Integrated scientific assessment for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia Basin: And portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

USDA Forest Service - General Technical Report PNW

Volumn , Issue 382 PNW_GTR, 1996, Pages

  Quigley, Thomas M ^a   Haynes, Richard W ^a   Graham, Russell T ^b  

^a PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

^b ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecological integrity; Ecosystem assessment, management and goals; Risk management; Socioeconomic resiliency

Indexed keywords

EID: 5644235020     PISSN: 08874840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Agee, James K. 1994. Fire and weather disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems of the eastern Cascades. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-320. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 32 p. (Everett, Richard L., team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment).
2. Allen, J.E.; Burns, M.; Sargent, S.C. 1986. Cataclysms on the Columbia: a layman's guide to the features produced by the catastrophic Bretz floods in the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 221 p.
3. Baldwin, E.M. 1959. Geology of Oregon. Ann Arbor, MI: Edwards Brothers, Inc. 136 p.
4. Beuter, John. 1995. Legacy and promise: Oregon's forests and woods product industry. Report to the Oregon Business Council and the Oregon Forest Resources Institute. 56 p.
5. Bormann, Bernard T.; Brookes, Martha H.; Ford, E. David, [and others]. 1994. Volume V: a framework for sustainable-ecosystem management. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-331. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 61 p. (Everett, Richard L., assessment team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment).
6. Brooks, D.J. 1993. U.S. forests in a global context. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-228. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 24 p.
7. Brookstrom, A.A.; Zientek, M.L.; Box, S.E., [and others]. 1996. Status and metal content of significant metallic mineral deposits in the Pacific Northwest: A contribution to the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. U.S. Geological Survey. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management, 112 E. Poplar, Walla Walla, WA 99362. Report 95-688. 102p.
8. Brown, L.R. 1995. Nature's limits. In: Brown, L.R.; Denniston, D; Flavin, C. [and others]. State of the World 1995. Worldwatch Institute Report. New York: WW Norton and Company. 3-20.
9. Clary, W.P; McArthur, E.D. 1992. Introduction: ecology and management of riparian shrub communities. In: Clary, W.P.; McArthur, E.D., eds. Proceedings-symposium in ecology and management of riparian shrub communities, May 29-31, 1991; Sun Valley, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-289. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 1-2.
10. Cooper, Stephen V.; Neiman, Kenneth E.; Robers, David W. 1991. Forest habitat types of Northern Idaho: a second approximation. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-236 Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 143 p.
11. Cubbage, Frederick W.; O'Laughlin, Jay; Bullock, Charles S. III. 1993. Forest resource policy. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 564 p.
12. Daubenmire, R. 1970. Steppe vegetation of Washington. Tech. Bull. 62. Pullman, WA: Washington Agriculture Experiment Station. 131 p.
13. Dietrich, W. 1995. Northwest passage. New York: Simon and Schuster. 448 p.
14. Ecological Society of America. 1995. The scientific basis for ecosystem management: an assessment by the Ecological Society of America. Prepublication copy, [not paged].
15. Everett, R.; Oliver, C.; Saveland, J. [and others]. 1994. Adaptive ecosystem management. In: Jensen, M.E.; Bourgeron, P.S., tech. eds. Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment - Volume II: ecosystem management: principles and applications. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-xxx. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 361-376. (Everett, Richard L., assessment team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment).
16. Everett, Richard L., comp. 1994. Restoration of stressed sites, and processes. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-330. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 123 p. (Everett, Richard L., assessment team leader, Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Volume IV).
17. Faber, M. ; Mansteiten, R.; Proops, J.L.R. 1992. Humankind and the environment: an anatomy of surprise and ignorance. Environmental Values. 1(3): 217-242.
18. Finklin, A.I. 1983. Climate of Priest River Experimental Forest, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-159. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 53 p.
19. Finklin, A.I.; Fischer, W.C. 1987. Climate of the Deception Creek Experimental Forest, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-226. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 73 p.
20. Franklin, J.F.; Dyrness, C.T. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-8. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 417 p.
21. Geist, J.M.; Cochran, P.H. 1991. Influences of volcanic ash and pumic deposition on productivity of western interior forest soils. In: Harvey, A.E.; Neuenschwander, L.F., eds. Proceedings-Management and productivity of western-montane forest soils; April 10-12, 1990; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-280. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 82-89.
22. Giampietro, Mario. 1994. Sustainability and technological-development agriculture: a critical appraisal of genetic engineering. BioScience. 44(10): 677-689.
23. Glover, Teresa; Southard, Leland. 1995. Commodity Spotlight, Cattle industry continues restructuring. Agricultural Outlook. Herndon, VA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. December/AO-225: 13-16.
24. Graham, R.T. 1990. Pinus monticola Dougl. ex. D. Don. In: Burns, R.M.; Honkala. B.H., tech. coordinators. Silvics of North America. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 385-394. (Agric. Handbook.; v. 654).
25. Hann, Wendel J.; Jones, Jeffrey L.; Karl, Michael G. [and others]. 1996. Chapter 3: An Assessment of Landscape Dynamics of the Basin. In: Quigley, T.M.; Arbelbide, S.J., tech. eds. 1996. An Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-XXX. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. [irregular pagination]. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment).
26. Harper, K.T.; St. Clair, L.L.; Thorne, K.H.; Hess, W.M. 1994. Introduction. In: Harper, K.T.; St. Clair, L.L.; Thorne, K.H.; Hess, W.M., eds. Natural history of the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin. Niwot, CO: University of Colorado Press. 1-7.
27. Harvey, Alan E.; Geist, J. Michael; McDonald, Gerald I., [and others]. 1994. Biotic and abiotic processes in eastside ecosystems: the effects of management on soil properties, processes, and productivity. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-323. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 71 p. (Everett, Richard L., team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment).
28. Haynes, R. W; Brooks, D.J. [in press]. Forest timber resources. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
29. Haynes, Richard W; Adams, Darius; Mills, John R. 1995. The 1993 RPA timber assessment update. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-259. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 66 p.
30. Haynes, Richard W; Graham, Russell T.; Quigley, Thomas M., tech eds. 1996. A framework for ecosystem management in the interior Columbia River basin including portions of the Klamarh and Great basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-374. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 63 p. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment).
31. Haynes, Richard W; Horne, Amy L. 1996. Chapter 6: Economic Assessment of the Interior Columbia Basin. In: Quigley, T.M.; Arbelbide, S.J., tech. eds. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-XXX. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, [irregular pagination]. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment).
32. Hendee, J.C.; Stankey, G.H.; Lucas, R.C. 1990. Wilderness management. 2d ed. Fulcrum Press: Golden, CO. 645 p.
33. Hessburg, P.F.; Mitchell, R.G.; Filip, G.M. 1994. Historical and current roles of insects and pathogens in eastern Oregon and Washington forested landscapes. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-327. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 72 p. (Everett, Richard L., team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment).
34. Huff, Mark H.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Alvaado, Ernesto [and others]. 1995. Historical and current forest landscapes in eastern Oregon and Washington. Part II: Linking vegetation characteristics to potential fire behavior and related smoke production. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-355. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 43 p. (Everett, Richard L., team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. Ed., Volume III: assessment).
35. (INFISH) Inland Native Fish Strategy. 1995. Environmental assessment: decision notice and finding of no significant impact. Interim Strategies for managing fish-producing watersheds in eastern Oregon and Washington, Idaho, western Montana, and portions of Nevada. [Place of publication unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain, Northern, and Pacific Northwest Regions, [irregular pagination].
36. Irwin, Larry L.; Cook, John G.; Riggs, Robert A.; Skovlin, Jon M. 1994. Effects of long-term grazing by big game and livestock in the Blue Mountains forest ecosystems. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-325. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 49 p. (Everett, Richard L, team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment).
37. Jackson, P.L.; Kimerling, A.J., eds. 1993. Atlas of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 152 p.
38. Jensen, M.E.; Bourgeron, P.S., tech. eds. 1994. Volume II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-318. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 376 p. (Everett, Richard L., assessment team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment).
39. Jensen, M. E.; Goodman, Iris; Brewer, Kenneth C. [and others]. 1996. Chapter 2:Biophysical environments of the Basin. In: Quigley, T.M.; Arbelbide, S.J., tech. eds. 1996. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-XXX. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. [irregular pagination]. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment).
40. Johnson, K.L.; Beale, C.L. 1995. Nonmetropolitan recreational counties: identification and fiscal concerns. Working paper No. 6, Demographic change and fiscal stress project. Chicago, IL: Loyola University Chicago. 14 p.
41. Johnson, Charles G.; Clausnitzer, Rodrick R.; Mehringer, Peter J.; Oliver, Chadwick D. 1994. Biotic and abiotic processes of eastside ecosystems: the effects of management on plant and community ecology, and on stand and landscape vegetation dynamics. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-322. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 66 p. (Everett, Richard L., team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment).
42. Joyce, Linda A. 1989. An analysis of the range forage situation in the United States: 1989-2040. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-RM-180. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 137 p.
43. Knight, F.H. 1921. Risk, uncertainty, and profit. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co. 381 p.
44. Krannich, R.S.; Carroll, M.S.; Daniels, S.E.; Walker, G.B. 1994. Incorporating social assessment and public involvement processes into ecosystem-based resource management: applications to the Eastside Ecosystem Management Project. Background report, [not paged].
45. Lee, Danny C.; Sedell, James R.; Rieman, Bruce E.; and others. 1996. Chapter 4:Broadscale assessment of aquatic species and habitats. In: Quigley, T.M.; Arbelbide, S.J., tech. eds. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-XXX. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, [irregular pagination]. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment).
46. Lehmkuhl, J.E.; Hessburg, P.F.; Everett, R.L.; Huff, M.H.; Ottmar, R.D.1994. Historical and current forest landscapes of eastern Oregon and Washington. Part I: vegetation pattern and insect and disease hazard. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-328. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 88 p. (Everett, Richard L., team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment).
47. Lowe, John E. 1993. Letter dated August 18 to Forest Supervisors, Eastside Forests. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management, 112 E. Poplar, Walla Walla, WA 99362.
48. Marcot, Bruce. 1996. Terrestrial integrity within the Interior Columbia Basin. Manuscript [in prep]. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management, 112 E. Poplar, Walla Walla, WA 99362.
49. Marcot, Bruce G.; Castellano, Mike; Christy, John; [and others]. 1996. Chapter 5:Terrestrial ecology of the Basin. In: Quigley, T.M.; Arbelbide, S.J., tech. eds. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-XXX. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, [irregular pagination]. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment).
50. Marcot, Bruce G.; Wisdom, Michael J.; Li, Hiram W; Castillo, Gonzalo C. 1994. Managing for featured, threatened, endangered, and sensitive species and unique habitats for ecosystem sustainability. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-329. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 39 p. (Everett, Richard L, team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment).
51. Marcot, B.G.; Murphy, D.D. [in press]. Population viability analysis and management. In: Szaro, R., ed. Biodiversity in managed landscapes: theory and practice. Conference Proceedings. July 13-17, 1992; Sacramento, CA. New York: Oxford University Press.
52. McCool, Stephen F.; Burchfield, J.A.; Allen, Stewart. 1996. Chapter 7: Social Assessment of the Basin. In: Quigley, T.M.; Arbelbide, S.J., tech. eds. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-XXX. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, [irregular pagination]. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment).
53. McCool, Stephen E; Haynes, Richard W. 1996. Projecting population change in the Interior Columbia River basin. Res. Note. PNW-RN-519. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 14 p.
54. McGinnis, W.J.; Christensen, H.H. [in press]. The interior Columbia River basin: patterns of population, employment, and income change. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-358. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 43 p.
55. McIntosh, Bruce A.; Sedell, James R.; Smith, Jeanette E., [and others]. 1994. Management history of eastside ecosystems: changes in fish habitat over 50 years, 1935 to 1992. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-321. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 55 p. (Everett, Richard L., team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment).
56. McKee, B. 1972. Cascadia: the geologic evolution of the Pacific Northwest. New York: McGraw-Hill. 394 p.
57. Oliver, Chadwick D.; Irwin, Larry L.; Knapp, Walter H. 1994. Eastside forest management practices: historical overview, extent of their application, and their effects on sustainability of ecosystems. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-324. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 73 p. (Everett, Richard L., team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment).
58. O'Neill, R. V.; DeAngelis, D.L.; Waide, J.B.; Allen, T.F.H. 1986. A hierarchical concept of ecosystems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 253 p.
59. (PACFISH) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service and U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1994. Draft environmental assessment. Interim strategies for managing anadromous fish-producing watersheds on Federal lands in eastern Oregon and Washington, Idaho, and Portions of California. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management. [irregular pagination].
60. (PACFISH) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service and U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1995. Decision Notice/Decision Record, FONSI, EA, Appendices for the Interim Strategies for Managing Anadromous Fish-Producing Watersheds in Eastern Oregon and Washington, Idaho, and Portions of California. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service and U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management. [irregular pagination].
61. Pfister, R.D.; Kovalchik, B.L.; Arno, S.F; Presby, R.C. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-34. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 174 p.
62. Powell, Douglas S.; Faulkner, Joanne L.; Darr, David R., [and others]. 1993. Forest Resources of the United, 1992. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-234. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 132 p.
63. Power, T.W. 1994. Extraction and the Environment: the economic battle to control our natural landscapes. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Draft. [not paged].
64. Quigley, T.M.; Arbelbide, S.J., tech. eds. 1996. An assessment of ecosystem Components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-XXX. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. [irregular pagination]. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment).
65. Quigley, T.M.; Arbelbide, S.J.; Graham, Russell T. 1996a. Chapter 1: Introduction. In: Quigley, Thomas M., Arbelbide, S.J., tech. eds. 1996. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great basins. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-XXX. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. [irregular pagination]. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment).
66. Quigley, Thomas M.; Lee, Kristine M.; Arbelbide, S.J., tech. eds. 1996b. Evaluation of EIS Alternatives by the Science Integration Team. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-XXX. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. [irregular pagination]. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment).
67. Reynolds, R.T.; Graham, R.T.; Reiser, M.H. [and others]. 1992. Management recommendations for the northern goshawk in the southwestern United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-217. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 90 p.
68. Rieman, Bruce E.; McIntyre, John D. 1993. Demographic and habitat requirements for conservation of bull trout. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-302. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermoumain Research Station, [not paged].
69. Robbins, William G.; Wolf, Donald W. 1994. Landscape and the intermontane northwest: an environmental history. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-319. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 32 p. (Everett, Richard L., team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment).
70. Ross, Sylvia H.; Savage, Carl N. 1967. Idaho earth science. Moscow, Idaho: Idaho Bureau of Mines. 217 p.
71. Schwantes, C.A. 1991. The Pacific Northwest: an interpretive history. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 427 p.
72. Sedell, James R.; Lee, Danny, C.; Hessburg, Paul F., [and others]. [in prep.]. Ecologicalintegrity in the Interior Columbia Basin. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management, 112 E. Poplar, Walla Walla, WA 99362.
73. Skovlin, Jon M.; Thomas, Jack Ward. 1995. Interpreting long-term trends in Blue Mountain ecosystems from repeat photography. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-315. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 102 p.
74. Smith, G.R. 1978. Biogeography of Intermountain fishes. In: Wood, Steven L., ed. Great basin naturalist memoirs: Intermountain biogeography: a symposium. [Date of symposium unknown], [place of symposium unknown]. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Printing Service. 17-42.
75. Soulé, M.E. 1987. Introduction. In: Soulé, M.E., ed. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press: 1-10.
76. Steele, R.; Pfister, R.D.; Ryder, R.A.; Kittams, J.A. 1981. Forest habitat types of central Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-114. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 138 p.
77. Switzwer, J.V. 1994. Environmental politics. New York: St. Martin's Press. 380 p.
78. Thomas, Jack Ward. 1994. Course to the future: this time, our moment in history, our future. Speech delivered to the Forest Service Leadership Meeting, 20-23 June 1994, Houston, TX. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 15 p.
79. Treyz, G.I. 1993. Regional economic modeling: a systematic approach to economic forecasting. Boston, MA: Kluwer. 506 p.
80. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1993. Survey of Current Business. Vol. 73, Number 12.
81. U.S. Department of Interior; U.S. Geological Survey. 1982. The channeled scablands of eastern Washington: the geologic story of the Spokane flood. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 25 P.
82. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1996. Box Scores. Endangered Species Bulletin. [Jan, Feb] 21 (1).
83. U.S. Government. 1994a. Rules and regulations. Federal Register. 59 (Feb. 1, 1994):26624. [revised May 23, 1994]. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
84. U.S. Government. 1994b. Rules and regulations. Endangered and Threatened wildlife lists. (August 20, 1994). 50 CFR 17.11 and 17.12, in part dealing with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, endangered and threatened wildlife; notice of special reprint. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. (U.S. GPO:1994 380-789/20165).
85. U.S. Government. 1994c. Rules and regulations. Federal Register. 59 (Dec. 7, 1994):63071. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office.
86. U.S. Government. 1996. Rules and regulations. Federal Register. 61 (40):7457 (Feb. 28, 1996). 50 CFR 17, in part dealing with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, endangered and threatened species; notice of reclassification of 96 candidate taxa. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
87. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc.; Code of Federal Regulations, 36 CFR § 219.17(g); 219.19; 219.26.
88. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc.; Public Law 91-190. [S 1075], National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. (NEPA). Act of Jan. 1, 1970. [An act to establish a national policy for the environment, to provide for the establishment of a Council of Environmental Quality, and for other purposes.] In: United States statutes at large, 1969. 42 U.S.C. § 4231, et seq. (1970). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office: 852-856. Vol. 83.
89. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc.; Public Law 93-205. Endangered Species Act of 1973. (ESA). Act of Dec. 28, 1973. 16 U.S.C. 1531-1536, 1538-1540.
90. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc.; Public Law 93-378. Forest Rangeland Renewable Resource Planning Act of 1974. (RPA). Act of August 17, 1974. 16 U.S.C. 1601 (note).
91. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc.; Public Law 94-579. Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976. (FLPMA). Act of Oct.21, 1976. 43 U.S.C. 1701 (note).
92. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc.; Public Law 94-588. National Forest Management Act of 1976. (NFMA). Act of Oct. 22, 1976. 16 U.S.C. 1600 (1976).
93. U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc.; Public Law 104-19. FY 1995 Appropriations Act (§ 2001 Emergency Salvage Timber Sale Program). Act of July 27, 1995.
94. Wickium, D.; Davies, R. W. 1995. Ecosystem health and integrity? Canadian Journal of Botany. 73:997-1000.
95. Wissmar, Robert C.; Smith, Jeanette E.; McIntosh, Bruce A., [and others]. Reeves, Gordon H.; Sedell, James R. 1994. Ecological health of river basins in forested regions of eastern Washington and Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-326. Portland OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 65 p. (Everett, Richard L., team leader; Eastside forest ecosystem health assessment; Hessburg, Paul F., science team leader and tech. ed., Volume III: assessment).
96. Woodley, Stephen; Day, James; Francis, George. 1993. Ecological integrity and the management of ecosystems. Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press. 220 p.
97. Wright, John W. ed. 1994. The Universal Almanac. Kansas City, New York: Andrews and McMeel.