A ground-based method of assessing urban forest structure and ecosystem services

Arboriculture and Urban Forestry

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 347-358

  Nowak, David J ^a   Crane, Daniel E ^a   Stevens, Jack C ^a   Hoehn, Robert E ^a   Walton, Jeffrey T ^b   Bond, Jerry ^c  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b PAUL SMITH S COLLEGE   (United States)

^c Urban Forestry LLC   (United States)

Author keywords

Air pollution removal; Carbon sequestration; Tree measurement; Urban forest monitoring; Urban forest sampling

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CONFERENCE PROCEEDING; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; FOREST INVENTORY; FOREST MANAGEMENT; GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENT; URBAN FORESTRY;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 56449097329     PISSN: 02785226     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (116)

1. Baldocchi, D. 1988. A multi-layer model for estimating sulfur dioxide deposition to a deciduous oak forest canopy. Atmospheric Environment 22:869-884.
2. Baldocchi, D.D., B.B. Hicks, and P. Camara. 1987. A canopy stomatal resistance model for gaseous deposition to vegetated surfaces. Atmospheric Environment 21:91-101.
3. Barbour, M.G., J.H. Burk, and W.D. Pitts. 1980. Terrestrial Plant Ecology. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA. 604 pp.
4. Bidwell, R.G.S., and D.E. Fraser. 1972. Carbon monoxide uptake and metabolism by leaves. Canadian Journal of Botany 50:1435-1439.
5. Boyd, J.B. 1983. Natural Reproduction of Exotic and Indigenous Trees in Three Urban Environments. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. 97 pp.
6. Brasseur, G.P., and R.B. Chatfield. 1991. The fate of biogenic trace gases in the atmosphere, pp. 1-27. In: Sharkey, T.D., E.A. Holland, and H.A. Mooney (Eds.). Trace Gas Emissions by Plants. Academic Press, New York, NY.
7. Burns, R.M., and B.H. Honkala. 1990a. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 675 pp.
8. Burns, R.M., and B.H. Honkala. 1990b. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Hardwoods. Agric. Handb. 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 877 pp.
9. Buckelew Cumming, A., D.J. Nowak, D.B. Twardus, R. Hoehn, M. Mielke, and R. Rideout. 2007. Urban Forests of Wisconsin 2002: Pilot Monitoring Project 2002. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry Report, NA-FR-05-07. 33 pp. www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/12685 (accessed 10/1/08).
10. Cairns, M.A., S. Brown, E.H. Helmer, and G.A. Baumgardner. 1997. Root biomass allocation in the world's upland forests. Oecologia 111:1-11.
11. The Capital District Regional Planning Commission. 2008. Consumer and Producer Price Indices. www.cdrpc.org/CPI_PPI.html (accessed 6/5/08).
12. Chow, P., and G.L. Rolfe. 1989. Carbon and hydrogen contents of short-rotation biomass of five hardwood species. Wood and Fiber Science 21:30-36.
13. Clark, D.E. 1979. Sunset New Western Garden Book. Lane Publ. Co., Menlo Park, CA. 512 pp.
14. Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers. 1992. Guide for Plant Appraisal. International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, IL. 103 pp.
15. Derrenbacher, W.E. 1969. Plants and Landscape: An Analysis of Ornamental Planting in Four Berkeley Neighborhoods. Master's Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA. 231 pp.
16. deVries, R.E. 1987. A Preliminary Investigation of the Growth and Longevity of Trees in Central Park. M.S. Thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. 95 pp.
17. Dorney, J.R., G.R. Guntenspergen, J.R. Keough, and F. Stearns. 1984. Composition and structure of an urban woody plant community. Urban Ecology 8:69-90.
18. Duncan, J.S. Jr. 1973. Landscape taste as a symbol of group identity. Geographical Review 63:334-355.
19. Dwyer, J.F., E.G. McPherson, H.W. Schroeder, and R.A. Rowntree. 1992. Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest. Journal of Arboriculture 18:227-234.
20. Energy Information Administration. 2003a. Sales Revenue Data. 27 Jan 2003. www.eia.doe.gov/electricity/page/sales_revenue.xls (accessed 4/3/ 03).
21. Energy Information Administration. 2003b. Energy Markets and End Use. www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_states.html (accessed 4/3/03).
22. Energy Information Administration. 2003c. Natural Gas Monthly. 16 Apr 2003. www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/data_publications/ natural_gas_monthly/current/pdf/table_15.pdf (accessed 4/3/03).
23. Energy Information Administration. 2003d. Petroleum Marketing Monthly. Feb 2003. www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/ petroleum_marketing_monthly/current/pdf/pmmtab18.pdf (accessed 4/3/03).
24. Energy Information Administration. 2003e. Residential Energy Consumption Survey. 27 Feb 2001. www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumptionbriefs/recs/ heating_oil/region_oil.html (accessed 4/3/03).
25. Energy Information Administration. 2003f. Residential Energy Consumption Survey. 27 Feb 2001. http://eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/glossary.html (accessed 4/3/03).
26. Escobedo, F.J., D.J. Nowak, J.E. Wagner, C. Luz de la Maza, and M. Rodriguez. 2006. The socioeconomics and management of Santiago de Chile's public urban forest. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 4:105-114.
27. Fankhauser, S. 1994. The social costs of greenhouse gas emissions: An expected value approach. The Energy Journal 15:157-184.
28. Fleming, L.E. 1988. Growth Estimation of Street Trees in Central New Jersey. M.S. Thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. 143 pp.
29. Forest Products Laboratory. 1952. Chemical Analyses of Wood. Tech. Note 235. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI. 4 pp.
30. Frelich, L.E. 1992. Predicting Dimensional Relationships for Twin Cities Shade Trees. University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul, MN. 33 pp.
31. Geron, C.D., A.B. Guenther, and T.E. Pierce. 1994. An improved model for estimating emissions of volatile organic compounds from forests in the eastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 99: 12773-12791.
32. Gilbert, O.L. 1989. The Ecology of Urban Habitats. Chapman and Hall, London, UK. 369 pp.
33. Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 910 pp.
34. Grimm, W.C. 1962. The Book of Trees. Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, PA. 487 pp.
35. Ham, D., C. Post, D. Vanblaricom, D. Lipscomb, D. Hargett, and D.J. Nowak. 2003. Analysis of the explosively urbanizing South Carolina Interstate 85 corridor. Proceedings of the 2003 National Urban Forest Conference, San Antonio, TX, September 17-20, 2003.
36. Hough, R.B. 1907. Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and Canada. R. B. Hough, Lowville, NY. 470 pp.
37. Hyams, E.S. 1970. English Cottage Gardens. Nelson, London, UK. 234 pp.
38. Iizumi, S. 1983. The urban vegetation of Tokyo and Sendai, Japan, pp. 335-340. In: Holzner, W., M.J. Werger, and I. Ikusima (Eds.). Man's Impact on Vegetation. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands.
39. International Society of Arboriculture. 1988. Valuation of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Other Plants. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. 50 pp.
40. i-Tree. 2008. i-Tree Software Suite v2.0. 239 pp. www.itreetools.org/ resource_learning_center/elements/i-Tree_v20_UsersManual.pdf (accessed 10/1/08).
41. Jarvis, P.G., and J.W. Leverenz. 1983. Productivity of temperate, deciduous and evergreen forests, pp. 233-280. In: Lange, O.L., P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond, and H. Ziegler (Eds.). Physiological Plant Ecology IV, Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. Vol. 12D. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
42. Jones, A.W. 1957. The flora of the city of London bombed sites. The London Naturalist 37:189-210.
43. Jim, C.Y. 1989. The distribution and configuration of tree cover in urban Hong Kong. GeoJournal 18:175-188.
44. Kinnee, E., C. Geron, and T. Pierce. 1997. United States land use inventory for estimating biogenic ozone precursor emissions. Ecological Applications 7:46-58.
45. Kunick, W. 1982. Comparison of the flora of some cities of the central European lowlands, pp. 13-22. In: Bornkamm, R., J.A. Lee, and M.R. Seaward (Eds.). Urban Ecology. Blackwell Science Publication, Oxford, UK.
46. Kuo, F.E., and W.C. Sullivan. 2001. Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime? Environment and Behavior 33: 343-365.
47. Leverenz, J.W., and T.M. Hinckley. 1990. Shoot structure, leaf area index and productivity of evergreen conifer stands. Tree Physiology 6:135-149.
48. Liebhold, A.M., K.W. Gottschalk, R. Muzika, M.E. Montgomery, R. Young, K. O'Day, and B. Kelley. 1995. Suitability of North American Tree Species to the Gypsy Moth: A Summary of Field and Laboratory Tests. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-211. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA. 34 pp.
49. Little, E.L. 1971. Atlas of United States Trees. Vol. 1. Conifers and Important Hardwoods. Misc. Pub. 1146. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. 400 pp.
50. Little, E.L. 1976. Atlas of United States Trees. Vol. 3. Minor Western Hardwoods. Misc. Pub. 1314. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. 300 pp.
51. Little, E.L. 1977. Atlas of United States Trees. Vol. 4. Minor Eastern Hardwoods. Misc. Pub. 1342. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. 235 pp.
52. Little, E.L. 1978. Atlas of United States Trees. Vol. 5. Florida. Misc. Pub. 1361. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. 138 pp.
53. Lovett, G.M. 1994. Atmospheric deposition of nutrients and pollutants in North America: An ecological perspective. Ecological Applications 4:629-650.
54. Lozano, J.V. 2004. Distribucion del arbolado urbano en la ciudad de Fuenlabrada y su contribucion a la calidad del aire. Ciudad y Territorio. Estudios Territoriales 36:419-427.
55. Maxwell, E.L. 1994. A meteorological/statistical solar radiation model, pp. 421-426. In: Proceedings of the 1994 Annual Conference of the American Solar Energy Society. American Solar Energy Society, San Jose, CA.
56. McBride, J.R., and D.F. Jacobs. 1976. Urban forest development: A case study, Menlo Park, California. Urban Ecology 2:1-14.
57. McBride, J.R., and D.F. Jacobs. 1986. Presettlement forest structure as a factor in urban forest development. Urban Ecology 9:245-266.
58. McNeil, J., and C. Vava. 2006. Oakville's Urban Forest: Our Solution to Our Pollution. Town of Oakville Report, Oakville, Ontario. 67 pp. www.oakville.ca/Media_Files/forestry/UFORE.pdf (accessed 10/1/08).
59. McPherson, E.G. 1998. Structure and sustainability of Sacramento's urban forest. Journal of Arboriculture 24:174-190.
60. McPherson, E.G., and J.R. Simpson. 1999. Carbon Dioxide Reduction Through Urban Forestry: Guidelines for Professional and Volunteer Tree Planters. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-171. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA. 237 pp.
61. Miller, P.R., and A.M. Winer. 1984. Composition and dominance in Los Angeles Basin urban vegetation. Urban Ecology 8:29-54.
62. Monteith, J.L., and M.H. Unsworth. 1990. Principles of Environmental Physics. Edward Arnold, New York, NY. 291 pp.
63. Moran, M.A. 1984. Influence of adjacent land use on understory vegetation of New York forests. Urban Ecology 8:329-340.
64. Murray, F.J., L. Marsh, and P.A. Bradford. 1994. New York State Energy Plan, Vol. II: Issue Reports. New York State Energy Office, Albany, NY.
65. National Center for Atmospheric Research. 2008. Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN). http://bai.acd. ucar.edu/Megan/ (accessed 10/1/08).
66. National Climatic Data Center. 2008. Integrated Surface Hourly Observations. http://ols.nndc.noaa.gov/plolstore/plsql/olstore. prodspecific?prodnum = C00353-CDR-S0001 (accessed 6/5/08).
67. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS) Modeling. /www.epa.gov/asmdnerl/biogen.html (accessed 10/1/08).
68. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 2002. DEP Announces $1 Million Urban Airshed Reforestation Project From Conectiv Enforcement Settlement. Press release 02/111, 10/26/02. www. state.nj.us /dep/newsrel/releases/02_0111.htm (accessed 10/1/08).
69. Nowak, D.J. 1991. Urban Forest Development and Structure: Analysis of Oakland, California. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, CA. 232 pp.
70. Nowak, D.J. 1994a. Understanding the structure of urban forests. Journal of Forestry 92:42-46.
71. Nowak, D.J. 1994b. Urban forest structure: The state of Chicago's urban forest, pp. 3-18, 140-164. In: McPherson, E.G, D.J. Nowak, and R.A. Rowntree (Eds.). Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-186.
72. Nowak, D.J. 1994c. Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Chicago's urban forest, pp. 83-94. In: McPherson, E.G., D.J. Nowak, and R.A. Rowntree (Eds.). Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-186. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA.
73. Nowak, D.J. 1996. Estimating leaf area and leaf biomass of open-grown deciduous urban trees. Forest Science 42:504-507.
74. Nowak, D.J., K.L. Civerolo, S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, C.J. Luley, and D.E. Crane. 2000. A modeling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone. Atmospheric Environment 34:1601-1613.
75. Nowak, D.J., and D.E. Crane. 2000. The urban forest effects (UFORE) model: Quantifying urban forest structure and functions, pp. 714-720. In: Hansen M., and T. Burk (Eds.). In: Proceedings Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century. IUFRO Conference, 16-20 August 1998, Boise, ID. General Technical Report NC-212, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, St. Paul, MN.
76. Nowak, D.J. 2002. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environmental Pollution 116:381-389.
77. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, and J.F. Dwyer. 2002a. Compensatory value of urban trees in the United States. Journal of Arboriculture 28: 194-199.
78. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, and J.C. Stevens. 2006a. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 4:115-123.
79. Nowak, D.J., D.E. Crane, J.C. Stevens, and M. Ibarra. 2002b. Brooklyn's Urban Forest. General Technical Report NE-290, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. 107 pp.
80. Nowak, D.J., and J.F. Dwyer. 2007. Understanding the benefits and costs of urban forest ecosystems, pp. 25-46. In: Kuser, J. (Ed.). Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast. Springer Science and Business Media, New York, NY.
81. Nowak, D.J., R.H. Hoehn, and D.E. Crane. 2007a. Oxygen production by urban trees in the United States. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 33:220-226.
82. Nowak, D.J., R. Hoehn, D.E. Crane, J.C. Stevens, and J.T. Walton. 2006b. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values: Minneapolis' Urban Forest. Resource Bulletin NE-166. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. 20 pp.
83. Nowak, D.J. 2006c. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values: Washington, DC's Urban Forest. Resource Bulletin NRS-1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. 24 pp.
84. Nowak, D.J. 2006d. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values: Casper's Urban Forest. Resource Bulletin NRS-4. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. 20 pp.
85. Nowak, D.J. 2007b. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values: Philadelphia's Urban Forest. Resource Bulletin NRS-7. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. 22 pp.
86. Nowak, D.J. 2007c. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values: San Francisco's Urban Forest. Resource Bulletin NRS-8. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. 22 pp.
87. Nowak, D.J. 2007d. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values: New York City's Urban Forest. Resource Bulletin NRS-9. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. 22 pp.
88. Nowak, D.J., P.J. McHale, M. Ibarra, D. Crane, J. Stevens, and C. Luley. 1998. Modeling the effects of urban vegetation on air pollution, pp. 399-407. In: Gryning, S.E., and N. Chaumerliac (Eds.). Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XII. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
89. Nowak, D.J., and P. O'Connor. 2001. Syracuse Urban Forest Master Plan: Guiding the City's Forest Resource in the 21st Century. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. 50 pp.
90. Nowak, D.J., J. Pasek, R. Sequeira, D.E. Crane, and V. Mastro. 2001. Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on urban trees in the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology 94:116-122.
91. Nowak, D.J., R.A. Rowntree, E.G. McPherson, S.M. Sisinni, E. Kerkmann, and J.C. Stevens. 1996. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover. Landscape and Urban Planning 36:49-57.
92. Nowak, D.J., J.T. Walton, J.C. Stevens, D.E. Crane, and R.E. Hoehn. 2008. Effect of plot and sample size on timing and precision of urban forest assessments. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 34:386-390.
93. Numata, M. 1977. The impact of urbanization on vegetation in Japan, pp. 161-171. In: Miyawaki, A., and Tuxen, R. (Eds.). Vegetation Science and Environmental Protection. Maruzen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
94. Onstad, D.W., D.J. Nowak, and M.R. Jeffords. 1997. Potential defoliation of trees by outbreak populations of gypsy moth in the Chicago area. Journal of Arboriculture 23:57-64.
95. Peper, P.J., and E.G. McPherson. 1998. Comparison of five methods for estimating leaf area index of open-grown deciduous trees. Journal of Arboriculture 24:98-111.
96. Platt, R. 1968. Discover American Trees. Dodd, Mead and Co., New York, NY. 256 pp.
97. Preston, R.J. 1976. North American Trees. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 399 pp.
98. Profous, G. 1984. Forest changes in the Bronx. Journal of Forestry 82:559-560.
99. Profous, G., R.A. Rowntree, and R.E. Loeb. 1988. The urban forest landscape of Athens, Greece: Aspects of structure, planning and management. Arboricultural Journal 12:83-107.
100. Richards, N.A., J.R. Mallette, R.J. Simpson, and E.A. Macie. 1984. Residential greenspace and vegetation in a mature city: Syracuse, New York. Urban Ecology 8:99-125.
101. Rowntree, R.A. 1984. Forest canopy cover and land use in four eastern United States cities. Urban Ecology 8:55-67.
102. Sanders, R.A. 1983. Configuration of tree canopy cover in urban land uses. Geographical Perspectives 51:49-53.
103. Santamour, F.S. Jr. 1983. Woody-plant succession in the urban forest: Filling cracks and crevices. Journal of Arboriculture 9:267-270.
104. Schmid, J.A. 1975. Urban Vegetation: A Review and Chicago Case Study. Vol. 161. Research Paper, Dept. of Geography, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL. 266 pp.
105. Smith, F.W., D.A. Sampson, and J.N. Long. 1991. Comparison of leaf area index estimates from allometrics and measured light interception. Forest Science 37:1682-1688.
106. Smith, W.B., and S.R. Shifley. 1984. Diameter Growth, Survival, and Volume Estimates for Trees in Indiana and Illinois. Res. Pap. NC-257. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. 10 pp.
107. Sukopp, H., H.P. Blume, and W. Kunick. 1979. The soil, flora, and vegetation of Berlin's waste lands, pp. 115-132. In: Laurie, I. (Ed.). Nature in Cities. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
108. U.S. Department of Labor and Statistics. 2003. Consumer Price Indices. 16 Apr 2003. www.ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt (accessed 4/3/03).
109. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. Technology Transfer Network (TTN) Air Quality System (AQS). www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/airsaqs/detaildata/ downloadaqsdata.htm (accessed 10/1/08).
110. Viereck, L.A., and E.L. Little. 1975. Atlas of United States Trees. Vol. 2. Alaska Trees and Common Shrubs. Misc. Publ. 1293. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. 109 pp.
111. Westphal, L.M. 2003. Urban greening and social benefits: A study of empowerment outcomes. Journal of Arboriculture 29:137-147.
112. Whitney, G.G. 1985. A quantitative analysis of the flora and plant communities of a representative midwestern U.S. town. Urban Ecology 9:143-160.
113. Winer, A.M., D.R. Fitz, P.R. Miller, R. Atkinson, D.E. Brown, W.P. Carter, M.C. Dodd, CW. Johnson, M.A. Myers, K.R. Neisess, M.P. Poe, and E.R. Stephens. 1983. Investigation of the Role of Natural Hydrocarbons in Photochemical Smog Formation in California. Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, Riverside, CA.
114. Wolf, K.M. 2003. Public response to the urban forest in inner-city business districts. Journal of Arboriculture 29:117-126.
115. Yang, J., J. McBride, J. Zhou, and Z. Sun. 2005. The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 3:65-78.
116. Zinke, P.J. 1967. Forest interception studies in the United States, pp. 137-161. In: Sopper, W.E., and H.W. Lull (Eds.). Forest Hydrology. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.