Sir Frederic Goldsmid and the containment of Persia, 1863-73

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 197-215

  Brobst, Peter John ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 5644280368     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263209708701151     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. On the development of Persia as a buffer state, see, for the early nineteenth century, Edward Ingram, Britain's Persian Connection, 1798-1829: Prelude to the Great Game in Asia (Oxford, 1992), J.B. Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1795-1880 (Oxford, 1968), and M.E. Yapp, Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran, and Afghanistan, 1798-1850 (Oxford, 1980); for the late nineteenth century, Rose Louise Greaves, Persia and the Defence of India, 1884-1892: A Study in the Foreign Policy of the Third Marquis of Salisbury (London, 1959) and David McLean, Britain and Her Buffer State: The Collapse of the Persian Empire, 1890-1914 (London, 1979); and for the twentieth century, Bruce R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980) and Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford, 1984).
2. On the development of Persia as a buffer state, see, for the early nineteenth century, Edward Ingram, Britain's Persian Connection, 1798-1829: Prelude to the Great Game in Asia (Oxford, 1992), J.B. Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1795-1880 (Oxford, 1968), and M.E. Yapp, Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran, and Afghanistan, 1798-1850 (Oxford, 1980); for the late nineteenth century, Rose Louise Greaves, Persia and the Defence of India, 1884-1892: A Study in the Foreign Policy of the Third Marquis of Salisbury (London, 1959) and David McLean, Britain and Her Buffer State: The Collapse of the Persian Empire, 1890-1914 (London, 1979); and for the twentieth century, Bruce R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980) and Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford, 1984).
3. On the development of Persia as a buffer state, see, for the early nineteenth century, Edward Ingram, Britain's Persian Connection, 1798-1829: Prelude to the Great Game in Asia (Oxford, 1992), J.B. Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1795-1880 (Oxford, 1968), and M.E. Yapp, Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran, and Afghanistan, 1798-1850 (Oxford, 1980); for the late nineteenth century, Rose Louise Greaves, Persia and the Defence of India, 1884-1892: A Study in the Foreign Policy of the Third Marquis of Salisbury (London, 1959) and David McLean, Britain and Her Buffer State: The Collapse of the Persian Empire, 1890-1914 (London, 1979); and for the twentieth century, Bruce R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980) and Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford, 1984).
4. On the development of Persia as a buffer state, see, for the early nineteenth century, Edward Ingram, Britain's Persian Connection, 1798-1829: Prelude to the Great Game in Asia (Oxford, 1992), J.B. Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1795-1880 (Oxford, 1968), and M.E. Yapp, Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran, and Afghanistan, 1798-1850 (Oxford, 1980); for the late nineteenth century, Rose Louise Greaves, Persia and the Defence of India, 1884-1892: A Study in the Foreign Policy of the Third Marquis of Salisbury (London, 1959) and David McLean, Britain and Her Buffer State: The Collapse of the Persian Empire, 1890-1914 (London, 1979); and for the twentieth century, Bruce R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980) and Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford, 1984).
5. On the development of Persia as a buffer state, see, for the early nineteenth century, Edward Ingram, Britain's Persian Connection, 1798-1829: Prelude to the Great Game in Asia (Oxford, 1992), J.B. Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1795-1880 (Oxford, 1968), and M.E. Yapp, Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran, and Afghanistan, 1798-1850 (Oxford, 1980); for the late nineteenth century, Rose Louise Greaves, Persia and the Defence of India, 1884-1892: A Study in the Foreign Policy of the Third Marquis of Salisbury (London, 1959) and David McLean, Britain and Her Buffer State: The Collapse of the Persian Empire, 1890-1914 (London, 1979); and for the twentieth century, Bruce R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980) and Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford, 1984).
6. On the development of Persia as a buffer state, see, for the early nineteenth century, Edward Ingram, Britain's Persian Connection, 1798-1829: Prelude to the Great Game in Asia (Oxford, 1992), J.B. Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1795-1880 (Oxford, 1968), and M.E. Yapp, Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran, and Afghanistan, 1798-1850 (Oxford, 1980); for the late nineteenth century, Rose Louise Greaves, Persia and the Defence of India, 1884-1892: A Study in the Foreign Policy of the Third Marquis of Salisbury (London, 1959) and David McLean, Britain and Her Buffer State: The Collapse of the Persian Empire, 1890-1914 (London, 1979); and for the twentieth century, Bruce R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980) and Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford, 1984).
7. On the development of Persia as a buffer state, see, for the early nineteenth century, Edward Ingram, Britain's Persian Connection, 1798-1829: Prelude to the Great Game in Asia (Oxford, 1992), J.B. Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1795-1880 (Oxford, 1968), and M.E. Yapp, Strategies of British India: Britain, Iran, and Afghanistan, 1798-1850 (Oxford, 1980); for the late nineteenth century, Rose Louise Greaves, Persia and the Defence of India, 1884-1892: A Study in the Foreign Policy of the Third Marquis of Salisbury (London, 1959) and David McLean, Britain and Her Buffer State: The Collapse of the Persian Empire, 1890-1914 (London, 1979); and for the twentieth century, Bruce R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece (Princeton, 1980) and Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford, 1984).
8. Undated memorandum by Goldsmid, MSS Eur. F.134/27 [Goldsmid Papers, India Office Library].
9. On Persian irredentism in the nineteenth century, see David C. Champagne, 'The Afghan-Iranian Conflict Over Herat Province and European Intervention, 1796-1863', unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1981.
10. Undated memorandum by Goldsmid, MSS Eur. F.134/27 [Goldsmid Papers, India Office Library].
11. Frederic John Goldsmid, 'Central Asia and Its Question' (London, 1873), p.42.
12. For a recent discussion, see Edward Ingram, Empire-building and Empire-builders (London, 1995), pp.110-111.
13. On the Persian danger to Herat and the British response, see especially G.J. Alder, 'The Key to India? Britain and the Herat Problem, 1830-1863', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.10, No.3 (Oct. 1974).
14. On the Anglo-Persian war and its consequences, see especially J.F. Standish, 'The Persian War of 1856-1857', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.3, No.4 (July 1967).
15. For the 'grand strategic' situation of Britain and Russia in Asia during the 1860s, see especially A.P. Thornton, 'The Re-opening of the Central Asian Question, 1864-1869', History, Vol.XLI (1956).
16. See F.J. Goldsmid, 'Diary of Proceedings of the Mission into Mekran for Political and Survey Purposes, 1861', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol.XXII (1863); and Frederic J. Goldsmid, Telegraph and Travel (London, 1876), pp.619-621.
17. See F.J. Goldsmid, 'Diary of Proceedings of the Mission into Mekran for Political and Survey Purposes, 1861', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol.XXII (1863); and Frederic J. Goldsmid, Telegraph and Travel (London, 1876), pp.619-621.
18. Badger to Kinlcoh-Forbes, 3 June 1861, IO R/15/6/4.
19. Badger to Kinloch-Forbes, 5 June 1861, quoted in Memorandum by Goldsmid, 23 Dec. 1863, IO L/P&S/18/C68.
20. Badger to Kinloch-Forbes, 3 June 1861, IO R/15/6/4.
21. Memorandum by the Persian Foreign Minister, Alison to Russell, 5 Nov. 1861, Correspondence Respecting Telegraphs in Persia, Sessional Papers, XLVI, 1864.
22. Alison to Russell, 5 Nov. 1861, ... Telegraphs in Persia, Sessional Papers, Vol.XLVI (1864).
23. Baring to Hammond, 22 Jan. 1862, ... Telegraphs in Persia, Sessional Papers, Vol.XLVI (1864).
24. Alison to Russell, 25 April 1862, ... Telegraphs in Persia, Sessional Papers, Vol.XLVI (1864).
25. Thompson to Russell, 12 April 1863, ... Telegraphs in Persia, Sessional Papers, Vol.XLVI (1864).
26. Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, pp.560-1.
27. Goldsmid to Havelock, 10 Dec. 1863, IO L/P&S/18/C68.
28. F.J. Goldsmid, 'Notes on Eastern Persia and Western Baluchistan', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol.37 (1867), pp.270-2.
29. Memorandum by Goldsmid, 24 Dec. 1863, IO L/P&S/18/C68.
30. Goldsmid to Havelock, 10 Dec. 1863, IO L/P&S/18/C68.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. E.C. Ross, 'Memorandum of Notes on Mekran together with a Report on a Visit to Kej', Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society, Vol.XVIII (1866), pp.39, 43-47.
34. F.J. Goldsmid, 'Notes on Eastern Persia and Western Baluchistan', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol.37 (1867), pp.284-97.
35. Pelly to Disbrowe, 24 April 1869, IO P/438/6/389.
36. Downing to Ross, 29 March 1869, IO P/438/6/243.
37. Ross to Merewether, 3 April 1869, IO P/438/6/243.
38. Merewether to Fitzgerald, 7 April 1869, IO P/438/6.
39. Ross to Merewether, 13 April 1869, IO P/438/6/361.
40. Gonne to Seton-Karr, 28 April 1869, IO P/438/6/244.
41. Governor of Bombay to Viceroy, 20 May 1869, IO P/438/6/362; and Governor of Bombay to Viceroy, 26 May 1869 IO P/438/6/364.
42. Goldsmid to Gonne, 12 April 1869, IO P/438/6/2.
43. Gonne to Seton-Karr, 28 April 1869, IO P/438/6/244.
44. Pelly to Canning, no date (presumably spring 1861), MSS Eur. F.126/21 [Pelly Papers, India Office Library].
45. Memorandum by Burne, 19 June 1869, MSS Eur. D.951 [Burne Papers, India Office Library].
46. Phayre quoted in memorandum by Burne, 19 June 1869, MSS Eur. D.951 [Burne Papers, India Office Library].
47. Government of India to Secretary of State, 10 June 1869, IO P(Foreign)/418.
48. Goldsmid to Argyll, 18 March 1871, MSS Eur. F.134/A/67 [Goldsmid Papers, India Office Library].
49. Ibid.
50. Goldsmid to Argyll, 21 April 1871, MSS Eur. F.134/A/111 [Goldsmid Papers, India Office Library].
51. F.J. Goldsmid, Eastern Persia: An Account of the Journeys of the Persian Boundary Commission, 1870-71-72 (London, 1876), pp.xxiv-xxviii.
52. Goldsmid to Argyll, 15 Jan. 1872, MSS Eur. F.134/D/3 [Goldsmid Papers, India Office Library].
53. Ibid.
54. Memorandum by Mayo, 29 Dec. 1871, IO L/P&S/18/C107.
55. Aitchison to Alison, 29 Feb. 1872, IO R/15/6/9.
56. Aitchison to Wedderburn, 29 Feb. 1872, IO R/15/6/9.
57. Government of India to Secretary of State, 10 June 1869, IO P(Foreign)/418.
58. Goldsmid, Eastern Persia, p.lii.
59. Goldsmid quoted in memorandum by Burne, 10 Dec. 1875, IO L/P&S/18/C12; see also Goldsmid, Eastern Persia, p.lii.
60. Goldsmid quoted in memorandum by Burne, 10 Dec. 1875, IO L/P&S/18/C12; see also Goldsmid, Eastern Persia, p.lii.
61. Goldsmid quoted in memorandum by Burne, 10 Dec. 1875, IO L/P&S/18/C12.
62. Rawlinson quoted in memorandum by Burne, 10 Dec. 1875, IO L/P&S/18/C12.
63. Aitchison to Goldsmid, 26 Sept. 1872, MSS Eur. F.134/38 [Goldsmid Papers, India Office Library].
64. Despatch to the Government of India, 28 March 1873 quoted in memorandum by Burne, 10 Dec. 1875, IO L/P&S/18/C12. The question of Kohuk remained in abeyance until the turn of the century, when it was finally settled in Persia's favour by another mixed commission under British supervision.
65. Aitchison to Goldsmid, 26 Sept. 1872, MSS Eur. F.134/38 [Goldsmid Papers, India Office Library].
66. Goldsmid, Eastern Persia, p.liv.
67. Goldsmid, Eastern Persia, pp.395-414; see also F.J. Goldsmid, 'Journey from Bandar Abbas to Mash-had by Sistan, with some Account of the last-named Province', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol.VL (1873).
68. Goldsmid, Eastern Persia, pp.395-414; see also F.J. Goldsmid, 'Journey from Bandar Abbas to Mash-had by Sistan, with some Account of the last-named Province', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol.VL (1873).
69. Goldsmid, Eastern Persia, p.liv.
70. Goldsmid to Aitchison, 31 Aug. 1872 quoted in memorandum by Burne, 19 Nov. 1872, MSS Eur. D.951/20 [Burne Papers, India Office Library].
71. Memorandum by Burne, 19 Nov. 1872, MSS Eur. D.951/20 [Burne Papers, India Office Library].
72. See for example Major O.B. St. John's report on the physical geography of Persia in Goldsmid, Eastern Persia, pp.1-17.
73. See Captain N.P. Grant, 'Journal of a Route through the Western Parts of Makran', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol.5 (1834).
74. Remarks by Goldsmid following R. Murdoch Smith, 'The Strategy of Russia in Central Asia, From a Persian Point of View' (London, 1873), p.13.
75. Remarks by Goldsmid following Smith, 'The Strategy of Russia in Central Asia', p.13.
76. D.Y. Fell, 'Notes on Kalat, 1947-1948', unpublished typescript, 1949, MSS Eur. D.971/1 [Fell Papers, India Office Library].