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Time for evaporation of a sessile drop scales as te ∼ ρR2/4CD (ref 48, and the settling velocity of the particles scales as Us ∼ 2(ρp, ρ)gRp/9μ. Here, ρ, ρp, g, R, Rp, μ C, and D are the density of the liquid and the particle, gravitational acceleration, radii of the drop and the particle, viscosity of the liquid, saturation concentration of the liquid, and the diffusivity of its vapor in air, respectively. Substituting the values representing experimental conditions, the settling velocity for 5.7 μm polystyrene particles is found to be ∼0.16μm/s. The time of evaporation for a drop wim a 30 μm diameter is ∼0.1 s. Hence, during the time of evaporation, particles are expected to settle at a ∼16 nm distance due to gravity
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p, μ C, and D are the density of the liquid and the particle, gravitational acceleration, radii of the drop and the particle, viscosity of the liquid, saturation concentration of the liquid, and the diffusivity of its vapor in air, respectively. Substituting the values representing experimental conditions, the settling velocity for 5.7 μm polystyrene particles is found to be ∼0.16μm/s. The time of evaporation for a drop wim a 30 μm diameter is ∼0.1 s. Hence, during the time of evaporation, particles are expected to settle at a ∼16 nm distance due to gravity.
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p). In these expressions, t is time, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Using the time as the evaporation time defined above, the root mean square distance at room temperature is calculated as ∼51 nm for 5.7 μm particles.
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p). In these expressions, t is time, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Using the time as the evaporation time defined above, the root mean square distance at room temperature is calculated as ∼51 nm for 5.7 μm particles.
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We calculated the sum of the electrostatic and the van der Waals energies for spheres with a constant surface charge density for the calculations, see eq 4.10.11 in Russel, W. B, Saville, D. A, Schowalter, W. R. Colloidal Dispersions; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989
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We calculated the sum of the electrostatic and the van der Waals energies for spheres with a constant surface charge density (for the calculations, see eq 4.10.11 in Russel, W. B., Saville, D. A.; Schowalter, W. R. Colloidal Dispersions; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989,
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2. The total potential of the particles has a shallow secondary minimum of ∼0.029 kT, which can be easily overcome by the thermal energy. This is followed by a steep repulsive energy barrier of thousands of kT, which prevents the particles from reaching the primary minimum.
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2. The total potential of the particles has a shallow secondary minimum of ∼0.029 kT, which can be easily overcome by the thermal energy. This is followed by a steep repulsive energy barrier of thousands of kT, which prevents the particles from reaching the primary minimum.
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