston S.D., McGowan M.R., and Blyde D. Birth of a Banteng (Bos javanicus) calf at Western Plains Zoo after fixed time artificial insemination. Aust Vet J 80 (2002) 94-95
126. Wirtu G., Cole A., Pope C.E., Short C.R., Godke R.A., and Dresser B.L. Behavioral training and hydraulic chute restraint enables handling of eland antelope (Taurotragus oryx) without general anesthesia. J Zoo Wildl Med 36 (2005) 1-11
127. Dobson H., and Smith R.F. Stress and reproduction in farm animals. J Reprod Fertil 49 (1995) 451-461
128. Phogat J.B., Smith R.F., and Dobson H. The influence of stress on neuroendocrine control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Vet Bull 67 (1997) 551-567
129. Blumer E.S., and deMaar T.W. Manual restraint systems for the management of non-domestic hoofstock. Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet (1993) 156-159
130. Read B.W., Williams B., and Christman J. Restraint devices for management and research procedures for ungulates. Int Zoo Yb 32 (1993) 148-154
131. Blumer E.S. A review of the use of selected neuroleptic drugs in the management of nondomestic hoofstock. Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet (1991) 333-339
132. Weiss R.B., Whitacre M.D., Turner J.A., Penfold L.M., and Wolfe B.A. Effect of fluphenazine decanoate on reproductive cyclicity and cortisol levels in central Chinese goral (Naemorrhedus goral). Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet (2007) 180
133. Schwarzenberger F. The many uses of non-invasive faecal steroid monitoring in zoo and wildlife species. Int Zoo Yb 41 (2007) 52-74
134. Roth T.L., O'Brien J.K., McRae M.A., Bellum A.C., Romo S.J., Kroll J.L., et al. Ultrasound and endocrine evaluation of the ovarian cycle and early pregnancy in the Sumatran rhinoceros, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis. Reproduction 121 (2001) 139-149
135. Asher GW. Studies on the reproduction of farmed fallow deer (Dama dama). PhD thesis, Lincoln College, University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand; 1986. p. 330.
136. Sreenan J.M., and Diskin M.G. The extent and timing of embryonic mortality in cattle. In: Sreenan J.M., and Diskin M.G. (Eds). Embryonic mortality in farm animals (1986), MartinusNijhoff, CEC, Brussels, Belgium 142-158
137. Hanrahan JP. Effect of selection for increased litter size on ovulation rate and embryo survival in sheep. Proc. British Soc. Animal Production, Winter Meeting. Scarborough, UK; 1990. Paper no. 32.
138. Hanrahan JP. Embryo survival in small ruminants: incidence and sources of variation. 45th Annual Meeting European Association of Animal Production. Edinburgh, Sheep and Goat Commission, Session 2; 1994.
139. Silke V., Diskin M.G., Kenny D.A., Boland M.P., Dillion P., Mee J.F., et al. Extent, pattern and factors associated with late embryonic loss in dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 15 (2001) 1-12
140. Horan B., Mee J.F., Rath M., O'Connor P., and Dillon P. The effect of strain of Holstein-Friesian cow and feeding system on reproductive performance in seasonal-calving milk production systems. Anim Sci 79 (2004) 453-467
141. Romano J.E., Thompson J.A., Kraemer D.C., Westhusin M.E., Forrest D.W., and Tomaszweski M.A. Early pregnancy diagnosis by palpation per rectum on embryo/fetus viability in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 66 (2006) 667
142. Pursley J.R., Silcox R.W., and Wiltbank M.C. Effect of time of artificial insemination on pregnancy rates, calving rates, pregnancy loss and gender ratio after synchronization of ovulation in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 81 (1998) 2139-2144
143. Diskin M.G., Murphy J.J., and Sreenan J.M. Embryo survival in dairy cows managed under pastoral conditions. Anim Reprod Sci 96 (2006) 297-311
144. Wall E., Brotherstone S., Kearney J.F., Wolliams J.A., and Coffey M.P. Effect of including inbreeding, heterosis and recombination loss in prediction of breeding values for fertility tracts. Interbull Bull 31 (2003) 117-121
145. Cassell B.G., Adamec V., and Pearson R.E. Maternal and fetal inbreeding depression for 70-day nonreturn and calving rate in Holsteins and Jerseys. J Dairy Sci 86 (2003) 2977-2983
146. Diskin M.G., and Morris D.G. Embryonic and early fetal losses in cattle and other ruminants. Reprod Dom Anim 43 Suppl. 2 (2008) 260-267
147. Junior S.M., Armstrong D.L., Hopkins S.H., Simmons L.G., Schiewe M.C., and Gross T.S. Semen cryopreservation and the first successful artificial insemination of gaur (Bos gaurus). Theriogenology 33 (1990) 262