TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION WITH ANTIDEPRESSANTS IS PRIMARILY A PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT

Psychotherapy

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 329-339

  Ankarberg, Peter ^a   Falkenström, Fredrik ^a  

^a Licensed Psychotherapist   (Sweden)

Author keywords

antidepressants; evidence based treatment; placebo; psychological factors

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; PLACEBO;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEPRESSION; DRUG EFFICACY; HUMAN; PSYCHOTHERAPIST; PSYCHOTHERAPY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

EID: 56449088063     PISSN: 00333204     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0013309     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. American Psychiatric Association Work Group on Major Depressive Disorder. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. 2nd ed. (2000), APA, Washington DC. http://www.psych.org/psych_pract/treat/pg/MDD2e_05_15_06.pdf Retrieved May 2007 from http://www.psych.org/psych_pract/treat/pg/MDD2e_05_15_06.pdf
2. Amsterdam J.D., Fawcett J., Quitkin F.M., Reimherr F.W., Rosenbaum J.F., Michelson D., et al. Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine plasma concentrations in major depression: A multicenter study. American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1997) 963-969
3. Blashki T.G., Mowbray R., and Davies B. Controlled trial of amitryptiline in general practice. British Medical Journal (1971) 133-138
4. Blatt S.J., Sanislow C.A., Zuroff D.C., and Pilkonis P.A. Characteristics of effective therapists: Further analyses of data from the National Institute of Mental Health treatment of depression collaborative research program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64 (1996) 1276-1284
5. Blatt S.J., and Zuroff D.C. Empirical evaluation of the assumptions identifying evidence based treatments in mental health. Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 459-486
6. Bystritsky A., and Waikar S.V. Inert placebo versus active medication: Patients blindability in clinical pharmacological trials. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 182 (1994) 485-487
7. Croft H., Settle E., Houser T., Batey S.R., Donahue R.M., and Ascher J.A. A placebo-controlled comparison of the antidepressant efficacy and effects on sexual functioning of sustained-release bupropion and sertraline. Clinical Therapeutics 21 (1999) 643-658
8. Elkin I., Shea M.T., Watkins J.T., Imber S.D., Sotsky S.M., Collins J.F., et al. National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. General effectiveness of treatments. Archives of General Psychiatry 46 (1989) 971-982
9. Fisher S., and Greenberg R.P. How sound is the double-blind design for evaluating psychotropic drugs?. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 181 (1993) 345-350
10. Frank J.D. Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy (1961), John Hopkins Press, Oxford
11. Freemantle N., Anderson I.M., and Young P. Predictive value of pharmacological activity for the relative efficacy of antidepressant drugs: Meta-regression analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 177 (2000) 292-302
12. Gelenberg A.J., Trivedi M.H., Rush J., Thase M.E., Howland R., Klein D.N., et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of nefazodone maintenance treatment in preventing recurrence in chronic depression. Biological Psychiatry 54 (2003) 806-817
13. Gilbody S., Whitty P., Grimshaw J., and Thomas R. Educational and organizational interventions to improve the management of depression in primary care: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association 289 (2003) 3145-3151
14. Greenberg R.P., Bornstein R.F., Zborowski M.J., Fisher S., and Greenberg M.D. A meta-analysis of fluoxetine outcome in the treatment of depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 182 (1994) 547-551
15. Hunkeler E., Meresman J., Hargreaves W., Fiureman B., Berman W., Kirsch A., et al. Efficacy of nurse telehealth care and peer support in augmenting treatment of depression in primary care. Archives of Family Medicine 9 (2000) 700-708
16. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Health care guideline: Major depression in adults in primary care (2007). http://www.icsi.org/depression_5/depression_major_in_adults_in_primary_care_3.html Retrieved May 2007 from http://www.icsi.org/depression_5/depression_major_in_adults_in_primary_care_3.html
17. Katon W., Von Korff M., Lin E., Walker E., Simon G., Bush T., et al. Collaborative management to achieve treatment guidelines: Impact on depression in primary care. Journal of the American Medical Association 273 13 (1995) 1026-1031
18. Keller M.B., Kocsis J.H., Thase M.E., Gelenberg A.J., Rush A.J., Koran L., et al. Maintenance phase efficacy of sertraline for chronic depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 280 (1998) 1665-1672
19. Keller M.B., McCullough J.P., Klein D.N., Arnow B., Dunner D.L., Gelenberg A.J., et al. A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000) 1462-1470
20. Khan A., Warner H.A., and Brown W.A. Symptom reduction and suicide risk in patients treated with placebo in antidepressant clinical trials: An analysis of the Food and Drug Administration database. Archives of General Psychiatry 57 (2000) 311-317
21. Kirsch I., Moore T., Scoboria A., and Nicholls S. The emperor's new drugs: An analysis of antidepressant medication data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Prevention & Treatment 5 (2002). http://www.journals.apa.org/prevention/volume5/pre0050023a.html Retrieved January 29, 2003, from http://www.journals.apa.org/prevention/volume5/pre0050023a.html
22. Kirsch I., and Sapperstein G. Listening to Prozac but hearing placebo? A meta-analysis of antidepressant medication. Prevention & Treatment 1 (1998). http://www.journals.apa.org/prevention/volume1 Retrieved March 10, 2007, from http://www.journals.apa.org/prevention/volume1
23. Kirsch I., Scoboria A., and Moore T. Antidepressants and placebos: Secrets, revelations, and unanswered questions. Prevention & Treatment 5 (2002). http://www.journals.apa.org/prevention/volume5/pre0050033r.html Retrieved March 24, 2003, from http://www.journals.apa.org/prevention/volume5/pre0050033r.html
24. Krupnick J.L., Sotsky S.M., Simmens S., Moyer J., Elkin I., Watkins J., et al. The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy outcome: Findings in the National Institute of Mental Health treatment of depression collaborative research program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64 (1996) 532-539
25. Lambert M.J., and Ogles B.M. The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In: Lambert M.J. (Ed). Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. 5th ed. (2004), Wiley, New York 139-193
26. Leff J., Vearnals S., Brewin C.R., Wolff G., Alexander B., Asen E., et al. The London Depression Intervention Trial. Randomised controlled trial of antidepressants v. couple therapy in the treatment and maintenance of people with depression living with a partner: Clinical outcome and costs. British Journal of Psychiatry 177 (2000) 95-100
27. Lepola U.M., Loft H., and Heldbo Reines E. Escitalopram (10-20 mg/day) is effective and well tolerated in a placebo-controlled study in depression in primary care. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 18 (2003) 211-217
28. Linde K., Berner M., Egger M., and Mulrow C. St. John's Wort for depression: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. British Journal of Psychiatry 186 (2005) 99-107
29. Markowitz J.C., Kocsis J.H., Fishman B., Spielman L.A., Jacobsberg L.B., Frances A.J., et al. Treatment of depressive symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 55 (1998) 452-457
30. McKay K.M., Imel Z.E., and Wampold B.E. Psychiatrist effects in the psychopharmacological treatment of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 92 (2006) 287-290
31. Miranda J., Chung J., Green B., Krupnick J., Siddique J., Revicki D., et al. Treating depression in predominantly low-income young minority women: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 290 1 (2003) 57-65
32. Moncrieff J., and Cohen D. Do antidepressants cure or create abnormal brain states? (DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed. 0030240). PloS Med 3 (2006) E240
33. Mynors-Wallis L.M., Gath D.H., Day A., and Baker F. Randomised controlled trial of problem solving treatment, antidepressant medication, and combined treatment for major depression in primary care. British Medical Journal 320 (2000) 26-30
34. Mynors-Wallis L.M., Gath D.H., Lloyd-Thomas A.R., and Tomlinson D. Randomised controlled trial comparing problem solving treatment with amitriptyline and placebo for major depression in primary care. British Medical Journal 310 (1995) 441-445
35. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Depression: Management of depression in primary and secondary care. Clinical practice guideline No 23 (2004), NICE, London. http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/CG023quickrefguide.pdf Retrieved March 5, 2005, from http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/CG023quickrefguide.pdf
36. Rickels K., Gordon P.E., Gansman D.H., Weise C.C., Pereira-Ogan J.A., and Hesbacher P.T. Pemoline and methylphenidate in mildly depressed outpatients. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 11 (1970) 698-710
37. Robertson M.M., and Trimble M.R. Major tranquillisers used as antidepressants. A review. Journal of Affective Disorders 4 (1992) 173-193
38. Rost K., Nutting P., Smith B.S., Werner J., and Duan N. Improving depression outcomes in community primary care practice: A randomized trial of the QuEST intervention. Journal of General Internal Medicine 16 (2001) 143-149
39. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Clinical Practice Guidelines Team for Depression. Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 38 (2004) 389-407
40. Scarvalone P.A., Cloitre M., Spielman L.A., Jacobsberg L., Fishman B., and Perry S.W. Distress reduction during the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Psychiatry Res 59 (1996) 245-249
41. Schulberg H.C., Block M.R., Madonia M.J., Scott C.P., Rodriguez E., Imber S.D., et al. Treating major depression in primary care practice. Eight-month clinical outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry 53 10 (1996) 913-919
42. Storosum J.G., Elferink A.J.A., van Zwieten B.J., van den Brink W., Gersons B.P.R., van Strik R., et al. Short-term efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants revisited: A meta-analytic study. European Neuropsychofarmacology 11 (2001) 173-180
43. Thomson R. Side effects and placebo amplification. British Journal of Psychiatry 140 (1982) 64-68
44. Van Os T.W.D.P., van den Brink R.H.S., Tiemens B.G., Jenner J.A., van der Meer K., and Ormel J. Communicative skills of general practitioners augment the effectiveness of guideline-based depression treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders 84 (2005) 43-51
45. Wagner K.D., Robb A.S., Findling R.L., Jin J., Gutierrez M.M., and Heydorn W.E. A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of citalopram for the treatment of major depression in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004) 1079-1083
46. Wampold B.E. The great psychotherapy debate (2001), Erlbaum, London
47. White K., Kando J., Park T., Waternaux C., and Brown W.A. Side effects and the blindability in clinical pharmacological trials. Clin Res Reports 149 (1992) 1730-1731
48. Wolfaardt U.B., Reddon J.R., and Joyce A.S. Assessing the efficacy of antidepressants: The transactional paradigm. Medical Hypotheses 64 (2005) 1229-1236