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Volumn , Issue 148, 1996, Pages 1224-1259

Taiwan's environment today

(1)  Edmonds, Richard Louis a  

a NONE

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EID: 5644255661     PISSN: 03057410     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s030574100005061x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (147)
  • 1
    • 0006768047 scopus 로고
    • Taipei: The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study
    • Key and recent studies in English include: Taiwan 2000 Study Steering Committee (eds.), Taiwan 2000: Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Protection (Taipei: The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study, 1989). Jack K. Williams, "Environmentalism in Taiwan," in D. F. Simon and M. Y. M. Kau (eds.), Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Miracle (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), pp. 187-210. Linda Gail Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle: land abuse and land struggles in Taiwan," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 26, Nos. 1-2 (1994), pp. 21-44. Ouyang Chiao-hui, "Sustainable development and our living environment," in Jason C. Hu (ed.), Quiet Revolutions on Taiwan, Republic of China (Taipei: Kwang Hua, 1995), pp. 186-211. In Japanese see: Tenao Tadayoshi, "Taiwan: sanyo kogai no seiji keizaigaku" ("Taiwan: the political economics of enterprise pollution"), in Kojima Reeitsu and Fujisaki Shigeaki (eds.), Kaihatsu to kankyo: Higashi Ajia no keiken (Development and the Environment: The East Asia Experience) (Tokyo: Ajia keizai kenkyujo, 1993), pp. 139-199. In Chinese there is much more. Some recent works include: You Ch'ing (ed.), Kua shiji Taiwan: shanchuan, haian, senlin yu shuiziyuan (Taiwan into the Next Century: Mountain and Rivers, Coastal, Forest, and Water Resources) (Taipei: Xin Taiwan fazhan wenjiao jijinhui (New Taiwan Development Foundation), 1995); Cheng Hsien-you (ed.), Taiwan shengming de xinsheng (Taiwan's Call for Life) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1995); and Lin I-chen, Taiwan de yongxu fazhan (Taiwan's Sustainable Development) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1993.
    • (1989) Taiwan 2000: Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Protection
  • 2
    • 0006839514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmentalism in Taiwan
    • D. F. Simon and M. Y. M. Kau (eds.), Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe
    • Key and recent studies in English include: Taiwan 2000 Study Steering Committee (eds.), Taiwan 2000: Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Protection (Taipei: The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study, 1989). Jack K. Williams, "Environmentalism in Taiwan," in D. F. Simon and M. Y. M. Kau (eds.), Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Miracle (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), pp. 187-210. Linda Gail Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle: land abuse and land struggles in Taiwan," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 26, Nos. 1-2 (1994), pp. 21-44. Ouyang Chiao-hui, "Sustainable development and our living environment," in Jason C. Hu (ed.), Quiet Revolutions on Taiwan, Republic of China (Taipei: Kwang Hua, 1995), pp. 186-211. In Japanese see: Tenao Tadayoshi, "Taiwan: sanyo kogai no seiji keizaigaku" ("Taiwan: the political economics of enterprise pollution"), in Kojima Reeitsu and Fujisaki Shigeaki (eds.), Kaihatsu to kankyo: Higashi Ajia no keiken (Development and the Environment: The East Asia Experience) (Tokyo: Ajia keizai kenkyujo, 1993), pp. 139-199. In Chinese there is much more. Some recent works include: You Ch'ing (ed.), Kua shiji Taiwan: shanchuan, haian, senlin yu shuiziyuan (Taiwan into the Next Century: Mountain and Rivers, Coastal, Forest, and Water Resources) (Taipei: Xin Taiwan fazhan wenjiao jijinhui (New Taiwan Development Foundation), 1995); Cheng Hsien-you (ed.), Taiwan shengming de xinsheng (Taiwan's Call for Life) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1995); and Lin I-chen, Taiwan de yongxu fazhan (Taiwan's Sustainable Development) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1993.
    • (1992) Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Miracle , pp. 187-210
    • Williams, J.K.1
  • 3
    • 0028595856 scopus 로고
    • The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle: Land abuse and land struggles in Taiwan
    • Key and recent studies in English include: Taiwan 2000 Study Steering Committee (eds.), Taiwan 2000: Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Protection (Taipei: The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study, 1989). Jack K. Williams, "Environmentalism in Taiwan," in D. F. Simon and M. Y. M. Kau (eds.), Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Miracle (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), pp. 187-210. Linda Gail Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle: land abuse and land struggles in Taiwan," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 26, Nos. 1-2 (1994), pp. 21-44. Ouyang Chiao-hui, "Sustainable development and our living environment," in Jason C. Hu (ed.), Quiet Revolutions on Taiwan, Republic of China (Taipei: Kwang Hua, 1995), pp. 186-211. In Japanese see: Tenao Tadayoshi, "Taiwan: sanyo kogai no seiji keizaigaku" ("Taiwan: the political economics of enterprise pollution"), in Kojima Reeitsu and Fujisaki Shigeaki (eds.), Kaihatsu to kankyo: Higashi Ajia no keiken (Development and the Environment: The East Asia Experience) (Tokyo: Ajia keizai kenkyujo, 1993), pp. 139-199. In Chinese there is much more. Some recent works include: You Ch'ing (ed.), Kua shiji Taiwan: shanchuan, haian, senlin yu shuiziyuan (Taiwan into the Next Century: Mountain and Rivers, Coastal, Forest, and Water Resources) (Taipei: Xin Taiwan fazhan wenjiao jijinhui (New Taiwan Development Foundation), 1995); Cheng Hsien-you (ed.), Taiwan shengming de xinsheng (Taiwan's Call for Life) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1995); and Lin I-chen, Taiwan de yongxu fazhan (Taiwan's Sustainable Development) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1993.
    • (1994) Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars , vol.26 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 21-44
    • Arrigo, L.G.1
  • 4
    • 5644301911 scopus 로고
    • Sustainable development and our living environment
    • Jason C. Hu (ed.), Taipei: Kwang Hua
    • Key and recent studies in English include: Taiwan 2000 Study Steering Committee (eds.), Taiwan 2000: Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Protection (Taipei: The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study, 1989). Jack K. Williams, "Environmentalism in Taiwan," in D. F. Simon and M. Y. M. Kau (eds.), Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Miracle (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), pp. 187-210. Linda Gail Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle: land abuse and land struggles in Taiwan," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 26, Nos. 1-2 (1994), pp. 21-44. Ouyang Chiao-hui, "Sustainable development and our living environment," in Jason C. Hu (ed.), Quiet Revolutions on Taiwan, Republic of China (Taipei: Kwang Hua, 1995), pp. 186-211. In Japanese see: Tenao Tadayoshi, "Taiwan: sanyo kogai no seiji keizaigaku" ("Taiwan: the political economics of enterprise pollution"), in Kojima Reeitsu and Fujisaki Shigeaki (eds.), Kaihatsu to kankyo: Higashi Ajia no keiken (Development and the Environment: The East Asia Experience) (Tokyo: Ajia keizai kenkyujo, 1993), pp. 139-199. In Chinese there is much more. Some recent works include: You Ch'ing (ed.), Kua shiji Taiwan: shanchuan, haian, senlin yu shuiziyuan (Taiwan into the Next Century: Mountain and Rivers, Coastal, Forest, and Water Resources) (Taipei: Xin Taiwan fazhan wenjiao jijinhui (New Taiwan Development Foundation), 1995); Cheng Hsien-you (ed.), Taiwan shengming de xinsheng (Taiwan's Call for Life) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1995); and Lin I-chen, Taiwan de yongxu fazhan (Taiwan's Sustainable Development) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1993.
    • (1995) Quiet Revolutions on Taiwan, Republic of China , pp. 186-211
    • Ouyang, C.-H.1
  • 5
    • 5644303898 scopus 로고
    • Taiwan: Sanyo kogai no seiji keizaigaku
    • Kojima Reeitsu and Fujisaki Shigeaki (eds.), Tokyo: Ajia keizai kenkyujo
    • Key and recent studies in English include: Taiwan 2000 Study Steering Committee (eds.), Taiwan 2000: Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Protection (Taipei: The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study, 1989). Jack K. Williams, "Environmentalism in Taiwan," in D. F. Simon and M. Y. M. Kau (eds.), Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Miracle (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), pp. 187-210. Linda Gail Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle: land abuse and land struggles in Taiwan," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 26, Nos. 1-2 (1994), pp. 21-44. Ouyang Chiao-hui, "Sustainable development and our living environment," in Jason C. Hu (ed.), Quiet Revolutions on Taiwan, Republic of China (Taipei: Kwang Hua, 1995), pp. 186-211. In Japanese see: Tenao Tadayoshi, "Taiwan: sanyo kogai no seiji keizaigaku" ("Taiwan: the political economics of enterprise pollution"), in Kojima Reeitsu and Fujisaki Shigeaki (eds.), Kaihatsu to kankyo: Higashi Ajia no keiken (Development and the Environment: The East Asia Experience) (Tokyo: Ajia keizai kenkyujo, 1993), pp. 139-199. In Chinese there is much more. Some recent works include: You Ch'ing (ed.), Kua shiji Taiwan: shanchuan, haian, senlin yu shuiziyuan (Taiwan into the Next Century: Mountain and Rivers, Coastal, Forest, and Water Resources) (Taipei: Xin Taiwan fazhan wenjiao jijinhui (New Taiwan Development Foundation), 1995); Cheng Hsien-you (ed.), Taiwan shengming de xinsheng (Taiwan's Call for Life) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1995); and Lin I-chen, Taiwan de yongxu fazhan (Taiwan's Sustainable Development) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1993.
    • (1993) Kaihatsu to Kankyo: Higashi Ajia no Keiken (Development and the Environment: The East Asia Experience) , pp. 139-199
  • 6
    • 5644240512 scopus 로고
    • Taipei: Xin Taiwan fazhan wenjiao jijinhui (New Taiwan Development Foundation)
    • Key and recent studies in English include: Taiwan 2000 Study Steering Committee (eds.), Taiwan 2000: Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Protection (Taipei: The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study, 1989). Jack K. Williams, "Environmentalism in Taiwan," in D. F. Simon and M. Y. M. Kau (eds.), Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Miracle (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), pp. 187-210. Linda Gail Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle: land abuse and land struggles in Taiwan," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 26, Nos. 1-2 (1994), pp. 21-44. Ouyang Chiao-hui, "Sustainable development and our living environment," in Jason C. Hu (ed.), Quiet Revolutions on Taiwan, Republic of China (Taipei: Kwang Hua, 1995), pp. 186-211. In Japanese see: Tenao Tadayoshi, "Taiwan: sanyo kogai no seiji keizaigaku" ("Taiwan: the political economics of enterprise pollution"), in Kojima Reeitsu and Fujisaki Shigeaki (eds.), Kaihatsu to kankyo: Higashi Ajia no keiken (Development and the Environment: The East Asia Experience) (Tokyo: Ajia keizai kenkyujo, 1993), pp. 139-199. In Chinese there is much more. Some recent works include: You Ch'ing (ed.), Kua shiji Taiwan: shanchuan, haian, senlin yu shuiziyuan (Taiwan into the Next Century: Mountain and Rivers, Coastal, Forest, and Water Resources) (Taipei: Xin Taiwan fazhan wenjiao jijinhui (New Taiwan Development Foundation), 1995); Cheng Hsien-you (ed.), Taiwan shengming de xinsheng (Taiwan's Call for Life) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1995); and Lin I-chen, Taiwan de yongxu fazhan (Taiwan's Sustainable Development) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1993.
    • (1995) Kua Shiji Taiwan: Shanchuan, Haian, Senlin yu Shuiziyuan (Taiwan into the next Century: Mountain and Rivers, Coastal, Forest, and Water Resources)
    • You, C.1
  • 7
    • 5644221056 scopus 로고
    • Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe
    • Key and recent studies in English include: Taiwan 2000 Study Steering Committee (eds.), Taiwan 2000: Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Protection (Taipei: The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study, 1989). Jack K. Williams, "Environmentalism in Taiwan," in D. F. Simon and M. Y. M. Kau (eds.), Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Miracle (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), pp. 187-210. Linda Gail Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle: land abuse and land struggles in Taiwan," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 26, Nos. 1-2 (1994), pp. 21-44. Ouyang Chiao-hui, "Sustainable development and our living environment," in Jason C. Hu (ed.), Quiet Revolutions on Taiwan, Republic of China (Taipei: Kwang Hua, 1995), pp. 186-211. In Japanese see: Tenao Tadayoshi, "Taiwan: sanyo kogai no seiji keizaigaku" ("Taiwan: the political economics of enterprise pollution"), in Kojima Reeitsu and Fujisaki Shigeaki (eds.), Kaihatsu to kankyo: Higashi Ajia no keiken (Development and the Environment: The East Asia Experience) (Tokyo: Ajia keizai kenkyujo, 1993), pp. 139-199. In Chinese there is much more. Some recent works include: You Ch'ing (ed.), Kua shiji Taiwan: shanchuan, haian, senlin yu shuiziyuan (Taiwan into the Next Century: Mountain and Rivers, Coastal, Forest, and Water Resources) (Taipei: Xin Taiwan fazhan wenjiao jijinhui (New Taiwan Development Foundation), 1995); Cheng Hsien-you (ed.), Taiwan shengming de xinsheng (Taiwan's Call for Life) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1995); and Lin I-chen, Taiwan de yongxu fazhan (Taiwan's Sustainable Development) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1993.
    • (1995) Taiwan Shengming de Xinsheng (Taiwan's Call for Life)
    • Cheng, H.-Y.1
  • 8
    • 5644255292 scopus 로고
    • Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe
    • Key and recent studies in English include: Taiwan 2000 Study Steering Committee (eds.), Taiwan 2000: Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Protection (Taipei: The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study, 1989). Jack K. Williams, "Environmentalism in Taiwan," in D. F. Simon and M. Y. M. Kau (eds.), Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Miracle (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), pp. 187-210. Linda Gail Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle: land abuse and land struggles in Taiwan," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Vol. 26, Nos. 1-2 (1994), pp. 21-44. Ouyang Chiao-hui, "Sustainable development and our living environment," in Jason C. Hu (ed.), Quiet Revolutions on Taiwan, Republic of China (Taipei: Kwang Hua, 1995), pp. 186-211. In Japanese see: Tenao Tadayoshi, "Taiwan: sanyo kogai no seiji keizaigaku" ("Taiwan: the political economics of enterprise pollution"), in Kojima Reeitsu and Fujisaki Shigeaki (eds.), Kaihatsu to kankyo: Higashi Ajia no keiken (Development and the Environment: The East Asia Experience) (Tokyo: Ajia keizai kenkyujo, 1993), pp. 139-199. In Chinese there is much more. Some recent works include: You Ch'ing (ed.), Kua shiji Taiwan: shanchuan, haian, senlin yu shuiziyuan (Taiwan into the Next Century: Mountain and Rivers, Coastal, Forest, and Water Resources) (Taipei: Xin Taiwan fazhan wenjiao jijinhui (New Taiwan Development Foundation), 1995); Cheng Hsien-you (ed.), Taiwan shengming de xinsheng (Taiwan's Call for Life) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1995); and Lin I-chen, Taiwan de yongxu fazhan (Taiwan's Sustainable Development) (Taipei: Qianwei chubanshe, 1993.
    • (1993) Taiwan de Yongxu Fazhan (Taiwan's Sustainable Development)
    • Lin, I.-C.1
  • 9
    • 0022194211 scopus 로고
    • A personal look at Taiwan's air pollution problems
    • Thomas J. Bierma, "A personal look at Taiwan's air pollution problems," Illinois Geographical Society Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 2 (1985), pp. 18-20 points out an interesting example of how Taiwan was willing to trade off air quality for profit. After the United States government curtailed the burning of old electrical cables because of the toxic pollutants released when the insulation burned, American companies interested in recovering the metals from the cables found people in Taiwan willing to undertake the work despite the air pollution.
    • (1985) Illinois Geographical Society Bulletin , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 18-20
    • Bierma, T.J.1
  • 10
    • 5644277207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As of May 1991, for example, the central government was studying ways to implement electricity cuts on a rotating basis.
  • 11
    • 0042217800 scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management, University of Hong Kong
    • For typical examples of the importance of housing related environmental issues for Hong Kong see Cecilia Chan and Peter Hills, Limited Gains: Glassroots Mobilization and the Environment in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management, University of Hong Kong, 1993), and the desire to preserve green spaces, flora and fauna in Macau see Isabel Meneses, "A procura do verde perdido," Macau, II Série, No. 36 (April 1995), pp. 89-95.
    • (1993) Limited Gains: Glassroots Mobilization and the Environment in Hong Kong
    • Chan, C.1    Hills, P.2
  • 12
    • 5644298043 scopus 로고
    • A procura do verde perdido
    • II Série, April
    • For typical examples of the importance of housing related environmental issues for Hong Kong see Cecilia Chan and Peter Hills, Limited Gains: Glassroots Mobilization and the Environment in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management, University of Hong Kong, 1993), and the desire to preserve green spaces, flora and fauna in Macau see Isabel Meneses, "A procura do verde perdido," Macau, II Série, No. 36 (April 1995), pp. 89-95.
    • (1995) Macau , Issue.36 , pp. 89-95
    • Meneses, I.1
  • 14
    • 5644298042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topo kunjing kaichuang linye di 2 ge huangjin shidai zai huanbao yishi gaozhang
    • You Ch'ing
    • Criticism of the lack of forestry and agricultural policy is still being made by academics in Taiwan. See Ch'en Hsin-hsiung. "Topo kunjing kaichuang linye di 2 ge huangjin shidai zai huanbao yishi gaozhang, ..." ("Break through the difficulties and start forestry's second golden era as environmental consciousness is raised, under drought and flood pressure, the direction in which forestry should strive in the future"), in You Ch'ing, Kua shiji Taiwan, pp. 6-7.
    • Kua Shiji Taiwan , pp. 6-7
    • Ch'en, H.-H.1
  • 15
    • 5644279791 scopus 로고
    • Bufen nongdi jiangyu biangeng
    • No. 22755, 4 February
    • "Bufen nongdi jiangyu biangeng" ("Some agricultural land is going to change"), Zhongyang ribao (Central Daily News International Edition), No. 22755, 4 February 1991, p. 7.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao (Central Daily News International Edition) , pp. 7
  • 16
    • 5644276040 scopus 로고
    • Taiwan 5 da shidi mianlin wuran pohuai weiji
    • No. 24420, 28 August
    • "Taiwan 5 da shidi mianlin wuran pohuai weiji" ("Taiwan's five largest wetlands are facing a pollution destruction crisis"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24420, 28 August 1995, p. 7.
    • (1995) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 17
    • 5644276039 scopus 로고
    • Quanqiu queshui guojia Taiwan paiming shiba
    • No. 24317, 17 May
    • Chiang Chung-ming "Quanqiu queshui guojia Taiwan paiming shiba" ("Of the world's polities lacking water, Taiwan is ranked 18th"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24317, 17 May 1995, p. 7.
    • (1995) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
    • Chiang, C.-M.1
  • 18
    • 5644292782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jishuiqu shuitubaochi wenti yu gaijin zhi dao
    • You Ch'ing
    • You Fan-chie, "Jishuiqu shuitubaochi wenti yu gaijin zhi dao" ("The way to improve soil conservation problems in catchment areas"), in You Ch'ing, Kua shiji Taiwan, p. 56 points out that in the early 1990s there were nearly 6,000 hectares of golf courses and 927 mines operating in Taiwan.
    • Kua Shiji Taiwan , pp. 56
    • You, F.-C.1
  • 19
    • 5644256568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • You Fan-chie, "Jishuiqu shuitubaochi wenti," pp. 51-52 points how serious landslides can be in Taiwan once the surface is disturbed above the fragmented shale on hills. In 1989, there were 2,535 landslides in Taiwan covering 8,100 hectares. There also have been serious siltation problems in the Paiho, Akungtien and Wushant'ou Reservoirs of southern Taiwan because that area is prone to mud flows under heavy precipitation.
    • Jishuiqu Shuitubaochi Wenti , pp. 51-52
    • You, F.-C.1
  • 20
    • 5644290342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Rapid road construction during the last three decades means that only some of the highest mountain areas in the east central parts of Taiwan now remain undisturbed by human activity.
  • 21
    • 5644299847 scopus 로고
    • Jianju wei shuitubaochi xunfangdui cuisheng
    • No. 22742, 22 January
    • "Jianju wei shuitubaochi xunfangdui cuisheng" ("Construction Bureau creates a patrol for soil conservation"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22742, 22 January 1991, p. 7.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 22
    • 5644234692 scopus 로고
    • Mingde Shuiku shiyong shouming liang hongdeng
    • No. 22761, 10 February
    • Huang Pi-hsia "Mingde Shuiku shiyong shouming liang hongdeng" ("Mingte Reservoir life gives out a red light warning"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22761, 10 February 1991, p. 7. As another example, Hu Jo-mei, "Jishuiqu lancai riyi xiaozhang" ("Reckless digging in the catchment district grows day by day"), Lianhe bao (United Daily News Taoyuan Edition), 26 November 1995, p. 13 points out that the Shihmen Reservoir's bottom level rose 39.5 metres between 1964 and 1984 due to siltation. To take advantage of a bad situation the government has allowed construction companies to dig out gravels from the Shihmen catchment presumably to slow erosion. However, some suggest that this has caused pollution in the catchment.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
    • Huang, P.-H.1
  • 23
    • 5644221055 scopus 로고
    • Jishuiqu lancai riyi xiaozhang
    • 26 November
    • Huang Pi-hsia "Mingde Shuiku shiyong shouming liang hongdeng" ("Mingte Reservoir life gives out a red light warning"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22761, 10 February 1991, p. 7. As another example, Hu Jo-mei, "Jishuiqu lancai riyi xiaozhang" ("Reckless digging in the catchment district grows day by day"), Lianhe bao (United Daily News Taoyuan Edition), 26 November 1995, p. 13 points out that the Shihmen Reservoir's bottom level rose 39.5 metres between 1964 and 1984 due to siltation. To take advantage of a bad situation the government has allowed construction companies to dig out gravels from the Shihmen catchment presumably to slow erosion. However, some suggest that this has caused pollution in the catchment.
    • (1995) Lianhe Bao (United Daily News Taoyuan Edition) , pp. 13
    • Hu, J.-M.1
  • 24
    • 5644284223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chiang Chung-ming, "Quanqiu queshui guojia Taiwan paiming shiba," p. 7 estimates that Taiwan's annual reservoir capacity loss is roughly between 12 million and 14.6 million cubic metres. Winnie Chang, "Dwindling reserves," Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 7 (July 1994), p. 37 puts the loss of reservoir capacity due to siltation at 14.7 cubic metres per year and states that Taiwan's reservoirs have lost close to one-quarter of reservoir capacity since construction.
    • Quanqiu Queshui Guojia Taiwan Paiming Shiba , pp. 7
    • Chiang, C.-M.1
  • 25
    • 0342453505 scopus 로고
    • Dwindling reserves
    • July
    • Chiang Chung-ming, "Quanqiu queshui guojia Taiwan paiming shiba," p. 7 estimates that Taiwan's annual reservoir capacity loss is roughly between 12 million and 14.6 million cubic metres. Winnie Chang, "Dwindling reserves," Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 7 (July 1994), p. 37 puts the loss of reservoir capacity due to siltation at 14.7 cubic metres per year and states that Taiwan's reservoirs have lost close to one-quarter of reservoir capacity since construction.
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.7 , pp. 37
    • Chang, W.1
  • 27
    • 5644225289 scopus 로고
    • Water: Resource in crisis
    • July
    • Chiang Chung-ming, "Quanqiu queshui guojia Taiwan paiming shiba," p. 7. Jim Hwang, "Water: resource in crisis," Free China Review Vol. 44, No. 7 (July 1994), p. 7.
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.7 , pp. 7
    • Hwang, J.1
  • 28
    • 5644273516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pinglun 1
    • You Ch'ing
    • According to Yang Cheng-ch'uan, "Pinglun 1"("Commentary 1"),in You Ch'ing, Kua shiji Taiwan, p. 23, about 75% of Taiwan's precipitation becomes surface run-off, 21% evaporates, and 4% enters the earth to become ground water.
    • Kua Shiji Taiwan , pp. 23
    • Yang, C.-C.1
  • 29
    • 5644271177 scopus 로고
    • Sankou Helanjing maimo shaqiuxia
    • No. 22861, 26 May
    • "Sankou Helanjing maimo shaqiuxia" ("Sank'ou Dutch well is buried under a sand dune"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22861, 26 May 1991, p. 7 points to a pertinent example from Chiali in T'ainan county. The "Sank'ou Dutch Well" was drilled and lined by the Dutch in 1624 and was still used by the local people up to the late 1940s. By the mid-1950s it was covered in sand. In the mid-1980s a villager dug out another nearby well. However, by 1991 it was again covered in sand.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 30
  • 31
    • 5644255291 scopus 로고
    • Quansheng pujiang zhenyu hanxiang shaohou shujie
    • No. 22837, 2 May
    • "Quansheng pujiang zhenyu hanxiang shaohou shujie" ("Whole province gets rain, drought will be relieved shortly"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22837, 2 May 1991, p. 7.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 32
    • 5644253906 scopus 로고
    • Jiananqu mingrian yiqi daozuo tingguan 18,000 yu gongqing
    • No. 16092, 18 November
    • Lei Hsien-wei, Huang Heng-tun and Chi Liang-yu, "Jiananqu mingrian yiqi daozuo tingguan 18,000 yu gongqing" ("Next year in the Chianan area over 18,000 hectares of early paddy will not be irrigated"), Lianhe bao, No. 16092, 18 November 1995, p. 1, states that every hectare that is not planted will receive compensation of NT$2,500. Based on past experience the government expects about 10,000 hectares of this area to be planted in dry field crops. Another 4,000 plus hectares are expected "to beg for their own water." Therefore, only about 4,500 hectares will actually sit idle. Considering rice stores this drop in yield should not affect prices.
    • (1995) Lianhe Bao , pp. 1
    • Lei, H.-W.1    Huang, H.-T.2    Chi, L.-Y.3
  • 33
    • 5644284223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chiang Chung-ming, "Quanqiu queshui guojia," p. 7. It was reported that these projects would produce 3,200 million cubic metres of annual water supply at a cost of 300,000 million yuan. 23. About four-fifths of this water goes on crop production and 15% for aquaculture with the remainder for livestock and forestry.
    • Quanqiu Queshui Guojia , pp. 7
    • Chiang, C.-M.1
  • 34
    • 5644227046 scopus 로고
    • How much water for the fields?
    • interview by Jim Hwang, July
    • Tsai Ming-hua interview by Jim Hwang, "How much water for the fields?" Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 7 (July 1994), p. 11. Overall water policy rests with the Water Resources Department of the Ministry of Economic Affairs.
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.7 , pp. 11
    • Tsai, M.-H.1
  • 36
    • 5644277044 scopus 로고
    • Fangzhi wuran xingjian shuiku
    • No. 22828, 23 April
    • "Fangzhi wuran xingjian shuiku" ("Prevent pollution construct reservoirs"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22828, 23 April 1991, p. 7.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 37
    • 5644243898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to Yang Cheng-ch'uan, "Pinglun 1," pp. 25-26, advocates of supply increase rather than solely relying on strict water conservation, point out that if only 2% more of water run-off is captured for use, then 1,350 million cubic metres of water can be added to the overall supply. Others point out that with 22.5% of run-off now being used, the absolute limit in economic terms that Taiwan can use is about 25% which means that adding 2%, while possible, will be costly. Chang Shih-chiao, "Pinglun 1" ("Commentary 1"), in You Ch'ing, Kua shiji Taiwan, p. 66 makes this point and provides an interesting comparison. The Techi Reservoir dam is 180 metres high, the same as the Sanxia (Three Gorges) Dam being built in Hubei province. However, the reservoir capacity of the Sanxia Dam will be 70 times that of the Techi Reservoir. This shows the difficulties of finding suitable sites for expanding reservoir capacity in Taiwan.
    • Pinglun 1 , pp. 25-26
    • Yang, C.-C.1
  • 38
    • 5644231720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pinglun 1
    • You Ch'ing
    • According to Yang Cheng-ch'uan, "Pinglun 1," pp. 25-26, advocates of supply increase rather than solely relying on strict water conservation, point out that if only 2% more of water run-off is captured for use, then 1,350 million cubic metres of water can be added to the overall supply. Others point out that with 22.5% of run-off now being used, the absolute limit in economic terms that Taiwan can use is about 25% which means that adding 2%, while possible, will be costly. Chang Shih-chiao, "Pinglun 1" ("Commentary 1"), in You Ch'ing, Kua shiji Taiwan, p. 66 makes this point and provides an interesting comparison. The Techi Reservoir dam is 180 metres high, the same as the Sanxia (Three Gorges) Dam being built in Hubei province. However, the reservoir capacity of the Sanxia Dam will be 70 times that of the Techi Reservoir. This shows the difficulties of finding suitable sites for expanding reservoir capacity in Taiwan.
    • Kua Shiji Taiwan , pp. 66
    • Shih-chiao, C.1
  • 39
    • 5644277049 scopus 로고
    • The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle
    • p. 38, n. 43 quoting 30 April
    • Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle," p. 38, n. 43 quoting from Zili wanbao, No. 204 (30 April 1993), p. 10. Hwang, "Water resource in crisis," p. 6. Hsiao Ming-kuo, "Ezhi luchen zhengfu jue dafu jianshao yuwen" ("In order to halve ground subsidence the government decides to greatly reduce fish fields"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24481, 28 November 1995, p. 7 states that over 1057 sq km have been affected. The problem becomes most obvious in typhoon season when sea water floods into the lowlands of the south-west.
    • (1993) Zili Wanbao , Issue.204 , pp. 10
    • Arrigo1
  • 40
    • 5644290340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle," p. 38, n. 43 quoting from Zili wanbao, No. 204 (30 April 1993), p. 10. Hwang, "Water resource in crisis," p. 6. Hsiao Ming-kuo, "Ezhi luchen zhengfu jue dafu jianshao yuwen" ("In order to halve ground subsidence the government decides to greatly reduce fish fields"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24481, 28 November 1995, p. 7 states that over 1057 sq km have been affected. The problem becomes most obvious in typhoon season when sea water floods into the lowlands of the south-west.
    • Water Resource in Crisis , pp. 6
    • Hwang1
  • 41
    • 5644264539 scopus 로고
    • Ezhi luchen zhengfu jue dafu jianshao yuwen
    • No. 24481, 28 November
    • Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle," p. 38, n. 43 quoting from Zili wanbao, No. 204 (30 April 1993), p. 10. Hwang, "Water resource in crisis," p. 6. Hsiao Ming-kuo, "Ezhi luchen zhengfu jue dafu jianshao yuwen" ("In order to halve ground subsidence the government decides to greatly reduce fish fields"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24481, 28 November 1995, p. 7 states that over 1057 sq km have been affected. The problem becomes most obvious in typhoon season when sea water floods into the lowlands of the south-west.
    • (1995) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
    • Hsiao, M.-K.1
  • 43
    • 5644247084 scopus 로고
    • Luchen shehui chengben meinian baiyi
    • No. 24481, 28 November
    • Yang Hui-lan, "Luchen shehui chengben meinian baiyi" ("Ground subsidence social cost NT$10,000,000,000 annually"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24481, 28 November 1995, p. 7. Hsiao Ming-kuo, "Ezhi luchen," p. 7. Zoning, help with alternative employment, ground water management and education are to be included in an 18 work point plan. There are plans for the Council of Agriculture to step up the establishment of fish rearing districts from today's 30 to 50 by 2000 in order to rationalize water use.
    • (1995) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
    • Yang, H.-L.1
  • 44
    • 5644243897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yang Hui-lan, "Luchen shehui chengben meinian baiyi" ("Ground subsidence social cost NT$10,000,000,000 annually"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24481, 28 November 1995, p. 7. Hsiao Ming-kuo, "Ezhi luchen," p. 7. Zoning, help with alternative employment, ground water management and education are to be included in an 18 work point plan. There are plans for the Council of Agriculture to step up the establishment of fish rearing districts from today's 30 to 50 by 2000 in order to rationalize water use.
    • Ezhi Luchen , pp. 7
    • Hsiao, M.-K.1
  • 45
    • 5644224101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study, p. 18
    • The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study, p. 18.
  • 46
    • 5644262121 scopus 로고
    • Huanshu zhili wancheng daqi jianwang shezhan
    • No. 22730, 10 January
    • Miu Lin et al., "Huanshu zhili wancheng daqi jianwang shezhan" ("EPA puts its efforts into completing atmospheric observation network"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22730, 10 January 1991, p. 7. Yvonne Yuan, "Paying for the past," Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 7 (July 1994), p. 18 makes an interesting generalization in this central government sponsored journal about water pollution in Taiwan: "Although the magnitude of the water pollution problem is not as serious as it is in Albania or mainland China, it is great enough to cause rising concerns about public health."
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
    • Lin, M.1
  • 47
    • 5644294025 scopus 로고
    • Paying for the past
    • July
    • Miu Lin et al., "Huanshu zhili wancheng daqi jianwang shezhan" ("EPA puts its efforts into completing atmospheric observation network"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22730, 10 January 1991, p. 7. Yvonne Yuan, "Paying for the past," Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 7 (July 1994), p. 18 makes an interesting generalization in this central government sponsored journal about water pollution in Taiwan: "Although the magnitude of the water pollution problem is not as serious as it is in Albania or mainland China, it is great enough to cause rising concerns about public health."
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.7 , pp. 18
    • Yuan, Y.1
  • 49
    • 5644256567 scopus 로고
    • Huanju yan shuizhi yuban buhege
    • 26 November
    • Hu Jo-mei, "Huanju yan shuizhi yuban buhege" ("EPA tests water quality, over half doesn't meet standards"), Lianhe bao, 26 November 1995, p. 13, points out that over half the 2,400-odd water samples collected in Taoyuan county in the first ten months of 1995 did not meet water quality standards. Over one-quarter those collected in schools were substandard. Most alarming was that out of 1,662 ground water samples, 1,261 did not meet standards.
    • (1995) Lianhe Bao , pp. 13
    • Hu, J.-M.1
  • 50
    • 5644291565 scopus 로고
    • January
    • Roger Mark Selya, "Water and air pollution in Taiwan," Vol. 9, No. 2 (January 1975), pp. 183-84. Water pollution problems were publicized openly with the Klassen-World Health Organization report of 1966.
    • (1975) Water and Air Pollution in Taiwan , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 183-184
    • Selya, R.M.1
  • 52
    • 5644248991 scopus 로고
    • Safety in a bottle?
    • July
    • Eugenia Yun, "Safety in a bottle?" Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 7 (July 1994), p. 28. As is the case in Britain and elsewhere bottled water is not necessarily safer as there are often no standards and there are many unlicensed vendors of bottled water.
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.7 , pp. 28
    • Yun, E.1
  • 53
    • 5644263341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taipei: Office of Science and Technology Advisors, Environmental Protection Administration
    • A Cleaner Home and a Better Image Abroad: Taiwan's Environmental Efforts (Taipei: Office of Science and Technology Advisors, Environmental Protection Administration, 1995), p. 5.
    • (1995) A Cleaner Home and a Better Image Abroad: Taiwan's Environmental Efforts , pp. 5
  • 54
    • 5644278482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • One reason that many factories go unchecked is that there is a large number which are not registered with the government.
  • 55
    • 5644287090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yuan, "Paying for the past," p. 18 says that the Environmental Protection Agency feels that domestic wastewater will become the major pollution source for rivers by 1997 if quick action is not taken.
    • Paying for the Past , pp. 18
    • Yuan1
  • 56
    • 5644282283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The best connection rate is in Taipei with about one-quarter of homes and businesses connected to sewerage treatment. Kaohsiung treats about half its total wastewater.
  • 57
    • 5644274791 scopus 로고
    • Wastewater primer
    • July
    • According to Richard R. Vuysteke, "Wastewater primer," Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 7 (July 1994), p. 27, as pigs in Taiwan generally produce four to six times the amount of excrement of a human, Taiwan's pig population creates as much sewage as 55 million humans - over twice the human population of Taiwan.
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.7 , pp. 27
    • Vuysteke, R.R.1
  • 59
    • 5644257940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Regulations for the Control of Environmental Pesticides were promulgated in 1984 although some had been regulated under provisions of earlier laws.
  • 60
    • 5644276038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chang, "Dwindling reserves," p. 42 points out that the sole low pollution watershed of the Feits'ui Reservoir requires annual expenditures of US$150,000 on reforestation and US$3 million on soil conservation. However, even this model reservoir has caused environmental damage. Construction led to the destruction of the only known habitat of Rhododendron kanehirai, a species of azalea which experts are now trying to reintroduce to similar habits having found several garden-grown plants.
    • Dwindling Reserves , pp. 42
    • Chang1
  • 61
    • 5644229208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yun, "Safety in a bottle?" p. 30 points out that Kaohsiung has renewed much of its water supply piping in part to reduce the intrusion of polluted ground water into the system.
    • Safety in a Bottle? , pp. 30
    • Yun1
  • 67
    • 5644268690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bierma, "Taiwan's air pollution problems," pp. 21-22. This led to high sulphate values around cities such as Kaohsiung where all three local power plants burn oil.
    • Taiwan's Air Pollution Problems , pp. 21-22
    • Bierma1
  • 68
    • 85087192950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2 pollution were Miaoli county followed by Kaohsiung county, Kaohsiung municipality, Taipei municipality and T'aoyuan county.
  • 72
    • 84967493413 scopus 로고
    • Industrialized Taiwan has region's highest increase of asthma patients
    • 8 December notes that by 1994 asthma cases in Taiwan soared to eight times what they had been in 1974 with the largest concentration amongst schoolchildren being in Taipei municipality. However, this increase could also be due to changes in diet and other factors as well as increases in air pollution
    • Yueh Ching, "Industrialized Taiwan has region's highest increase of asthma patients," Free China Journal, Vol. 12, No. 47 (8 December 1995) p. 4, notes that by 1994 asthma cases in Taiwan soared to eight times what they had been in 1974 with the largest concentration amongst schoolchildren being in Taipei municipality. However, this increase could also be due to changes in diet and other factors as well as increases in air pollution.
    • (1995) Free China Journal , vol.12 , Issue.47 , pp. 4
    • Ching, Y.1
  • 73
    • 5644248987 scopus 로고
    • Xingda dianchang meihui wuran Taidian yaoqiu jianding queding cai peichang
    • No. 22877, 11 June
    • "Xingda dianchang meihui wuran Taidian yaoqiu jianding queding cai peichang" ("Hsingta electric plant coal dust pollution, Taiwan Electric proof and confirmation before paying compensation"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22877, 11 June 1991, p. 7.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 74
    • 5644252587 scopus 로고
    • Lüqi waixiean jiuyi yiyu wubairen
    • No. 22880, 14 June
    • "Lüqi waixiean jiuyi yiyu wubairen" ("Cloride gas leak already led to 500 people needing medical attention"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22880, 14 June 1991, p. 7. The company also agreed to pay medical expenses and compensation to those injured.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 75
    • 5644222291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Acidification is caused by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides being converted into sulphuric and nitric acids when released into the atmosphere.
  • 76
    • 5644299844 scopus 로고
    • Taiwan suanyu sancheng shi dalu wuranwu
    • No. 24366, 5 July
    • Huang I-ching, "Taiwan suanyu sancheng shi dalu wuranwu" ("Thirty per cent of Taiwan's acid rain is mainland pollution"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24366, 5 July 1995, p. 7. Percentage of precipitation levels of pH below 5 for other parts of Taiwan include: Kueishan 81%, Hsiaokang 78%, Chungli 74% and T'aichung Harbour 52%.
    • (1995) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
    • Huang, I.-C.1
  • 77
    • 5644222289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study 1989, p. 225
    • The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study 1989, p. 225. 83 Huanjing baohu nianjian, p. 157.
    • 83 Huanjing Baohu Nianjian , pp. 157
  • 78
    • 5644245780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taibei Shi gaojia daolu yanxian zaoyin diaocha baogao
    • Juju Wang
    • Taipei Municipal Public Works Department, "Taibei Shi gaojia daolu yanxian zaoyin diaocha baogao" ("Taipei municipality elevated roadside noise investigation report"), cited in Juju Wang, Huanjingshehuixue de chufa, p. 15. See also Hsiao Hsin-huang Michael, "Cong huanjingshehuixue kan yiban minzhong he lifaweiyuan dui huanjing wenti de renzhi," ("Commoners and Legislative Yuan members understanding of environmental problems from an environmental sociological viewpoint") Zhongguo luntan, Vol. 15, No. 8 (1984), pp. 44-49.
    • Huanjingshehuixue de Chufa , pp. 15
  • 79
    • 5644285005 scopus 로고
    • Cong huanjingshehuixue kan yiban minzhong he lifaweiyuan dui huanjing wenti de renzhi
    • Taipei Municipal Public Works Department, "Taibei Shi gaojia daolu yanxian zaoyin diaocha baogao" ("Taipei municipality elevated roadside noise investigation report"), cited in Juju Wang, Huanjingshehuixue de chufa, p. 15. See also Hsiao Hsin-huang Michael, "Cong huanjingshehuixue kan yiban minzhong he lifaweiyuan dui huanjing wenti de renzhi," ("Commoners and Legislative Yuan members understanding of environmental problems from an environmental sociological viewpoint") Zhongguo luntan, Vol. 15, No. 8 (1984), pp. 44-49.
    • (1984) Zhongguo Luntan , vol.15 , Issue.8 , pp. 44-49
    • Hsiao, H.-H.M.1
  • 80
    • 5644295072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shequ jumin dui minsu zaoyin de fanying ji yingbian celue
    • a report to the former Environmental Protection Bureau of the Executive Yuan in 1988 cited in Juju Wang
    • Huang Ch'ien-ch'üan, "Shequ jumin dui minsu zaoyin de fanying ji yingbian celue" ("Urban residents' reaction to social noise and suggested policy changes"), a report to the former Environmental Protection Bureau of the Executive Yuan in 1988 cited in Juju Wang, Huanjingshehuixue de Chufa, p. 15.
    • Huanjingshehuixue de Chufa , pp. 15
    • Huang, C.-C.1
  • 81
    • 5644222289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 83 Huanjing baohu nianjian, p. 151. The vast majority of incidents were cases where it was discovered that noise control regulations were not being followed. The remaining 12.5% of incidents dealt with meeting standards within the time allotted.
    • 83 Huanjing Baohu Nianjian , pp. 151
  • 82
    • 5644263340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reports in the English language literature on Taiwan repeat this sad observation. See Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle," p. 21; and Arthur Zich, "Taiwan: the other China," National Geographic, November 1993, pp. 3-32.
    • The Environmental Nightmare of the Economic Miracle , pp. 21
    • Arrigo1
  • 83
    • 5644269957 scopus 로고
    • Taiwan: The other China
    • November
    • Reports in the English language literature on Taiwan repeat this sad observation. See Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle," p. 21; and Arthur Zich, "Taiwan: the other China," National Geographic, November 1993, pp. 3-32.
    • (1993) National Geographic , pp. 3-32
    • Zich, A.1
  • 84
    • 5644279786 scopus 로고
    • Yu Yuxian: Mianlin nongye xin keti de taozhan
    • No. 22951, 24 August
    • Hsieh Chih-yüeh, "Yu Yuxian: mianlin nongye xin keti de taozhan," ("Yü Yü-hsien: the approach to new problems facing agriculture"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22951, 24 August 1991, p. 7.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
    • Hsieh, C.-Y.1
  • 85
    • 5644277042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study 1989, p. 176
    • The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study 1989, p. 176.
  • 87
    • 5644296761 scopus 로고
    • Trash clash: Environmentalists and officials disagree on how to boost recycling
    • August
    • Laurie Underwood, "Trash clash: environmentalists and officials disagree on how to boost recycling," Free China Review, Vol. 43, No. 8 (August 1993), p. 45.
    • (1993) Free China Review , vol.43 , Issue.8 , pp. 45
    • Underwood, L.1
  • 89
    • 5644280839 scopus 로고
    • Shengfu bokuan yiyi zhengdun Ab Shan zangluan
    • No. 22855, 20 May
    • "Shengfu bokuan yiyi zhengdun Ab Shan zangluan" ("Provincial government sets aside NT$100,000,000 to clean up Mount Ali"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22855, 20 May 1991, p. 7. Wu Ming-lun, "Guanyin Shan zao lanken tongshan zhuozhuo," ("Kuan-in Mountain is exploited and becomes a bald mountain"), Zhongguo shibao (China Times), No. 16405, 17 November 1995, p. 16 gives another example of Kuan-in Mountain near Wuku where dumping of soil on this deforested mountain has led to landslides. Wu points out how the laws related to dumping of wastes on this mountain have been poorly enforced.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 90
    • 5644257936 scopus 로고
    • Guanyin Shan zao lanken tongshan zhuozhuo
    • 16405, 17 November
    • "Shengfu bokuan yiyi zhengdun Ab Shan zangluan" ("Provincial government sets aside NT$100,000,000 to clean up Mount Ali"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22855, 20 May 1991, p. 7. Wu Ming-lun, "Guanyin Shan zao lanken tongshan zhuozhuo," ("Kuan-in Mountain is exploited and becomes a bald mountain"), Zhongguo shibao (China Times), No. 16405, 17 November 1995, p. 16 gives another example of Kuan-in Mountain near Wuku where dumping of soil on this deforested mountain has led to landslides. Wu points out how the laws related to dumping of wastes on this mountain have been poorly enforced.
    • (1995) Zhongguo Shibao (China Times) , pp. 16
    • Wu, M.-L.1
  • 93
    • 5644280836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taiwan imports recycled paper, tin, aluminium, zinc and copper
    • Taiwan imports recycled paper, tin, aluminium, zinc and copper.
  • 95
    • 5644276037 scopus 로고
    • Taipei: Jinyu chuabanshe
    • According to Chen I-i, Zhonghua Minguo huanbao fagui (Environmental Laws of the Republic of China) (Taipei: Jinyu chuabanshe, 1989), p. 262, when Taiwan reverted to Chinese control in 1945 the Forestry Law of the Republic of China was put into effect immediately. This law was revised in 1972 and again in 1985. For the role of forestry in mainland China nature conservation see Richard Louis Edmonds, Patterns of China's Lost Harmony (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 193-201.
    • (1989) Zhonghua Minguo Huanbao Fagui (Environmental Laws of the Republic of China) , pp. 262
    • Chen, I.-I.1
  • 96
    • 0004080263 scopus 로고
    • London: Routledge
    • According to Chen I-i, Zhonghua Minguo huanbao fagui (Environmental Laws of the Republic of China) (Taipei: Jinyu chuabanshe, 1989), p. 262, when Taiwan reverted to Chinese control in 1945 the Forestry Law of the Republic of China was put into effect immediately. This law was revised in 1972 and again in 1985. For the role of forestry in mainland China nature conservation see Richard Louis Edmonds, Patterns of China's Lost Harmony (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 193-201.
    • (1994) Patterns of China's Lost Harmony , pp. 193-201
    • Edmonds, R.L.1
  • 97
    • 5644274789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study 1989, pp. 116, 120
    • The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study 1989, pp. 116, 120.
  • 98
    • 5644280835 scopus 로고
    • A sense of urgency
    • August
    • According to Yvonne Yuan, "A sense of urgency," Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 8 (August 1994), p. 12, eleven species of plants and 23 species of fauna were listed as protected. Most of these conservation areas were for birds.
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.8 , pp. 12
    • Yuan, Y.1
  • 101
    • 5644272383 scopus 로고
    • Have your park and save it too
    • August
    • Jim Hwang, "Have your park and save it too," Free China Review, Vol. 43, No. 8 (August 1993), p. 59 notes that mining continued in Yangmingshan, Taroko and Yushan until recently. These activities have at least now been required to seek government approval.
    • (1993) Free China Review , vol.43 , Issue.8 , pp. 59
    • Hwang, J.1
  • 102
    • 5644270759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to Jim Hwang, "Have your park and save it too," p. 57, the chief of the National Park Department, Hsiao Ch'ing-fen, says few trained people are willing to take the difficult Civil Service Exam required of national park officials.
    • Have Your Park and Save It Too , pp. 57
    • Hwang, J.1
  • 103
    • 5644245779 scopus 로고
    • Research and rescue
    • August
    • Jim Hwang, "Research and rescue," Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 8 (August 1994), pp. 38-41, describes the functions of the Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute founded in 1992 which tries to heal injured rare species and to introduce domesticated endemic species back into the wild.
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.8 , pp. 38-41
    • Hwang, J.1
  • 104
    • 5644279788 scopus 로고
    • Yizhi malaixiong huande liuyue tiechuang
    • No. 22764, 13 February
    • "Yizhi malaixiong huande liuyue tiechuang" ("Malay bear set free from iron cage after six months"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22764, 13 February 1991, p. 7.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 105
    • 5644298039 scopus 로고
    • Dalu yuchuan zousi youru haishang dongwuyuan
    • No. 22869, 3 June
    • Lin Han-ch'ing, "Dalu yuchuan zousi youru haishang dongwuyuan" ("Mainland smuggling fishing boat is like a floating zoo"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22869, 3 June 1991, p. 7.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
    • Lin, H.-C.1
  • 106
    • 5644279787 scopus 로고
    • Back to nature
    • April
    • Jim Hwang, "Back to nature," Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 4 (April 1994), pp. 64-65. Formosan sika deer have the scientific name Cervus nippon taiouanus, and are known in Chinese as meihualu.
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.4 , pp. 64-65
    • Hwang, J.1
  • 107
    • 5644222797 scopus 로고
    • On attitudes, laws, and civic groups
    • interview by Yvonne Yuan, August
    • Paul Ming-hsien Sun interview by Yvonne Yuan, "On attitudes, laws, and civic groups," Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 8 (August 1994), p. 21, points out the example from the original Wildlife Conservation Law that those who did not register that they were raising wild animals were not punished.
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.8 , pp. 21
    • Ming-hsien Sun, P.1
  • 108
    • 5644287087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to Yuan, "A sense of urgency," p. 12 these reforms will toughen gaol sentences and fines for dealing in listed species or their products. A controversial item to arise out of these discussions is whether to allow commercial breeding of animals listed in the appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Animals now being raised on Taiwan include cobras, masked palm civets, tigers and crocodiles. In general the government wants to let these businesses continue whereas conservation groups want an all-out ban. On page 16 Yuan cites a study undertaken by students at National Chunghsing University which suggests that the number of rare birds on sale dropped significantly between 1985 and 1992.
    • A Sense of Urgency , pp. 12
    • Yuan1
  • 109
    • 5644278476 scopus 로고
    • Rhino horn - Trading in death?
    • May-June
    • Leigh Ann Hurt, "Rhino horn - trading in death?" WWF News, Vol. 71 (May-June 1991), pp. 4-5. A more radical example of this kind of accusation can be seen in the pamphlet, Taiwan Kills Rhinos with Your Money (London: Environmental Investigation Agency et al., 1992).
    • (1991) WWF News , vol.71 , pp. 4-5
    • Hurt, L.A.1
  • 110
    • 5644292781 scopus 로고
    • London: Environmental Investigation Agency et al.
    • Leigh Ann Hurt, "Rhino horn - trading in death?" WWF News, Vol. 71 (May-June 1991), pp. 4-5. A more radical example of this kind of accusation can be seen in the pamphlet, Taiwan Kills Rhinos with Your Money (London: Environmental Investigation Agency et al., 1992).
    • (1992) Taiwan Kills Rhinos with Your Money
  • 111
    • 5644287087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yuan, "A sense of urgency," p. 15. Yvonne Yuan, "The rhino redressed," Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 8 (August 1994), p. 35 points out that water buffalo horns have long been used as a suitable substitute for rhino horns in Chinese medicine on Taiwan.
    • A Sense of Urgency , pp. 15
    • Yuan1
  • 112
    • 5644278477 scopus 로고
    • The rhino redressed
    • August
    • Yuan, "A sense of urgency," p. 15. Yvonne Yuan, "The rhino redressed," Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 8 (August 1994), p. 35 points out that water buffalo horns have long been used as a suitable substitute for rhino horns in Chinese medicine on Taiwan.
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.8 , pp. 35
    • Yuan, Y.1
  • 114
    • 5644222797 scopus 로고
    • On attitudes, laws, and civic groups
    • interview by Yvonne Yuan, August
    • Paul Ming-hsien Sun interview by Yvonne Yuan, "On attitudes, laws, and civic groups," Free China Review, Vol. 44, No. 8 (August 1994), pp. 22-23. Claims include use of out-of-date information, lack of balanced reporting by not covering what efforts are being taken to control the situation, and a lack of understanding of Chinese culture which prejudices their surveying techniques in Taiwan.
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.8 , pp. 22-23
    • Ming-hsien Sun, P.1
  • 116
    • 0006839514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmentalism in Taiwan
    • Simon and Kau
    • Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle," p. 23. See also Jack K. Williams, "Environmentalism in Taiwan," in Simon and Kau, Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Miracle, pp. 187-210.
    • Taiwan: Beyond the Economic Miracle , pp. 187-210
    • Williams, J.K.1
  • 118
    • 0023485686 scopus 로고
    • The institutional problems of land use and environmental planning in Taiwan
    • Han Chien, "The institutional problems of land use and environmental planning in Taiwan," Urban Law and Policy, Vol. 8, No. 5 (1987), pp. 458-59.
    • (1987) Urban Law and Policy , vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp. 458-459
    • Han, C.1
  • 121
    • 5644263341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Environmental Impact Assessment Law was finally promulgated on 30 December 1994. According to A Cleaner Home and a Better Image Abroad, p. 3, Taiwan's law is one of "the most advanced EIA laws in the world" because of three characteristics: environmental authorities have the veto power on projects; violations of EIA commitments are punishable; and government policies that are thought to affect the environment are subject to EIA procedures No comment is made on the inherent difficulties of one branch of government trying to protect the public from government policy. Of the 407 environmental impact assessments undertaken between the implementation of the temporary environmental impact assessment programme in 1985 and the new law in 1994, 132 did not pass.
    • A Cleaner Home and a Better Image Abroad , pp. 3
  • 122
    • 5644295074 scopus 로고
    • Huanbaofangwu jiangcheng 90 nian mingxing qiye
    • No. 22665, 6 November
    • "Huanbaofangwu jiangcheng 90 nian mingxing qiye" ("Environmental protection anti-pollution equipment will be the star enterprise of 1990"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22665, 6 November 1990, p. 7. According to 83 Huanjing baohu nianjian, p. 50, there were 31,424 environmental protection workers as of June 1994 although 28,120 of these were involved in rubbish removal and waste water plant work.
    • (1990) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 123
    • 5644222289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Huanbaofangwu jiangcheng 90 nian mingxing qiye" ("Environmental protection anti-pollution equipment will be the star enterprise of 1990"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22665, 6 November 1990, p. 7. According to 83 Huanjing baohu nianjian, p. 50, there were 31,424 environmental protection workers as of June 1994 although 28,120 of these were involved in rubbish removal and waste water plant work.
    • 83 Huanjing Baohu Nianjian , pp. 50
  • 125
    • 5644228348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to the Republic of China Yearbook 1995, p. 232, by 1993 government environmental agencies alone registered 84,273 complaints about environmental nuisances. There were four major causes of complaint: over 38% of the total were related to waste disposal issues, just under 23% were about noise, just over 22% were air pollution related, and just under 10% were about foul odours.
    • Republic of China Yearbook 1995 , pp. 232
  • 126
    • 5644250228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The first unofficial environmental organization was the Animal Protection Association of the Republic of China based in Taipei.
  • 127
    • 5644296762 scopus 로고
    • Guanqie Taiwan xianzai de weilai de shehui wenti
    • Hsiao Hsin-huang Michael, "Guanqie Taiwan xianzai de weilai de shehui wenti" ("Concerning Taiwan's current and future social problems"), Zhonghe zazhi, No. 45 (1986), pp. 150-162.
    • (1986) Zhonghe Zazhi , Issue.45 , pp. 150-162
    • Hsiao, H.-H.M.1
  • 128
    • 5644295073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For more on changed social perceptions towards environmental problems see Juju Wang, Huanjingshehuixue de Chufa, pp. 12-14 and The Steering Committee Taiwan 2000 Study, pp. 352-383.
    • Huanjingshehuixue de Chufa , pp. 12-14
    • Wang, J.1
  • 129
    • 5644280838 scopus 로고
    • Grassroots initiative
    • August
    • Wang Fei-yun, "Grassroots initiative," Free China Review Vol. 44, No. 8 (August 1994), p. 32.
    • (1994) Free China Review , vol.44 , Issue.8 , pp. 32
    • Wang, F.-Y.1
  • 131
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    • The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle
    • notes a report Research Report 2, Fujen University, Theological Institute June
    • Arrigo, "The environmental nightmare of the economic miracle," p. 24 notes a report Taiwan shengjie yu shenghuo pingzhi (Quality of Life in the Bioregion of Taiwan), Research Report 2, Fujen University, Theological Institute (June 1992) which she summarizes as stating that in a survey of 1,400 people about life satisfaction in Taiwan "80% expressed dissatisfaction with the official policy of economy first, ecology second; 75% agreed that Taiwan's buildings are deficient in aesthetics; and 92% agreed that air quality and environment were getting worse day by day - a much more vehement response than in the previous 1980 survey."
    • (1992) Taiwan Shengjie Yu Shenghuo Pingzhi (Quality of Life in the Bioregion of Taiwan) , pp. 24
    • Arrigo1
  • 133
    • 5644228350 scopus 로고
    • Huishou fei luntai yida baqian gongdun
    • No. 22742, 22 January
    • As of mid-1995 legal action was beginning against the Hsingta Plant Assistant General Director, Shen Wen-lan, who was accused of illegal activities in aiding the German company, Siemens, to obtain a contract. Others were also indicted. Wang Li-yü, et al., "Huishou fei luntai yida baqian gongdun" ("Recovered used tyres already total eight thousand tonnes"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22742, 22 January 1991, p. 7, described attempts to undertake some measures to clean up the environment such as by retrieving old tyres and cutting them up and burning them to produce energy, which were blocked by citizens' groups which had little confidence that the government could be trusted when it said that such burning will cause little air pollution. As a result the tyres piled up in eleven special dumps at the rate of 2,000 metric tonnes a month.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
    • Wang, L.-Y.1
  • 134
    • 5644278479 scopus 로고
    • Hedian dui wo nengyuan gongying you qi biyaoxing
    • No. 24354, 23 June
    • Yang Hui-lan and Chu Ch'un-mei, "Hedian dui wo nengyuan gongying you qi biyaoxing" ("Nuclear power has its necessity for our energy supply"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24354, 23 June 1995, p. 7.
    • (1995) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
    • Yang, H.-L.1    Chu, C.-M.2
  • 135
    • 5644231717 scopus 로고
    • Yanliao jian hesi jue bu gaibian
    • No. 22766, 20 February
    • "Yanliao jian hesi jue bu gaibian" ("Construction of nuclear reactor four at Yenliao definitely will not be changed"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22766, 20 February 1991, p. 7.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 136
    • 5644280837 scopus 로고
    • Fanhe tuanti danxi Liyuan changmian huibao
    • No. 24354, 23 June
    • Huang Tzu-ch'iang, "Fanhe tuanti danxi Liyuan changmian huibao" ("Anti-nuclear group clean the Legislative Yuan with eggs, the scene is fiery"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24354, 23 June 1995, p. 7 describes one such confrontation on 21 June 1995 when the Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Environmental Protection Union, and anti-nuclear groups from Yanliao, Kungliao and Lanyü battled with police and threw eggs at the Legislative Assembly in an attempt to show solidarity with attempts by some legislators to block
    • (1995) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
    • Huang, T.-C.1
  • 137
    • 5644284219 scopus 로고
    • You Qing yangyan jufa jianzhao
    • No. 24354, 23 June
    • Huang Tzu-ch'iang, "Fanhe tuanti danxi Liyuan changmian huibao" ("Anti-nuclear group clean the Legislative Yuan with eggs, the scene is fiery"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24354, 23 June 1995, p. 7 describes one such confrontation on 21 June 1995 when the Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Environmental Protection Union, and anti-nuclear groups from Yanliao, Kungliao and Lanyü battled with police and threw eggs at the Legislative Assembly in an attempt to show solidarity with attempts by some legislators to block approval of the Kungliao fourth nuclear power plant's budget. "You Qing yangyan jufa jianzhao" ("You Ch'ing discloses his refusal to issue a construction permit"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24354, 23 June 1995, p. 7 notes that at the same 21 June Legislative Yuan session, Taipei county Governor, You Ch'ing, made a surprise visit at 11 a.m. but was denied the right to speak by the Nationalist Party dominated assembly. Outside he made a statement that the county government would not issue a permit to the number 2 nuclear power plant to use a nuclear waste warehouse.
    • (1995) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 138
    • 5644240509 scopus 로고
    • Yuanweihui wancheng chubu guihua
    • No. 22766, 20 February
    • "Yuanweihui wancheng chubu guihua" ("Nuclear Commission completes preliminary plan"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22766, 20 February 1991, p. 7.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 139
    • 5644242717 scopus 로고
    • Kangyi hefeiliao zhucun zai Lanyu
    • No. 22768, 22 February
    • "Kangyi hefeiliao zhucun zai Lanyu" ("Resist nuclear waste storage on Lanyü"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 22768, 22 February 1991, p. 7.
    • (1991) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 140
    • 5644278478 scopus 로고
    • Chaoye liwei duijue hesi yusuan chushen guoguan
    • No. 24354, 23 June The motion failed to pass. For opposition views of the problem see Lin Chun-i and Lin Pi-yao
    • Hsiao Mingguo and Huang Tzu-ch'iang, "Chaoye liwei duijue hesi yusuan chushen guoguan" ("Nationalists and the opposition Legislative Yuan members deadlocked: fourth plant budget gets past its first initial enquiry"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24354, 23 June 1995, p. 7. The motion failed to pass. For opposition views of the problem see Lin Chun-i and Lin Pi-yao, "Qiangjiu Lanyu, shengyuan Yameiren" ("Save Lanyü, support the Ami peoplë), Taiwan huanjing (Taiwan Environment), No. 82 (1 July 1995), p. 18; and Huang I-feng, "Lanyu de bianchui diwei ji qi beiju mingyun" ("Lanyu's peripheral position and its tragic fate"), Taiwan huanjing, No. 83 (15 August 1995), p. 7.
    • (1995) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
    • Hsiao, M.1    Huang, T.-C.2
  • 141
    • 5644222290 scopus 로고
    • Qiangjiu Lanyu, shengyuan Yameiren
    • 1 July
    • Hsiao Mingguo and Huang Tzu-ch'iang, "Chaoye liwei duijue hesi yusuan chushen guoguan" ("Nationalists and the opposition Legislative Yuan members deadlocked: fourth plant budget gets past its first initial enquiry"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24354, 23 June 1995, p. 7. The motion failed to pass. For opposition views of the problem see Lin Chun-i and Lin Pi-yao, "Qiangjiu Lanyu, shengyuan Yameiren" ("Save Lanyü, support the Ami peoplë), Taiwan huanjing (Taiwan Environment), No. 82 (1 July 1995), p. 18; and Huang I-feng, "Lanyu de bianchui diwei ji qi beiju mingyun" ("Lanyu's peripheral position and its tragic fate"), Taiwan huanjing, No. 83 (15 August 1995), p. 7.
    • (1995) Taiwan Huanjing (Taiwan Environment) , Issue.82 , pp. 18
  • 142
    • 5644299845 scopus 로고
    • Lanyu de bianchui diwei ji qi beiju mingyun
    • 15 August
    • Hsiao Mingguo and Huang Tzu-ch'iang, "Chaoye liwei duijue hesi yusuan chushen guoguan" ("Nationalists and the opposition Legislative Yuan members deadlocked: fourth plant budget gets past its first initial enquiry"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 24354, 23 June 1995, p. 7. The motion failed to pass. For opposition views of the problem see Lin Chun-i and Lin Pi-yao, "Qiangjiu Lanyu, shengyuan Yameiren" ("Save Lanyü, support the Ami peoplë), Taiwan huanjing (Taiwan Environment), No. 82 (1 July 1995), p. 18; and Huang I-feng, "Lanyu de bianchui diwei ji qi beiju mingyun" ("Lanyu's peripheral position and its tragic fate"), Taiwan huanjing, No. 83 (15 August 1995), p. 7.
    • (1995) Taiwan Huanjing , Issue.83 , pp. 7
    • Huang, I.-F.1
  • 143
    • 5644264536 scopus 로고
    • Dalu jiao Taiwan luohou shinian
    • No. 23186, 5 April
    • "Dalu jiao Taiwan luohou shinian" ("Compared to Taiwan the mainland is about ten years behind"), Zhongyang ribao, No. 23186, 5 April 1992, p. 7.
    • (1992) Zhongyang Ribao , pp. 7
  • 144
    • 5644290340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hwang, "Water: resource in crisis," p. 15 points out how policy developed by the former Mountain Agricultural Resources Development Bureau to encourage farmers to cultivate slope lands in the 1960s through technical assistance and loans had to be reversed in order to stop soil erosion. Even now the subsidy to plant trees on slopes adds up to lower value than growing fruit, tea or vegetables on such lands.
    • Water: Resource in Crisis , pp. 15
    • Hwang1
  • 145
    • 5644260397 scopus 로고
    • Protecting the Republic of China from oil pollution in the sea: Accounting for damages from oil spills
    • One problem peculiar to the Republic of China is that as few countries or international organizations recognize the government's existence, environmental problems of an international nature, such as the oil spill into the sea from the tanker, Borag, roughly 5 kilometres off Keelung in January 1977 which affected the northern Taiwan coast (cited in Joseph W. Dellapenna and Ar-young Wang, "Protecting the Republic of China from oil pollution in the sea: accounting for damages from oil spills," Texas International Law Journal, Vol. 19 (1984), pp. 115-138), could prove difficult to prosecute under foreign or international law. Whereas the Republic of China has been accommodated and been accommodating over various international issues, pollution dumping at sea or cross boundary air pollution matters could prove difficult.
    • (1984) Texas International Law Journal , vol.19 , pp. 115-138
    • Dellapenna, J.W.1    Wang, A.-Y.2
  • 146
    • 5644290337 scopus 로고
    • Taipei: Environmental Protection Administration
    • According to 1993 State of the Environment Taiwan, R.O.C. (Taipei: Environmental Protection Administration, 1993), p. 34, at the end of 1991, Taiwan bad 184 air monitoring stations. According to 83 Huanjing baohu nianjian, pp. 154-56, as of 1993 there were 59 noise monitoring stations surrounding Taiwan's six major airports and 19 stations monitoring traffic noise on heavily used roads.
    • (1993) 1993 State of the Environment Taiwan, R.O.C. , pp. 34
  • 147
    • 5644222289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to 1993 State of the Environment Taiwan, R.O.C. (Taipei: Environmental Protection Administration, 1993), p. 34, at the end of 1991, Taiwan bad 184 air monitoring stations. According to 83 Huanjing baohu nianjian, pp. 154-56, as of 1993 there were 59 noise monitoring stations surrounding Taiwan's six major airports and 19 stations monitoring traffic noise on heavily used roads.
    • 83 Huanjing Baohu Nianjian , pp. 154-156


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