Breast cancer: Critical data analysis concludes that estrogens are not the cause, however lifestyle changes can alter risk rapidly

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

Volumn 57, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 766-772

  Wiseman, Richard A ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Causation; Epidemiology; Estradiol; Estrogens; Time lag

Indexed keywords

ANTIESTROGEN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER REGISTRY; CANCER RISK; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ESTRADIOL BLOOD LEVEL; ESTROGEN EXCRETION; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; MEDLINE; MIGRATION; NONHUMAN; NORWAY; OBESITY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREGNANCY; PREMENOPAUSE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 5644289434     PISSN: 08954356     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.10.017     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. L.A. Brinton, and S.S. Devesa Etiology and pathogenesis of breast cancer J.R. Harris M.E. Lippman M. Morrow S. Hellman Diseases of the breast 1st edition 1996 Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia 159 168
2. B.E. Henderson, and L. Bernstein Endogenous and exogenous hormonal factors J.R. Harris M.E. Lippman M. Morrow S. Hellman Diseases of the breast 1st edition 1996 Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia 185 200
3. J.L. Kelsey, M.D. Gammon, and E.M. John Reproductive factors and breast cancer Epidemiol Rev 15 1993 36 47
4. B. Rosner, G.A. Colditz, and W.C. Willett Reproductive risk factors in a prospective study of breast cancer: the Nurses' Health Study Am J Epidemiol 139 1994 819 835
5. G.A. Colditz, B.A. Rosner, and F.E. Speizer Nurses' Health Study Research Group. Risk factors for breast cancer according to family history of breast cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 88 1996 365 371
6. G.A. Colditz, and B. Rosner Cumulative risk of breast cancer to age 70 years according to risk factor status: data from the Nurses' Health Study Am J Epidemiol 152 2000 950 964
7. M.C. Pike, D.V. Spicer, L. Dahmoush, and M.F. Press Estrogens, progestogens, normal cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk Epidemiol Rev 15 1993 17 35
8. Office for National Statistics Cancer statistics: registrations. Registrations of cancer diagnosed in 1995-1997, England. Series MB1 no. 28 2001 The Stationery Office London
9. R. Peto Epidemiology, multistage models, and short-term mutagenicity tests H.H. Hiatt J.D. Watson J.A. Winsten Origins of human cancer. Cold Spring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation Vol. 4 1977 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor (NY)
10. C. Muir, J. Waterhouse, T. Mack, J. Powell, and S. Whelan Cancer Incidence in Five Continents: Vol. V. IARC Scientific Publication No. 88 1987 IARC Press Lyon
11. L. Speroff, R.H. Glass, and N.G. Kase Regulation of the menstrual cycle L. Speroff R.H. Glass N.G. Kase Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility 4th edition 1989 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore (MD) 97
12. M.J. Ferin The menstrual cycle: an integrative view E.Y. Adashi J.A. Rock Z. Rosenwaks Reproductive endocrinology, surgery, and technology 1 1996 Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia 104 122
13. D.A. Davey The menopause and climacteric C.R. Whitfield Dewhurst's textbook of obstetrics and gynaecology for postgraduates 4th edition 1986 Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford (UK) 646 679
14. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52705 women with breast cancer and 108411 women without breast cancer Lancet 350 1997 1047 1059 [erratum: Lancet 1997;350:1484]
15. J.E. Rossouw, G.L. Anderson, R.L. Prentice, A.Z. LaCroix, C. Kooperberg, M.L. Stefanick, R.D. Jackson, S.A. Beresford, B.V. Howard, K.C. Johnson, J.M. Kotchen, J. Ockene, and Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial JAMA 288 2002 321 333
16. B. Rockhill, G.A. Colditz, and B. Rosner Bias in breast cancer analyses due to error in age at menopause Am J Epidemiol 151 2000 404 408
17. W. Perry, and R.A. Wiseman Combined oral oestradiol valerate- norethisterone treatment over three years in postmenopausal women: correlation between oestrogen levels and bone mineral density sites BJOG 107 2000 1401 1406
18. R.P. Shearman Endocrine changes during pregnancy C.R. Whitfield Dewhurst's textbook of obstetrics and gynaecology for postgraduates 4th edition 1986 Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford (UK) 119 120
19. L. Speroff, R.H. Glass, and N.G. Kase The endocrinology of pregnancy L. Speroff R.H. Glass N.G. Kase Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility 4th edition 1989 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore (MD) 317 350
20. T. Falcone, and A.B. Little Placental synthesis of steroid hormones D. Tulchinsky A.B. Little Maternal-fetal endocrinology 2nd edition 1994 W.B. Saunders Philadelphia 1 12
21. J.A. Petrek breast cancer and pregnancy J.R. Harris M.E. Lippman M. Morrow S. Hellman Diseases of the breast 1st edition 1996 Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia 883 892
22. H.C. Hoover Jr. Breast cancer during pregnancy and lactation Surg Clin North Am 70 1990 1151 1163
23. M.C. Pike, M.D. Krailo, B.E. Henderson, J.T. Casagrande, and D.G. Hoel 'Hormonal' risk factors, 'breast tissue age' and the age-incidence of breast cancer Nature 303 1983 767 770
24. G.A. Colditz Fat, estrogens, and the time frame for the prevention of breast cancer Epidemiology 6 1995 209 211
25. G.A. Colditz, S.E. Hankinson, D.J. Hunter, W.C. Willett, J.E. Manson, M.J. Stampfer, C. Hennekens, B. Rosner, and F.E. Speizer The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women N Engl J Med 332 1995 1589 1593
26. B.S. Hulka Epidemiologic analysis of breast and gynecologic cancers C.M. Aldaz M.N. Gould J.C. McLachlan T.J. Slaga Etiology of breast and gynecological cancers 1997 Wiley-Liss New York 1 16
27. C.F. Garland, N.J. Friedlander, E. Barrett-Connor, and K.T. Khaw Sex hormones and postmenopausal breast cancer: a prospective study in an adult community Am J Epidemiol 135 1992 1220 1230
28. P.F. Bruning, J.M.G. Bonfrer, A.A.M. Hart, P.A. van Noord, H. van der Hoeven, H.J. Collette, J.J. Battermann, M. de Jong-Bakker, W.J. Nooijen, and F. de Waard Body measurements, estrogen availability and the risk of human breast cancer: a case-control study Int J Cancer 51 1992 14 19
29. M. Kabuto, S. Akiba, R.G. Stevens, K. Neriishi, and C.E. Land A prospective study of estradiol and breast cancer in Japanese women Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9 2000 575 579
30. H.V. Thomas, G.K. Reeves, and T.J. Key Endogenous estrogen and postmenopausal breast cancer: a quantitative review Cancer Causes Control 8 1997 922 928
31. T.J.A. Key, and M.C. Pike The role of oestrogens and progestagens in the epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 24 1988 29 43
32. The Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies J Natl Cancer Inst 94 2002 606 616
33. E. Calabresi, G. de Giuli, A. Becciolini, P. Giannotti, G. Lombardi, and M. Serio Plasma estrogens and androgens in male breast cancer J Steroid Biochem 7 1976 605 609
34. G.G. Ribeiro, H.V. Phillips, and L.G. Skinner Serum oestradiol-17β, testosterone, luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in males with breast cancer Br J Cancer 41 1980 474 477
35. J.T. Casagrande, R. Hanisch, M.C. Pike, R.K. Ross, J.B. Brown, and B.E. Henderson A case-control study of male breast cancer Cancer Res 48 1988 1326 1330
36. J.A. McClure, and C.C. Higgins Bilateral carcinoma of male breast after estrogen therapy J Am Med Assoc 146 1951 7 9
37. S. Tretli, and M. Gaard Lifestyle changes during adolescence and risk of breast cancer: an ecologic study of the effect of World War II in Norway Cancer Causes Control 7 1996 507 512
38. D.M. Ingram Trends in diet and breast cancer mortality in England and Wales 1928-1977 Nutr Cancer 3 1981 75 80
39. T.J.A. Key, S.C. Darby, and M.C. Pike Trends in breast cancer mortality and diet in England and Wales from 1911 to 1980 Nutr Cancer 10 1987 1 9
40. I. Kato, S. Tominaga, and T. Kuroishi Relationship between Westernization of dietary habits and mortality from breast and ovarian cancers in Japan Jpn J Cancer Res 78 1987 349 357
41. R.G. Ziegler, R.N. Hoover, A.M. Nomura, D.W. West, A.H. Wu, M.C. Pike, A.J. Lake, P.L. Horn-Ross, L.N. Kolonel, P.K. Siiteri, and J.F. Fraumeni Jr. Relative weight, weight change, height and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women J Natl Cancer Inst 88 1996 650 660
42. J.B. Pearson Carcinoma of the breast in Nigeria: a review of 100 patients Br J Cancer 17 1963 559 565
43. E.O. Amaku A review of 40 cases of breast cancer seen in Lagos Teaching Hospital West Afr Med J Niger Pract 17 1968 102 104
44. The Registrar General's Statistical Review of England and Wales for 1961. Supplement on Cancer 1967 HM Stationery Office London
45. C. Ip, and M.M. Ip Inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis by a reduction of fat intake after carcinogen treatment in young versus adult rats Cancer Lett 11 1980 35 42
46. C.F. Aylsworth, C. Jone, J.E. Trosko, J. Meites, and C.W. Welsch Promotion of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis by high dietary fat in the rat: possible role of intercellular communication J Natl Cancer Inst 72 1984 637 645
47. Z. Djuric, S. Martino, L.K. Heilbrun, and R.W. Hart Dietary modulation of oxidative DNA damage M.M. Jacobs Diet and cancer: marker, prevention, and treatment 1994 Plenum Press New York 71 83
48. K.J. Rothman Causes Am J Epidemiol 104 1976 587 592
49. International Agency for Research on Cancer Hormonal contraception and post-menopausal therapy. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Vol. 72 1999 IARC Press Lyon
50. K.J. Rothman, and S. Greenland Causation and causal inference K.J. Rothman S. Greenland Modern epidemiology 2nd edition 1998 Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia 7 28
51. P.L. Horn, and W.D. Thompson Risk of contralateral breast cancer: associations with factors related to initial breast cancer Am J Epidemiol 128 1988 309 323
52. T.G. Hislop, J.M. Elwood, A.J. Coldman, J.J. Spinelli, A.J. Worth, and L.G. Ellison Second primary cancers of the breast: incidence and risk factors Br J Cancer 49 1984 79 85
53. P.L. Horn-Ross Multiple primary cancers involving the breast Epidemiol Rev 15 1993 169 176
54. T.L. Bush, M. Whiteman, and J.A. Flaws Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: a qualitative review Obstet Gynecol 98 2001 498 508
55. B. Zumoff Does postmenopausal estrogen administration increase the risk of breast cancer? Contributions of animal, biochemical, and clinical investigative studies to a resolution of the controversy Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 217 1998 30 37
56. H. Morgenstern Ecologic studies K.J. Rothman S. Greenland Modern epidemiology 2nd ed. 1998 Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia 459 480
57. C.H. Hennekens, and J.E. Buring Descriptive studies C.H. Hennekens J.E. Buring S.L. Mayrent Epidemiology in medicine 1987 Little, Brown Boston 101 112