Can spatial variation in epiphyte diversity and community structure be predicted from sampling vascular epiphytes alone?

Journal of Biogeography

Volumn 35, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 2274-2288

  Affeld, K ^a   Sullivan, J ^a   Worner, S P ^a   Didham, R K ^b  

^a LINCOLN UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Biomass; Bryophytes; Canopy; Community composition; Epiphytes; Lichens; New Zealand; Species richness; Temperate rain forest; Vascular plants

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; BRYOPHYTE; CANOPY; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; CORRELATION; EPIPHYTE; LICHEN; SEEDLING; SPATIAL VARIATION; SPECIES RICHNESS; VASCULAR PLANT;

AUSTRALASIA; NEW ZEALAND; SOUTH ISLAND;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BRYOPHYTA; BRYOPHYTES; MARCHANTIOPHYTA; METROSIDEROS ROBUSTA; TRACHEOPHYTA;

EID: 56549108453     PISSN: 03050270     EISSN: 13652699     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01949.x     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Acebey, A., Gradstein, S.R. Krömer, T. (2003) Species richness and habitat diversification of bryophytes in submontane rain forest and fallows of Bolivia. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 19, 9 18.
2. Baars, R. Kelly, D. (1996) Survival and growth responses of native and introduced vines in New Zealand to light availability. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 34, 389 400.
3. Baars, R., Kelly, D. Sparrow, A.D. (1998) Liane distribution within native forest remnants in two regions of the South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 22, 71 85.
4. Bannister, P. Strong, G.L. (2001) The distribution and population structure of the temperate mistletoe Ileostylus micranthus in the Northern Cemetary, Dunedin, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 39, 225 233.
5. Beever, J.E. (1984) Moss epiphytes of tree-ferns in a warm-temperate forest, New Zealand. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 56, 89 95.
6. Benzing, D.H. (1990) Vascular epiphytes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
7. Benzing, D.H. (1995) Vascular epiphytes. Forest canopies (ed. by M.D. Lowman N.M. Nadkarni pp. 225 254. Academic Press, Burlington, MA.
8. Burns, K.C. (2007) Network properties of an epiphyte metacommunity. Journal of Ecology, 95, 1142 1151.
9. Burns, K.C. Dawson, J. (2005) Patterns in the diversity and distribution of epiphytes and vines in a New Zealand forest. Austral Ecology, 30, 883 891.
10. Cardelús, C.L. (2007) Vascular epiphyte communities in the inner-crown of Hyeronima alchorneoides and Lecythis ampla at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Biotropica, 39, 171 176.
11. Chazdon, R.L., Colwell, R.K., Denslow, J.S. Guariguata, M.R. (1998) Statistical methods for estimating species richness of woody regeneration in primary and secondary rain forests of northeastern Costa Rica. Forest biodiversity research, monitoring and modeling: conceptual background and old world case studies (ed. by F. Dallmeier J.A. Comiskey pp. 285 309. Parthenon Publishing, Paris.
12. Clark, K.R. Warwick, R.M. (2001) Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation, 2nd edn. PRIMER-E Ltd, Plymouth.
13. Clark, K.L., Nadkarni, N.M. Gholz, H.L. (2005) Retention of inorganic nitrogen by epiphytic bryophytes in a tropical montane forest. Biotropica, 37, 328 336.
14. Clement, J.P., Moffett, M.W., Shaw, D.C., Lara, A., Alarçon, D. Larrain, O.L. (2001) Crown structure and biodiversity in Fitzroya cupressoides, the giant conifers of Alerce Andino National Park, Chile. Selbyana, 22, 76 88.
15. Cobb, A.R., Nadkarni, N.M., Ramsey, G.A. Svoboda, A.J. (2001) Recolonization of bigleaf maple branches by epiphytic bryophytes following experimental disturbance. Canadian Journal of Botany, 79, 1 8.
16. Colwell, R.K. (2005) EstimateS: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples, version 7.5. http://purl.oclc.org/ estimates
17. Cornelissen, J.H.C. ter Steege, H. (1989) Distribution and ecology of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens in dry evergreen forest of Guyana. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 5, 131 150.
18. Dawson, J. Lucas, R. (2005) The nature of plants: habitats, challenges and adaptations. Craig Potton Publishing, Nelson.
19. Dawson, J.W. Sneddon, B.V. (1969) The New Zealand rain forest: a comparison with tropical rain forest. Pacific Science, 23, 131 147.
20. DeLucia, E.H., Turnbull, M.H., Walcroft, A.S., Griffin, K.L., Tissue, D.T., Mcseveny, T.M. Whitehead, D. (2003) The contribution of bryophytes to the carbon exchange for a temperate rainforest. Global Change Biology, 9, 1158 1170.
21. Department of Conservation (1996) West Coast conservation management strategy. Department of Conservation, Hokitika.
22. Department of Conservation Nelson/Marlborough Conservancy (2001) Kahurangi national park management plan 2001-2011. Management plan series no. 12 (ed. by D.O. Conservation pp. 36 46. Department of Conservation, Nelson.
23. Dickinson, K.J.M., Mark, A.F. Dawkins, B. (1993) Ecology of lianoid/epiphytic communities in coastal podocarp rain forest, Haast Ecological District, New Zealand. Journal of Biogeography, 20, 687 705.
24. During, H.J. (1992) Ecological classification of bryophyte and lichens. Bryophytes and lichens in a changing environment (ed. by J.W. Bates A.M. Farmer pp. 1 31. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
25. Fensham, R.J. Streimann, H. (1997) Broad landscape relations of the moss flora from inland dry rainforest in north Queensland, Australia. The Bryologist, 100, 56 64.
26. Fife, A.J. (1985) Biosystematics of the cryptogamic flora of New Zealand: bryophytes. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 23, 645 662.
27. Fleischbein, K., Wilcke, W., Goller, R., Boy, J., Valarezo, C., Zech, W. Knoblich, K. (2005) Rainfall interception in a lower montane forest in Ecuador: effects of canopy properties. Hydrological Processes, 19, 1355 1371.
28. Flores-Palacios, A. García-Franco, J.G. (2001) Sampling methods for vascular epiphytes: their effectiveness in recording species richness and frequency. Selbyana, 22, 181 191.
29. Freiberg, M. Freiberg, E. (2000) Epiphyte diversity and biomass in the canopy of lowland and montane forests in Ecuador. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 16, 673 688.
30. Galloway, D.J. (2007) Flora of New Zealand lichens, revised second edition: including lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand.
31. Gentry, A.H. Dodson, C.H. (1987) Diversity and biogeography of neotropical vascular epiphytes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 74, 205 233.
32. Gotelli, N.J. Colwell, R.K. (2001) Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecology Letters, 4, 379 391.
33. Gradstein, R.S. Pócs, T. (1989) Bryophytes. Tropical rain forest ecosystems. Biogeographical and ecological studies. Ecosystems of the World 14B (ed. by H. Leith M.J.A. Werger pp. 311 325. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
34. 2-exchange for six lichens from a temperate rain forest in New Zealand. Symbiosis, 18, 251 273.
35. Hawkes, C.V. Menges, E.S. (2003) Effects of lichens on seedling emergence in a xeric Florida shrubland. Southeastern Naturalist, 2, 223 234.
36. Hietz, P. Briones, O. (1998) Correlation between water relations and within-canopy distribution of epiphytic ferns in a Mexican cloud forest. Oecologia, 114, 305 316.
37. Hietz, P. Hietz-Seifert, U. (1995) Structure and ecology of epiphyte communities of a cloud forest in central Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science, 6, 719 728.
38. Hietz, P., Wanek, W., Wania, R. Nadkarni, N. (2002) Nitrogen-15 natural abundance in a montane cloud forest canopy as an indicator of nitrogen cycling and epiphyte nutrition. Oecologia, 131, 350 355.
39. Hofstede, R.G.M., Dickinson, K.J.M. Mark, A.F. (2001) Distribution, abundance and biomass of epiphyte-lianoid communities in New Zealand lowland Nothofagus-podocarp temperate rain forest: tropical comparisons. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 1033 1049.
40. Holz, I. Gradstein, R.S. (2005) Cryptogamic epiphytes in primary and recovering upper montane oak forests of Costa Rica - species richness, community composition and ecology. Plant Ecology, 178, 89 109.
41. Jarman, S.J. Kantvilas, G. (1995) Epiphytes on an old Huon pine tree (Lagarostrobos franklinii) in Tasmanian rainforest. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 33, 65 78.
42. Kantvilas, G. Minchin, P.R. (1989) An analysis of epiphytic lichen communities in Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest. Vegetatio, 84, 99 112.
43. Knightbridge, P.I. Ogden, J. (1998) Establishment patterns and host tree preferences of the emergent hemi-epiphytic tree Metrosideros robusta in northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 36, 203 212.
44. Kolb, A., Barsch, F. Diekmann, M. (2006) Determinants of local abundance and range size in forest vascular plants. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, 237 247.
45. Ladley, J.J. Kelly, D. (1996) Dispersal, germination and survival of New Zealand mistletoes (Loranthaceae): dependence of birds. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 20, 69 79.
46. Laman, T.G. (1995) Ficus stupenda germination and seedling establishment in a Bornean rain forest canopy. Ecology, 76, 2617 2626.
47. Landcare Research (2008) Ngā Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand plants database. http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz/default.aspx?NavControl= search&selected=NameSearch (last accessed 13 February 2008).
48. van Leerdam, A., Zagt, R.J. Veneklaas, E.J. (1990) The distribution of epiphyte growth-forms in the canopy of a Colombian cloud-forest. Plant Ecology, 87, 59 71.
49. Lyons, B., Nadkarni, N.M. North, M.P. (2000) Spatial distribution and succession of epiphytes on Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock) in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest. Canadian Journal of Botany, 78, 957 968.
50. Magurran, A.E. (2004) Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
51. Nadkarni, N.M. (1984) Epiphyte biomass and nutrient capital of a Neotropical elfin forest. Biotropica, 16, 249 256.
52. Nadkarni, N.M. (2000) Colonization of stripped branch surfaces by epiphytes in a lower montane cloud forest, Monteverde, Costa Rica. Biotropica, 32, 358 363.
53. Nadkarni, N.M. Matelson, T.J. (1991) Fine litter dynamics within the tree canopy of a tropical cloud forest. Ecology, 72, 2071 2082.
54. Nieder, J., Engwald, S., Klawun, M. Barthlott, W. (2000) Spatial distribution of vascular epiphytes (including hemiepiphytes) in a lowland Amazonian rain forest (Surumoni Crane Plot) of southern Venezuela. Biotropica, 32, 385 396.
55. NIWA (2007) The National climate database. National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, New Zealand. http://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/ (last accessed 29 April 2004).
56. Norton, D.A. de Lange, P.J. (1999) Host specificity in parasitic mistletoes (Loranthaceae) in New Zealand. Functional Ecology, 13, 552 559.
57. Ogden, J. Stewart, G.H. (1995) Community dynamics of the New Zealand conifers. Ecology of the southern conifers (ed. by N.J. Enright R.S. Hill pp. 81 119. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
58. Oliver, W.R.B. (1930) New Zealand epiphytes. Journal of Ecology, 18, 1 50.
59. Otero, J.T., Aragón, S. Ackerman, J.D. (2007) Site variation in spatial aggregation and phorophyte preference in Psychilis monensis (Orchidaceae). Biotropica, 39, 227 231.
60. Palmer, M.W. (1986) Pattern in corticolous bryophyte communities of the North Carolina Piedmont: do mosses see the forest or the trees? The Bryologist, 89, 59 65.
61. Parker, G.G. (1995) Structure and microclimate of forest canopies. Forest canopies (ed. by M.D. Lowman N.M. Nadkarni pp. 73 106. Academic Press, Burlington, MA.
62. Pentecost, A. (1998) Some observations on the biomass and distribution of cryptogamic epiphytes in the upper montane forest of the Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 7, 273 284.
63. Pharo, E.J., Beattie, A.J. Binns, D. (1999) Vascular plant diversity as a surrogate for bryophyte and lichen diversity. Conservation Biology, 13, 282 292.
64. Pócs, T. (1980) The epiphytic biomass and its effect on the water balance of two rain forest types in the Uluguru Mountains (Tanzania, East Africa). Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 26, 143 167.
65. Proctor, M.C.F. (2000) The bryophyte paradox: tolerance of desiccation, evasion of drought. Plant Ecology, 151, 41 49.
66. Rhoades, F.M. (1995) Nonvascular epiphytes in forest canopies: worldwide distribution, abundance, and ecological role. Forest canopies (ed. by M.D. Lowman N.M. Nadkarni pp. 353 407. Academic Press, Burlington, MA.
67. Richardson, B.A., Richardson, M.J., Scatena, F.N. McDowell, W.H. (2000) Effects of nutrient availability and other elevational changes on bromeliad populations and their invertebrate communities in a humid tropical forest in Puerto Rico. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 16, 167 188.
68. Roberts, N.R., Dalton, P.J. Jordan, G.J. (2005) Epiphytic ferns and bryophytes of Tasmanian tree-ferns: a comparison of diversity and composition between two host species. Austral Ecology, 30, 146 154.
69. Scott, G.A.M. (1966) The quantitative description of New Zealand bryophyte communities. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society, 13, 8 11.
70. Scott, G.A.M. Armstrong, J.M. (1966) The altitudinal sequence of climax vegetation on Mt. Anglem, Stewart Island. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 4, 283 299.
71. Scott, G.A.M. Rowley, J. (1975) A lowland vegetation sequence in South Westland: Pakihi bog to mixed beech-podocarp forest. Part 2: ground and epiphytic vegetation. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society, 22, 93 108.
72. Setzepfand, M. (2001) Die epiphytische und lianoide Vegetation auf Weinmannia racemosa in warm-temperaten Regenwäldern in Camp Creek, Zentral-Westland, Südinsel, Neuseeland. PhD Thesis, Albert-Ludwigs- Universität, Freiburg.
73. Sillett, S.C. Antoine, M.E. (2004) Lichens and bryophytes in forest canopies. Forest canopies (ed. by M.D. Lowman H.B. Rinker pp. 151 174. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA.
74. Simpson, P. (2005) Pōhutukawa & rātā New Zealand's iron-hearted trees. Te Papa Press, Wellington.
75. Slack, N.G. (1976) Host specificity of bryophytic epiphytes in eastern North America. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 41, 107 132.
76. Slack, N.G. (1990) Bryophytes and ecological niche theory. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 104, 187 213.
77. Smith-Dodsworth, J.C. (1991) New Zealand native shrubs and climbers. David Bateman, Auckland.
78. Snell, E.J. Simpson, H.R. (1991) Applied statistics: a handbook of Genstat analyses. Chapman & Hall, London.
79. Söderström, L. (1981) Distribution of bryophytes in spruce forests on hill slopes in central Sweden. Wahlenbergia, 7, 141 153.
80. ter Steege, H. Cornelissen, J.H.C. (1989) Distribution and ecology of vascular epiphytes in lowland rain forest of Guyana. Biotropica, 21, 331 339.
81. Tewari, M., Upreti, N., Pandey, P. Singh, S.P. (1985) Epiphytic succession on tree trunks in a mixed oak-cedar forest, Kumaun Himalaya. Plant Ecology, 63, 105 112.
82. Walsh, R.P.D. (1996) Microclimate and hydrology. The tropical rain forest (ed. by P.W. Richard, R.P.D. Walsh, I.C. Baillie P. Greig-Smith pp. 206 236. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
83. Winchester, N.N. (2004) Canopy entomology, exploring the high frontier: single rope techniques and suspended soil exploration. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada, 36, 50 52.
84. Wolf, J.H.D. (1993) Diversity patterns and biomass of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens along an altitudinal gradient in the northern Andes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 80, 928 960.
85. Wolf, J.H.D. (1994) Factors controlling the distribution of vascular and non-vascular epiphytes in the northern Andes. Plant Ecology, 112, 15 28.
86. Zimmerman, J.K. Olmsted, I.C. (1992) Host tree utilization by vascular epiphytes in a seasonally inundated forest (Tintal) in Mexico. Biotropica, 24, 402 407.
87. Zotz, G. (1997) Substrate use of three epiphytic bromeliads. Ecography, 20, 264 270.
88. Zotz, G. (2005) Vascular epiphytes in the temperate zones - a review. Plant Ecology, 176, 173 183.
89. 2 exchange of tropical bryophytes in a lower montane rain forest in Panama. Botanica Acta, 110, 9 17.