Genes and languages

Community Genetics

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 2-13

  McMahon, Robert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Genes; Human; Languages; Population history

Indexed keywords

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

AUTOSOME; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DEMOGRAPHY; EUROPE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC MARKER; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; GEOGRAPHY; HAPLOTYPE; HUMAN; LANGUAGE; MITOCHONDRION; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE; REVIEW; SHORT TANDEM REPEAT; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; Y CHROMOSOME;

GENETICS, POPULATION; HUMANS; LANGUAGE; PHYLOGENY; VARIATION (GENETICS);

EID: 5644244159     PISSN: 14222795     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000080298     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Darwin C: [1859] The Origin of Species. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996.
2. Zhivotovsky LA, Rosenberg NA, Feldman MW: Features of evolution and expansion of modern humans, inferred from genomewide microsatellite markers. Am J Hum Genet 2003;72:1171-1186.
3. Rosenberg NA, Pritchard JK, Weber JL, Cann HM, Kidd KK, Zhivotovsky LA, Feldman MW: Genetic structure of human populations. Science 2002;298:2381-2385.
4. Bamshad MJ, Wooding S, Watkins WS, Ostler CT, Batzer MA, Jorde LB: Human population genetic structure and inference of group membership. Am J Hum Genet 2003;72:578-589.
5. Romualdi C, Balding D, Nasidze IS, Risch G, Robichaux M, Sherry ST, Stoneking M, Batzer MA, Barbujani G: Patterns of human diversity, within and among continents, inferred from biallelic DNA polymorphisms. Genome Res 2002;12:602-612.
6. Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J: High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet 2001;68:1019-1029.
7. Osier MV, Cheung K-H, Kidd JR, Pakstis AJ, Miller PL, Kidd KK: ALFRED: An allele frequency database for anthropology. Am J Phys Anthropol 2002;119:77-83.
8. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Feldman MW: The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution. Nat Genet 2003;33(suppl):266-275.
9. De la Chapelle A: Disease gene mapping in isolated human populations: The example of Finland. J Med Genet 1993;30:857-865.
10. Jorde LB, Watkins WS, Bamshad MJ: Population genomics: A bridge from evolutionary history to genetic medicine. Hum Mol Genet 2001;10:2199-2207.
11. Bobadilla JL, Macek M Jr, Fine JP, Farrell M: Cystic fibrosis: A worldwide analysis of CFTR mutations-correlation with incidence data and application to screening. Hum Mutat 2002;19:575-606.
12. Nei M: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. New York, Columbia University Press, 1987.
13. Wright S: Evolution and the Genetics of Populations, vol 2: The Theory of Gene Frequencies. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1969.
14. Boas F: Race, Language and Culture. New York, Free Press, 1940.
15. Robb J: A social prehistory of European languages. Antiquity 1993;67:747-760.
16. Moore JH: Putting anthropology back together again: The ethnogenetic critique of cladistic theory. Am Anthropol 1994;96:925-948.
17. Sims-Williams P: Genetics, linguistics, and prehistory: Thinking big and thinking straight. Antiquity 1998;72:505-527.
18. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Piazza A, Menozzi P, Mountain J: Reconstruction of human evolution: Bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:6002-6006.
19. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Minch E, Mountain J: Coevolution of genes and languages revisited. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:5620-5624.
20. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A: The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1994.
21. Bowcock AM, Ruiz-Linares A, Tomfohrde J, Minch E, Kidd JR, Cavalli-Sforza LL: High resolution of human evolutionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites. Nature 1994;368:455-457.
22. Poloni ES, Semino O, Passarino G, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Dupanloup L, Langaney A, Excoffier L: Human genetic affinities for Y-chromosome P49a,f/TaqI haplotypes show strong correspondence with linguistics. Am J Hum Genet 1997;61:1015-1035.
23. Bodmer WF, Cavalli-Sforza LL: Genetics, Evolution and Man. San Francisco, Freeman, 1976.
24. Bateman R, Goddard I, O'Grady RT, Funk VA, Mooi R, Kress WJ, Cannell PF: Speaking of forked tongues: The feasibility of reconciling human phylogeny and the history of languages. Curr Anthropol 1990;31:315-316.
25. McMahon AMS, McMahon R: Linguistics, genetics and archaeology: Internal and external evidence in the Amerind controversy. Trans Philol Soc 1995;93:125-225.
26. Juengst E: Group identity and human diversity: Keeping biology straight from culture. Am J Hum Genet 1998;63:673-677.
27. MacEachern S: Genes, tribes and African history. Curr Anthropol 2000;41:357-384.
28. Relethford JH: Genetics and the Search for Modern Human Origins. New York, Wiley-Liss, 2001.
29. Merriweather DA, Kemp BM, Crews DE, Neel JV: Gene flow and genetic variation in the Yanomama as revealed by mitochondrial DNA; in Renfrew C (ed): America Past, America Present: Genes and Languages in the Americas and Beyond (Papers in the prehistory of language). Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000, pp 89-124.
30. White N: Genes, languages and landscapes in Australia; in McConvell P, Evans N, (eds): Archaeology and Linguistics: Aboriginal Australia in Global Perspective. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997, chapt 4, pp 45-81.
31. Hoenigswalt HM: Language Change and Linguistic Reconstruction. Chicago, University of Chicago Press,1960.
32. Ringe D: Language classification: Scientific and unscientific methods; in Sykes B (ed): The Human Inheritance: Genes, Language, and Evolution. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, chapt 3, pp 45-74.
33. Campbell L: Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1998.
34. Trask RL: Historical Linguistics. London, Arnold, 1996.
35. Nettle D: Linguistic Diversity. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.
36. Renfrew C, McMahon AMS, Trask L: Time Depth in Historical Linguistics. Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000, vol 1, 2.
37. Lahr MM, Foley RA: Multiple dispersals and modern human origins. Evol Anthropol 1994;3:48-60.
38. Lahr MM, Foley RA: Towards a theory of modern human origins: Geography, demography, and diversity in recent human evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 1998;27:137-176.
39. Dolgopolsky AB: The Nostratic Macrofamily and Linguistic Palaeontology. Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 1998.
40. Greenberg JH: Language in the Americas. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1987.
41. Ruhlen M: On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1994.
42. Campbell L: Review of Greenberg (1987). Language 1988;64:591-615.
43. Matisoff J: On megalocomparison. Language 1990;66:106-120.
44. Ringe D: The mathematics of 'Amerind'. Diachronica 1996;13:135-154.
45. Sokal RR: Genetic, geographic and linguistic distances in Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;53:549-562.
46. Sokal RR, Oden NL, Thomson BA: Genetic changes across language boundaries in Europe. Am J Phys Anthropol 1988;76:337-361.
47. Sokal RR, Oden NL, Legendre P, Fortin M-J, Kim J, Vaudor A: Genetic differences across language families in Europe. Am J Phys Anthropol 1989;79:489-502.
48. Harding R, Sokal RR: Classification of the European language families by genetic distance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:9370-9372.
49. Ruhlen M: A Guide to the World's Languages; vol 1: Classification. London, Arnold, 1987.
50. Sokal RR, Oden NL, Wilson C: Genetic evidence for the spread of agriculture in Europe by demic diffusion. Nature 1991;351:143-145.
51. Sokal RR, Oden NL, Legendre P, Fortin M-J, Kim J, Thomson BA, Vaudor, A, Harding RM, Barbujani G: Genetics and language in European populations. Am Nat 1990;135:157-175.
52. Chikhi L, Destro-Bisol G, Bertorelle G, Pascali V, Barbujani G: Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene pool. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:9053-9058.
53. Chikhi L, Destro-Bisol G, Pascali V, Baravelli V, Dobosz M, Barbujani G: Clinal variation in the nuclear DNA of Europeans. Hum Biol 1998;70:643-657.
54. Weng Z, Sokal RR: Origins of Indo-Europeans and the spread of agriculture in Europe: Comparison of lexicostatistical and genetic evidence. Hum Biol 1995;67:577-594.
55. Barbujani G, Oden NL, Sokal RR: Detecting regions of abrupt change in maps of biological variables. Syst Zool 1989;38:376-389.
56. Sajantilla A, Lahermo P, Anttinen T, Lukka M, Sistonen P, Savontaus M-L, Aula P, Beckman L, Tranebjaerg L, Gedde-Dahl T, Issel-Tarver L, DiRienzo A, Pääbo S: Genes and languages in Europe: An analysis of mitochondrial lineages. Genome Res 1995;5:42-52.
57. Richards M, Corte-Real H, Forster P, Macauley V, Wilkinson-Herbots H, Demaine A, Papiha S, Hedges R, Bandelt H-J, Sykes B: Paleolithic and neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool. Am J Hum Genet 1996;59:185-203.
58. Simoni L, Calafell F, Pettener D, Betranpetit J, Barbujani G: Geographic patterns of mtDNA diversity in Europe. Am J Hum Genet 2000;66:262-278.
59. Ward RH, Redd A, Valencia D, Frazier B, Paabo S: Genetic and linguistic differentiation in the Americas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:10663-10667.
60. Dyen I, Kruskal JB, Black P: An Indoeuropean classification: A lexicostatistical experiment. Trans Am Philos Soc 1992, vol 82, pt 5. http://www.ldc.upenn.edu.
61. Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles M, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, Amos W, Armenteros M, Arroyo E, Barbujani G, Beckman G, Beckman L, Bertranpetit J, Bosch E, Bradley DG, Brede G, Cooper G, Corte-Real HBSM, de Knijff P, Decorte R, Dubrova YE, Evgrafov O, Gillissen A, Glisic S, Golge M, Hill EW, Jeziorowska A, Kalaydjieva L, Kayser M, Kivisild T, Kravchenko SA, Krumina A, Kucinskas V, Lavinha J, Livshits LA, Malaspina P, Syrrou M, McElreavey K, Meitinger TA, Mikelsaar AV, Mitchell RJ, Nafa K, Nicholson J, Norby S, Pandya A, Parik J, Patsalis PC, Pereira L, Peterlin B, Pielberg G, Prata MJ, Previdere C, Roewer L, Rootsi S, Rubinsztein DC, Saillard J, Santos FR, Stefanescu G, Sykes BC, Tolun A, Villems R, Tyler-Smith C, Jobling MA: Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language. Am J Hum Genet 2000;67:1526-43.
62. Seielstad MT, Minch E, Cavalli-Sforza LL: Genetic evidence for a higher female migration rate in humans. Nat Genet 1998;20:278-280.
63. Oota H, Settheetham-Ishida W, Tiwaweck D, Ishida T, Stoneking M: Human mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation is correlated with matrilocal versus patrilocal residence. Nat Genet 2001;29:20-21.
64. Zerjal T, Dashnyam B, Pandya A, Kayser M, Roewer L, Santos FR, Schiefenhovel W, Fretwell N, Jobling MA, Harihara S, Shimizu K, Semjidmaa D, Sajantila A, Salo P, Crawford MH, Ginter EK, Evgrafov OV, Tyler-Smith C: Genetic relationships of Asians and Northern Europeans, revealed by Y-chromosomal DNA analysis. Am J Hum Genet 1997;60:1174-1183.
65. McMahon AMS, McMahon R: Climbing down from the trees: Network representations for language families, in preparation.
66. Heggarty P, McMahon AMS, McMahon R: Dialect classification by phonetic similarity: A computational approach; to appear in Delbecque N, Van der Auwera J, Geeraert D (eds): Perspectives in Variation. Amsterdam, Mouton De Gruyter, 2004.
67. Kessler B: Computational Dialectology in Irish Gaelic. Seventh Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics 1995, pp 60-66.
68. Kessler B: The Significance of Word Lists. Stanford, CSLI publications, 2001.
69. Heggarty, P: Quantification and comparison in language structure - An exploration of new methodologies; PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000.
70. Heggarty P: Quantifying change over time in phonetics; in Renfrew C, McMahon AMS, Trask L: Time Depth in Historical Linguistics. Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000, pp 531-562.
71. Lohr M: Methods for the genetic classification of languages; PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999.
72. Lohr M: Two new approaches for the genetic classification of languages, in preparation.
73. Baxter WH, Manaster-Rammer A: Beyond lumping and splitting: Probabilistic issues in historical linguistics; in Renfrew C, McMahon AMS, Trask L: Time Depth in Historical Linguistics. Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000, pp 167-188.
74. Heeringa W, Nerbone J: Dialect areas and dialect continua. Lang Variation Change 2001;13:375-400.
75. Diamond J, Bellwood P: Farmers and their languages: The first expansions. Science 2003;300:597-603.
76. Renfrew C: Archaeology and Language. London, Cape, 1987.
77. Nichols J: Modeling ancient population structures and movement in linguistics. Annu Rev Anthropol 1997;26:359-384.
78. Warnow T, Ringe DA, Taylor A: Reconstructing the evolutionary history of natural languages. Proc ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 1996, pp 314-322.
79. Ringe D, Warnow T, Taylor A: Indo-European and computational cladistics. Trans Philol Soc 2002;100:59-129.
80. Renfrew C, Nettle D (eds): Nostratic: Examining a Linguistic Macrofamily. Papers in the Pre-History of Languages. Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 1999.
81. Renfrew C: Nostratic as a lingustic macrofamily; in Renfrew C, Nettle D (eds): Nostratic: Examining a Linguistic Macrofamily, Papers in the Pre-History of Languages. Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 1999, pp 3-18.
82. Gimbutas M: The beginnings of the Bronze Age in Europe and the Indo-Europeans 3500-2500 BC. J Indo-Eur Stud 1973;1:163-214.
83. Mallory J: In Search of the Indo-Europeans. London, Thames & Hudson, 1989.
84. Dyen I: Language distribution and migration theory. Language 1956;32:611-626.
85. Barbujani G, Pilastro A: Genetic evidence on origin and dispersal of human populations speaking languages of the Nostratic macrofamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:4670-4673.
86. Hewitt G: The genetic legacy of the quaternary ice ages. Nature 2000;405:907-914.
87. Stiner MC: Thirty years on the 'Broad Spectrum Revolution' and paleolithic demography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:6993-6996.
88. Adams J, Otte M: Did Indo-European languages spread before farming? Curr Anthropol 1999;40:73-77.
89. Piazza A, Rendine S, Minch E, Menozzi P, Mountain J, Cavalli-Sforza LL: Genetics and the origin of European languages. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1995;92:5836-5840.
90. McMahon AMS, McMahon R: Language classification by numbers. Oxford, Oxford University Press, in preparation.
91. Forster P, Toth A, Bandelt H-J: Evolutionary network analysis of word lists: Visualising the relationship between Alpine Romance languages. J Quant Linguist 1998;3:174-187.
92. Forster P, Toth A: Towards a phylogenetic chronology of ancient Gaulish, Celtic, and Indo-European. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:9079-9084.
93. McMahon AMS, McMahon R: Finding families: Quantitative methods in language classification. Trans Philol Soc 2003;101:7-55.
94. Nei M, Roychoudhury AK: Evolutionary relationships of human populations on a global scale. Mol Biol Evol 1993;10:927-943.
95. Rosenberg NA, Nordborg M: Genealogical trees, coalescent theory and the analysis of genetic polymorphisms. Nat Rev Genet 2002;3:380-390.
96. Bellwood P: Man's Conquest of the Pacific. New York, Oxford University Press, 1990.
97. Kirch PV: On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands before European Contact. California, University of California Press, 2000.
98. Blust R: Subgrouping, circularity and extinctions: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. Symp Ser Inst Linguistics Acad Sinica 1999;1:243-270.
99. Gray RD, Jordan FM: Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansions. Nature 2000;405:1052-1055.
100. Hurles ME, Matisoo-Smith E, Gray RD, Penny D: Untangling Oceanic settlement: The edge of the knowable, in preparation.
101. Melton T, Peterson R, Redd AJ, Saha N, Sofro AS, Martinson J, Stoneking M: Polynesian genetic affinities with Southeast Asian populations as identified by mtDNA analysis. Am J Hum Genet 1995;57:403-414.
102. Openheimer SJ, Richards M: Slow boat to Melanesia? Nature 2001;410:166-167.
103. Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, Marzuki S, Oefner PJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Chambers GK: Maori origins, Y-chromosme haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific. Hum Mutat 2001;17:271-280.
104. Hurles ME, Irven C, Nicholson J, Taylor PG, Santos FR, Loughin J, Jobling MA, Sykes BC: European Y-chromosomal lineages in Polynesians: A contrast to the population structure revealed by mtDNA. Am J Hum Genet 1998;63:1793-1806.
105. Hurles ME, Maund E, Nicholson J, Bosch E, Renfrew C, Sykes BC, Jobling MA: Native American Y chromosomes in Polynesia: The genetic impact of the Polynesian slave trade. Am J Hum Genet 2003;72:1282-1287.
106. Renfrew C: Reflections on the archaeology of linguistic diversity; in Sykes B (ed): The Human Inheritance: Genes, Language, and Evolution. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.
107. Clark GA: Multivariate pattern searches, the logic of inference, and European prehistory: A comment on Cavalli-Sforza. J Anthropol Res 1998;54:406-411.
108. Barrett JC: Fragments from Antiquity: An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900-1200 BC. Oxford, Blackwell, 1994.