Permian to Triassic geodynamic and magmatic evolution of the Brescian Prealps (eastern Lombardy, Italy)

Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana

Volumn 127, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 501-518

  Cassinis, G ^a   Cortesogno, L ^b   Gaggero, L ^b   Perotti, C R ^a   Buzzi, L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Brescian prealps; Geodynamic evolution; Magmatic activity; Permian; Stratigraphic record; Triassic

Indexed keywords

EID: 56549124833     PISSN: 00378763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (104)

1. ALLASINAZ A. (1966) - Il Trias in Lombardia (Studi geologici e paleontologici). XVIII. La fauna a Lamellibranchi delle Julico (Carnico medio). Riv. It. Paleont. Stratigr., 74, 609-752.
2. ARMIENTI P., CORAZZATO C, GROPPELLI G., NATOLI E. & PASQUARÉ G. (2003) - Geological and petrographical study of Montecampione Triassic subvolcanic bodies (Southern Alps, Italy): preliminary geodynamic results. In: DECANDIA F.A., CASSINIS G. & SPINA A. (guest eds.), Spec. Proc on «Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic events of Mediterranean Europe, and additional regional reports», April 30th-May 7th 2001, Siena (Italy). Boll. Soc. Geol. It., vol. spec., 2, 67-78.
3. ARTHAUD F. & MATTE P. (1977) - Late Paleozoic strike-slip faulting in southern Europe and northern Africa: result of a right-lateral shear zone between the Appalachians and the Urals. Geol. Soc. America Bull., 88, 1305-1320.
4. ASSERETO R. & CASATI P. (1965) - Revisione della stratigrafia PermoTriassica della Val Camonica meridionale (Lombardia). Riv. It. Paleont. Stratigr., 71, 999-1097.
5. BARGOSSI G.M., DI BATTISTINI G., GASPAROTTO G., VERCESI P.L. & GUALTIERI S. (1993) - The Permian volcano-sedimentary sequenze of the Tione Basin (Val Rendeva, Trento, N Italy). Mineral. Petrogr. Acta, 36, 19-33.
6. BECHSTÄDT T., BRANDNER R., MOSTLER H. & SCHMIDT K. (1978) - Aborted rifting in the Triassic of the Eastern and Southern Alps. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont., Abh., 156, 157-178.
7. BERTOTTI G., PICOTTI V., BERNOULLI D. & CASTELLARIN A. (1993) - From rifting to drifting: tectonic evolution of the South-Alpine upper crust from the Triassic to the Early Cretaceous. Sediment. Geol., 86, 53-76.
8. BODINIER J.L., BURG J.P., LEYRELOUP A. & VIDAL H. (1988) - Réliques d'un bassin d'arc subducté puis obducté dans la région de Marvejols (Massif Central). Bull. Soc Géol. France, 8, 21-33.
9. 2 estimates of Mt. Monzoni complex (Central Dolomites, Southern Alps): a Triassic shoshonitic intrusion in a transcurrent geodynamic setting. Europ. J. Mineral., 6, 943-966.
10. BOUCHARDON J.-L., SANTALLIER D., BRIAND B., MÉNOT R.-P. & PIBOULE M. (1989) - Eclogites in the French Palaeozoic Orogen: geodynamic significance. Tectonophysics, 169, 317-322.
11. BRACK P. & RIEBER H. (1993) - Towards a better definition of the Anisian/Ladinian boundary: New biostratigraphic data and correlations of boundary sections from the Southern Alps. Eclogae Geol. Helv., 86, 415-527.
12. BREITKREUZ C., CASSINIS G., CHECCHIA C., CORTESOGNO L. & GAGGERO L. (2001a) - Volcanism and associated sub-lacustrine crystal-rich mass-flow deposits in the Early Permian Collio Basin (Italian Alps). In: CASSINIS G. (ed.), Permian continental deposits of Europe and other areas. Regional reports and correlations. «Natura Bresciana», Ann. Mus. Civ. Sci. Nat. Brescia, Monogr. 25, 73-81.
13. BREITKREUZ C., CORTESOGNO L. & GAGGERO L. (2001b) - Crystal-rich mass flow deposits related to the eruption of a sublacustrine silicic cryptodome (Early Permian Collio Basin, Italian Alps). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 114, 373-390.
14. BRIAND B., PIBOULE M. & BOUCHARDON J.L. (1988) - Diversité géochimique des metabasites des Groupes Leptyno-Amphiboliques du Rouergue et de Marvejols (Massif Central): origine et implications. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 8, 489-498.
15. BRUSCA C., GAETANI M., JADOUL F. & VIEL G. (1982) - Paleogeografia Ladino-Camica e metallogenesi nel Sudalpino. Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 22, 65-82.
16. CADEL G. (1986) - Geology and Uranium mineralization of the Collio Basin (Central Southern Alps, Italy). Uranium, 2, 215-540.
17. CADEL G., COSI M., PENNACCHIONI G. & SPALLA M.I. (1996) - A new map of the Permo-Carboniferous cover and Variscan metamorphic basement in the central Orobic Alps, Southern Alps-Italy: structural and stratigraphical data. Mem. Sci. Geol., Padova, 48, 1-53.
18. CARMIGNANI L., CAROSI R., DI PISA A., GATTIGLIO M., MUSUMECI G., OGGIANO G. & PERTUSATI P.C. (1994) - The Hercynian chain in Sardinia. Geodin. Acta, 7, 31-47.
19. CASSINIS G. (1964) - Una faglia saaliana neue Prealpi bresciane e la sua importanza nei riguardi della stratigrafia permiana. Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 83, 273-283.
20. CASSINIS G. & PEROTTI C.R. (1994) - Interazione strutturale permiana tra la Linea delle Giudicarie ed i Bacini di Collio, Tione e Tregiovo (Sudalpino centrale, N Italia). Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 112 (1993), 1021-1036.
21. nd September, 1995. Warszawa, Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego CLVII, Part 2, 25-32.
22. CASSINIS G. & ZEZZA U. (1982) - Dati geologici e petrografici sui prodotti del magmatismo triassico delle Prealpi Bresciane. In: CA-STELLARIN A. & VAI G.B. (eds.), Guida alla geologia del Sudalpino centro-orientale, Bologna, Guide Reg. Soc. Geol. It., 157-171.
23. CASSINIS G., ORIGONI-GIOBBI E. & PEYRONEL-PAGLIANI G. (1975) - Osservazioni geologiche e petrografiche sul Permiano della bassa Val Caffaro (Lombardia orientale). Atti Ist. Geol. Univ. Pavia, 25, 17-71.
24. CASSINIS G., TOUTIN-MORIN N. & VIRGILI C. (1995) - A General Outline of the Permian Continental Basins in Southwestern Europe. In: SCHOLLE P.A., PERYT T.M. & ULMER-SCHOLLE D.S. (eds.), The Permian of Northern Pangea. Sedimentary Basins and Economic Resources, Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, Vol. 2, 2137-2157.
25. CASSINIS G., PEROTTI C.R. & VENTURINI C. (1997) - Examples of late Hercynian transtensional tectonics in the Southern Alps (Italy). In: DICKINS J.M., YANG Z.Y., YIN H.F., LUCAS S.G. & ACHARYYA S.K (eds.), Late Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic Circum-Pacific Events and Their Global Correlation. Cambridge Univ. Press, World and Regional Geol. Ser., 10, 41-50.
26. CASSINIS G., NICOSIA U., PITTAU P. & RONCHI A. (2002) - Palaeontological and radiometric data from the Permian continental deposits of the central-eastern Southern Alps (Italy), and their stratigraphic implications. In: DEROIN J.-P. (ed.), Entre Laurussia et Gondwana. Le Permien d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord. Actes de la 14ème journée thémat. de l'A.G.P., Paris, Colegio de Espana, 18 juin 1999, Rèun. àla mém. de Nadège Toutin-Morin. Mém. de l'Association des Géologues du Permien, no 2, 53-74.
27. CASSINIS G., DURAND M. & RONCHI A. (2007) - Remarks on the Permian-Triassic transition in Central and Eastern Lombardy (Southern Alps, Italy). J. Iberian Geol., 33, 143-162.
28. CASTELLARIN A. & ROSSI P.L. (1980) - Southern Alps: an aborted Middle Triassic chain. Giorn. Geol., 43, 313-326.
29. CASTELLARIN A., LUCCHINI F., ROSSI P.L., SIMBOLI G., BOSELLINI A. & SOMMAVILLA E. (1980) - Middle magmatism in Southern Alps. II. a geodymanic model. Riv. It. Paleont. Stratigr., 85, 1111-1124.
30. COCHERIE A., ROSSI P., FOUILLAC A.M. & VIDAL P. (1994) - Relative importance of recycled- and mantle-derived material in granitoid genesis: an example from the Variscan batholith of Corsica studied by trace element and Nd-Sr-O isotope systematics. Chem. Geol., 115, 137-211.
31. CORAZZATO C. & GROPPELLI G. (2004) - Depth, geometry and emplacement of sills to laccoliths and their host-rock relationships: Montecampione group, Southern Alps, Italy. In: BREITKREUZ C. & PETFORD N. (eds.), Physical Geology of High-Level Magmatic Systems, Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 234, 175-194.
32. CORAZZATO C., GROPPELLI G., NATOLI E. & PASQUARÉ G. (2001) - // Gruppo di Montecampione: Stratigrafia dei Corpi Subvulcanici Triassici tra la Val Camonica e la Val Trompia. Atti Ticin. Sci. Terra, Pavia, 42, 141-152.
33. CORTESOGNO L. & GAGGERO L. (1999) - 3. Permian volcanism: 3.1. Volcanic activity and petrographic features. In: CASSINIS G., CORTESOGNO L., GAGGERO L., MASSARI F., NERI C., NICOSIA U., PITTAU P. (Co-ordinators), Stratigraphy and facies of the Permian deposits between eastern Lombardy and the western Dolomites. Field Trip Guidebook, 23-25 Sept. 1999, Part II-Excursion 1, 60-61, Earth Sci. Dept., Univ. Pavia.
34. CORTESOGNO L., DALLAGIOVANNA G., GAGGERO L. & VANOSSI M. (1993) - Elements of the Palaeozoic History of the Ligurian Alps. In: VON RAUMER J.F. & NEUBAUER F. (eds.), Pre-Mesozoic Geology in the Alps, Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 257-277.
35. CORTESOGNO L., CASSINIS G., DALLAGIOVANNA G., GAGGERO L., OGGIANO G., RONCHI A., SENO S. & VANOSSI M. (1998) - The post-Variscan volcanism in the Late Carboniferous-Permian sequences of Ligurian Alps, Southern Alps and Sardinia. Lithos, 45, 305-328.
36. COX K.G. (1980) - A model for flood basalt vulcanism. J. Petrol., 21, 629-650.
37. CRISCI C.M., FERRARA G., MAZZUOLI R. & ROSSI P.M. (1984) - Geochemical and geochronological data on Triassic volcanism of the Southern Alps of Lombardy (Italy): genetic implications. Geol. Rdsch., 73, 279-292.
38. D'AMICO C. & MOTTANA A. (1976) - Hercynian plutonism in the Alps a report 1973-74. Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 13/suppl., 1, 49-118.
39. DAL PIAZ G.V. & MARTIN S. (1998) - Evoluzione litosferica e magmatismo nel dominio Austro-Sudalpino dall'orogenesi varisica al rifting mesozoico. Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 53, 43-62.
40. DE CAPITANI L. & MORONI M. (1982) - // microgabbro in Val Cavallina (Pezzaze, Prealpi bresciane): caratteri chimici e mineralogici. Rend. Fis. Accad. Lincei, Roma, ser., 9 (3), 139-149.
41. DE PAOLO D.J. (1981) - Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wall-rock assimilation and fractional crystallization. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 53, 189-202.
42. DEROIN J.P. & BONIN B. (2003) - Late Variscan tectonomagmatic activity in Werstern Europe and surrounding areas: the Mid-Permian Episode. In: DECANDIA F.A., CASSINIS G. & SPINA A. (Guest eds.), Spec. Proc on «Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic events of Mediterranean Europe, and additional regional reports», April 30th-May 7th 2001, Siena (Italy). Boll Soc. Geol. It., vol. spec., 2, 169-184.
43. DI BATTISTINI G., GALLO F., GIAMMETTI F. & VERNIA L. (1990) - Permian andesites from Val d'Isarco and Val di Funes volcanic sequence (Bolzano, Northern Italy). Mineral. Petrogr. Acta, 32 (1989), 123-137.
44. DOGLIONI C. (1984) - Tettonica triassica transpressiva nelle Dolomiti. Giorn. Geol., 46, 47-60.
45. DOGLIONI C. (1987) - Tectonics of the Dolomites (Southern Alps, Northern Italy). J. Struct. Geol., 9, 181-193.
46. DOSTAL J., DUPUY C., CARRON J.P., DEKERNEIZON M.L. & MAURY R.C (1983) - Partition- Coefficients of Trace-Elements-Application to Volcanic-Rocks of St-Vincent, West-Indies. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 525-533.
47. FAURE G. (1986) - Principles of isotope geology. John Wiley and Sons, 589 pp.
48. FERRARA G. & INNOCENTI F. (1974) - Radiometric age evidences of a thermal event in the Southern Alps. Geol. Rdsch., 63, 572-581.
49. FLOYD P.A. & WINCHESTER J.A. (1975) - Magma-type and tectonic setting discrimination using immobile elements. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 27, 211-218.
50. FUJIMAKI H., TATSUMOTO M. & AOKI K.-I. (1984) - Partition coefficients of Hf, Zr, and REE between phenocrysts and groundmasses. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 662-672.
51. GARZANTI E., GNACCOLINI M. & JADOUL F. (1995) - Anatomy of a semiarid coastal system: the Upper Carnian of Lombardy (Italy). Riv. It. Paleont. Stratigr., 101, 17-36.
52. GEBAUER D., WILLIAMS I.S., COMPSTON W. & GRUNENFELDER M. (1988) - Archean zircons in a retrograded, Caledonian eclogite of the Gotthard Massif (Central Alps, Switzerland). Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt., 68, 485-490.
53. GREEN T.H. (1982) - Anatexis of mafic crust and high pressure crystallization of andesite. In: THORPE R.S. (ed.), Andesites. Chichester, Wiley, 465-487.
54. HART S.R., BLUSZTAJN J., DICK H.J.B., MEYER P.S. & MUEHLENBACHS K. (1999) - The fingerprint of seawater circulation in a 500-meter section of ocean crust gabbros. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 4059-4080.
55. HASKIN M.A. & HASKIN L.A. (1966) - Rare earths in European shales: a redetermination. Science, 154, 507-509.
56. ITALIAN IGCP 203 GROUP (1986) - Permian and Permian-Triassic boundary in the South-Alpine segment of the western Tethys. Field Guide-Book. S.G.I, and I.G.C.P. Proj. 203 Field Conf., July 1986, Brescia, Italy. Pavia, Tipolitogr. Commerc Pavese, 180 pp.
57. JADOUL F., BERRA F., FRISIA S., RICCHIUTO T. & RONCHI P. (1992a) - Stratigraphy, paleogeography and genetic model of late Carnian carbonate breccias (Castro Formation, Lombardy, Italy). Riv. It. Paleont. Stratigr., 97 (1991), 355-392.
58. JADOUL F., BERRA F. & FRISIA S. (1992b) - Stratigraphic and paleogeografic evolution of a carbonate platform in an extensional tectonic regime: the example of the Dolomia Principale in Lombardy (Italy). Riv. It. Paleont. Stratigr., 98, 29-44.
59. JADOUL F., MASETTI D., CIRILLI S., BERRA F., CLAPS M. & FRISIA S. (1994) - Norian-Rhetian stratigraphy and paleogeographic evolution of the Lombardy Basin (Bergamasc Alps). In: 15 IAS Reg. Meet., Excursion B1, Ischia (Napoli), 5-38.
60. KAGAMI H., ULMER P., HANSMANN W., DIETRICH V. & STEIGER R.H. (1991) - Nd-Sr isotopic and geochemical characteristics of the Southern Adamello (Northern Italy) intrusives: implications for crustal versus mantle origin. J. Geophys. Res., 96 (B9), 14331-14346.
61. LIÉGEOIS J.P. & DUCHESNE J.C (1981) - The Lac Cornu retrograde eclogites (Aiguilles Rouges Massif, Western Alps, France): evidence of crustal origin and metasomatic alteration. Lithos, 14, 35-48.
62. LIEW T.C & HOFMANN A.W. (1988) - Precambrian crustal components, plutonio associations, plate environment of the Hercynian Fold Belt of central Europe: indications from a Nd and Sr isotopic study. Contr. Mineral. Petrol., 98, 129-138.
63. LUDWIG K.R. (1994) - Analyst. A computer program for control of a thermal-ionization single-collector mass-spectrometer. U.S. Geol. Surv., Open-file report, 129-138, 92-543.
64. MARINELLI M., VIEL G. & FARABEGOLI R. (1980) - // Permo-Trias delle Alpi Meridionali: evoluzione tardo-ercinica di un bacino marginale di retroarco sialico. Ind. Min., 6, 1-14.
65. MASSARI F. (1988) - Some thoughts on the Permo-Triassic evolution of the South-Alpine area (Italy). In: CASSINIS G. (ed.), Permian and Permian-Triassic boundary in the South-Alpine segment of the Western Tethys, and additional regional reports. Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 34 (1986), 179-188.
66. MASSARI F. & NERI C (1997) - The infill of a supradetachment basin: the continental to shallow-marine Upper Permian succession in the Dolomites and Camia (Italy). Sediment. Geol., 110, 181-221.
67. MASSARI F., NERI C., PITTAU P., FONTANA D. & STEFANI C. (1994) - Sedimentology, palynostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of a continental to shallow-marine rift-related succession: Upper Permian of the eastern Southern Alps (Italy). Mem. Sci. Geol., Padova, 46, 119-243.
68. MÉNOT R.-P. & PAQUETTE J.L. (1993) - Geodynamic significance of basic and bimodal magmatism in the external domain. In: VON RAUMER J.F. & NEUBAUER F. (eds.), Pre-Mesozoic Geology in the Alps, Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 241-254.
69. MESCHEDE M. (1986) - A method of discriminating between different types of mid-ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Ydiagram. Chem. Geol., 56, 207-218.
70. MIDDLEMOST E.A.K. (1975) - The basalt clan. Earth Sci. Rev., 11, 337-364.
71. MILLER C. & THONI M. (1995) - Origin of eclogues from the Austroalpine Otztal basement (Tirol, Austria): geochemistry and Sm-Nd vs Rb-Sr systematics. Chem. Geol., 122, 199-225.
72. MUTTONI G., KENT D.V., GARZANTI E., BRACK P., ABRAHAMSEN N. & GAETANI M. (2003) - Early Permian Pangea «B» to Late Permian Pangea «A». Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 215, 379-394.
73. NAKAMURA N. (1974) - Determination of REE, Ba, Fe, Mg, Na and K, in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 38, 757-775.
74. ORIGONI-GIOBBI E., PEYRONEL-PAGLIANI G. & ZANCHINI-CAMERINI R.M. (1979) - Contributo alla conoscenza chimico-petrografica delle vulcaniti permiane affioranti tra la Val Trompia e Ie Valli Giudicarie. Rend. Soc. It. Mineral. Petrol., 35, 277-298.
75. PAOUETTE J.L., MÉNOT R.-P. & PEUCAT J.J. (1989) - REE, Sm-Nd and U-Pb zircon study of eclogues from the Alpine External Massifs Western Alps: evidence for crustal contamination. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 9, 181-198.
76. PATCHETT P.L. (1980) - Thermal effects of basalt on continental crust and crustal contamination of magmas. Nature, 283, 559-561.
77. PEARCE J.A. (1982) - Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In: THORPE R.S. (ed.), Andesites. Chichester, Wiley, 525-548.
78. PEARCE J.A. & CANN J.R. (1973) - Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determining using trace element geochemistry of associated igneous host rocks. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 7, 14-24.
79. PEARCE J.A. & NORRY M.J. (1979) - Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y and Nb variations in volcanic rocks. Contr. Mineral. Petrol, 69, 33-47.
80. PEYRONEL-PAGLIANI G. (1965) - Studio petrografico delle vulcaniti della «Formazione di Collio» in alta Val Trompia (Brescia). Rend. 1st. Lomb. Sci. Lett., Cl. Mat., Fis., Chim., Geol., 99, 148-174.
81. PEYRONEL-PAGLIANI G. & CLERICI- RISARI E. (1973) - Le ignimbriti paleozoiche costituenti Ia formazione «Vulcaniti di Auccia» (Permico bresciano). Atti 1st. Geol. Univ. Pavia, 23, 160-169.
82. PRESTVIK T. & GALES G.G. (1985) - Comments on petrogeneses and the tectonic setting of Columbia River basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 72, 65-73.
83. PROST A.E. & BECQ-GIRAUDON J.F. (1989) - Evidence for mid-Permian compressive tectonic in Western Europe supported by comparison with the Alleghanian geodynamic evolution. Tectonophysics, 169, 333-340.
84. ROTTURA A., BARGOSSI G.M., CAGGIANELLI A., DEL MORO A., VISONÀ D. & TRANNE C.A. (1998) - Origin and significance of the Permian high-K calc-alkaline magmatism in the central-eastern Southern Alps, Italy. Lithos, 45, 329-348.
85. SCHALTEGGER U. & CORFU F. (1992) - The age and source of late Hercynian magmatism in the central Alps: evidence from precise U-Pb ages and initial Hf isotopes. Contr. Mineral. Petrol., 111, 329-344.
86. SCIUNNACH D. (2001) - The Lower Permian in the Orobic anticline (Southern Alps, Lombardy): a review based on new stratigraphic and petrographic data. Riv. It. Paleont. Stratig., 107, 47-68.
87. SLOMAN L.E. (1989) - Triassic shoshonites from the Dolomites, northern Italy: alkaline arc rocks in a strike-slip setting. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4655-4666.
88. STAMPFLI G.M. (1996) - The Intra-Alpine terrain: A Paleotethyan remnant in the Alpine Variscides. Eclogae Geol. HeIv., 89, 13-42.
89. STENGER R., BAATZ K., KLEIN H. & WIMMENAUER W. (1989) - Metamorphic evolution of the pre-Hercynian basement of the Schwarzwald Federal Republic of Germany. Tectonophysics, 157, 117-121.
90. STILLE P. & BULETTI M. (1987) - Nd-Sr isotopic characteristic of the Lugano volcanic rocks and constraints on the continental crust formation in the South Alpine domain (N Italy-Switzerland). Contr. Mineral. Petrol, 96, 140-150.
91. ULMER P. (1987) - Picrobasalts: a possible parental magma for calc-alkaline rocks: experimental, field and geochemical observations from the Adamello (northern Italy). (Abstract), Terra Cognita, 7, 356.
92. VAI G.B. & COCOZZA T. (1986) - Tentative schematic zonation of the Hercynian chain in Italy. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 8, 95-114.
93. VAVASSIS I., DE BONO A., STAMPFLI G.M., GIORGIS D., VALLOTON A. & AMELIN Y. (2000) - U-Pb and Ar-Ar geochronological data from the Pelagonian basement in Evia (Greece): geodynamic implications for the evolution of Paleotethys. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt., 80, 21-43.
94. VISONÀ D. (1982) - Plutonismo basico ercinico nel Sudalpino delle Alpi Orientali: primi dati per un modelte di tettonica a placche ercinica. Rend. Soc. Geol. It., 5, 105-107.
95. VON RAUMER J.F., GALETTI G., OBERHÄNSLI R. & PFEIFER H.R. (1990) - Amphibolites from Lac Emosson/Aiguilles Rouges (Switzerland): tholeiitic basalts at a transition zone between continental and oceanic crust. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt., 70, 419-435.
96. VOSHAGE H., HOFMANN A.W., MAZZUCCHELLI M., RIVALENTI G., SINIGOI S., RACZEK I. & DEMARCHI G. (1990) - Isotopic evidence from the Ivrea Zone for a hybrid lower crust formed by magmatic underplating. Nature, 347, 731-736.
97. WEAVER B. & TARNEY J. (1984) - Empirical approach to estimating the composition of the continental crust. Nature, 310, 575-577.
98. WHITE A.J.R. & CHAPPELL B.W. (1983) - Granitoid types and their distribution in the Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia. Geol. Soc. America Mem., 159, 21-34.
99. WILKINSON J.F.G. & BINNS R.A. (1977) - Relatively iron-rich lherzolite xenoliths of the Cr-diopside suite: a guide to the primary nature of anorogenic tholeiitic andesite magmas. Contr. Mineral. Petrol., 65, 199-212.
100. WILSON M. (1991) - Igneous petrogenesis a global tectonic approach. Chapman & Hall, London, 220 pp.
101. WINCHESTER J.A. & FLOYD P.A. (1977) - Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chem. Geol., 20, 325-343.
102. ZIEGLER P.A. (1986) - Geodynamic model for Palaeozoic crustal consolidation of Western and Central Europe. Tectonophysics, 126, 303-328.
103. ZIEGLER P.A. (1988) - Evolution of the Arctic-North Atlantic and the Western Tethys. Amer. Assoc Petroleum Geol. Mem., 43, 198 pp.
104. ZIEGLER P.A. & STAMPFLI G.M. (2001) - Late Palaeozoic-Early Mesozoic plate boundary reorganization: collapse of the Variscan orogen and opening of Neotethys. In: CASSINIS G. (ed.), Permian continental deposits of Europe and other areas. Regional reports and correlations. «Natura Bresciana», Ann. Mus. Civ. Sci. Nat. Brescia, Monogr., 25, 17-34.