Rural-to-urban migration and urbanization in Leh, Ladakh: A case study of three nomadic pastoral communities

Mountain Research and Development

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 220-227

  Goodall, Sarah K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Ladakh; Migration; Nomadic pastoralism; Standard of living; Urbanization

Indexed keywords

NOMADIC PEOPLE; PASTORALISM; RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION; URBAN POLICY; URBANIZATION;

ASIA; EURASIA; INDIA; JAMMU AND KASHMIR; LADAKH; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 5644221592     PISSN: 02764741     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1659/0276-4741(2004)024[0220:RMAUIL]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Ahmed M. 1996. We Are Warp and Weft. Nomadic Pastoralism and the Tradition of Weaving in Rupshu (Eastern Ladakh) [PhD dissertation]. Oxford, UK: Oxford University.
2. Barfield TJ. 1993. The Nomadic Alternative. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
3. Batzing W, Perlik M, Dekleva M. 1996. Urbanization and depopulation in the Alps (with 3 color maps). Mountain Research and Development 16:335-350.
4. Bhasin V. 1999. Leh - an endangered city? Anthropologist 1(1):1-17.
5. Birks JS. 1985. Traditional and modern patterns of circulation of pastoral nomads: The Duru' of south-east Arabia. In: Prothero RM, Chapman M, editors. Circulation in Third World Countries. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp 145-159.
6. Blalkie C. 2001. Why Do the Nomads Settle? Livelihoods, Sustainability and Rural Urban Migration among the Kharnak Community of the Chang-pa of Ladakh [MSc Dissertation]. London, UK: University of London.
7. Bose A. 1980. India's Urbanisation, 1901-2000. New Delhi, India: Tata McGraw-Hill.
8. Census of India. 1981. Census of India. Series 8: Jammu and Kashmir. New Delhi: Government of India Press.
9. Census of India. 2001. Provisional population totals. Census of India 2001. http://www.censusindia.net/results/2001census-datadex.html; accessed on 5 February 2004.
10. Chaudhuri A. 1999. The Changpas of Rupshu-Kharnak: An Enquiry into the Survival Strategies of an Amazing People. Unpublished report for ACTION-AID, New Delhi. Available from the author of this article.
11. Conway D, Shrestha N. 1980. Urban growth and urbanization in least-developed countries: The experience of Nepal, 1952-71. Asian Profile 8(5):477-494.
12. Dolifus P. 1999. Mountain deities among the nomadic communities of Kharnak (eastern Ladakh). In: Van Beek M, Brix Bertelsen K, Pedersen P, editors. Ladakh: Culture, History and Development between Himalaya and Karakoram. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press, pp 92-118.
13. Fox JL, Nurbu C, Shatt S, Chandola A. 1994. Wildlife conservation and land-use changes in the transhimalayan region of Ladakh, India. Mountain Research and Development 14(1):39-60.
14. Goldstein MC. 1981. High-altitude Tibetan populations in the remote Himalayas: Social transformation and its demographic, economic, and ecological consequences. Mountain Research and Development 1(1):5-18.
15. Goldstein MC, Ross JL, Schuler S. 1983. From a mountain-rural to a plains-urban society: Implications of the 1981 Nepal Census. Mountain Research and Development 3(1):61-64.
16. Goodall S. 2001. Sedentarization: Change and adaptation among the nomadic communities of Rupshu-Kharnak. Paper presented at the 10th Colloquium of the International Association for Ladakh Studies, Oxford, UK, 7-10 September 2001. Available from the author of this article.
17. Gujja B, Chatterjee A, Gautam P, Chandan P. 2003. Wetlands and lakes at the top of the world. Mountain Research and Development 23(3):219-221.
18. Hugo GJ. 1975. Population Mobility in West Java [PhD Dissertation]. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University.
19. Hugo GJ. 1981. Village-community ties, village norms, and ethnic and social networks: A review of evidence from the third world. In: DeJong GF, Gardner RW, editors. Migration Decision Making: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries. New York: Pergamon, pp 186-224.
20. Hugo GJ. 1985. Circulation in West Java, Indonesia. In: Prothero MR, Chapman M, editors. Circulation in Third World Countries. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp 75-99.
21. Ives JD, Messeril B. 1989. The Himalayan Dilemma. Reconciling Development and Conservation. London, UK: Routledge.
22. Jones GW. 2004. Urbanization trends in Asia: The conceptual and definitional challenges. In: Champion T, Hugo GJ, editors. New Forms of Urbanization: Beyond the Urban-Rural Dichotomy. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, pp 113-132.
23. Karen PP. 1987. Population characteristics of the Himalayan region. Mountain Research and Development 7(3):271-274.
24. Khawas V. 2003. Trend and Pattern in the Levels of Urbanisation in the Northeastern Hill States of India and Associated Urban Planning Issues. Centre for Development Alternatives, Ahmedabad, India. www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/khawv03f.htm; accessed on 10 February 2004.
25. MacDonald KI. 1996. Population change in the upper Braldu valley, Baltistan 1900-1990: All is not as it seems. Mountain Research and Development 16(4):351-366.
26. Massey DS, Arango J, Hugo G, Kouaouci A, Pellegrino A, Taylor JE. 1998. Worlds in Motion. Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
27. Mathur OP. 1994. Responding to the urban challenge: A research agenda for India and Nepal. In: Stren R, editor. Urban Research in the Developing World. Volume 1: Asia. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, pp 49-100.
28. Meir AV. 1986. Demographic transition theory: A neglected aspect of the nomad ism-sedentarism continuum. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (New Series) 11:199-211.
29. Michaud J. 1996. A historical account of modern social change in Ladakh (Indian Kashmir) with special attention paid to tourism. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 37:286-301.
30. Norberg-Hodge H. 1991. Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.
31. Oberal AS, Singh HKM. 1983. Causes and Consequences of Internal Migration: A Study in the Indian Punjab. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
32. Parnwell M. 1993. Population Movements and the Third World. London, UK: Routledge.
33. Pathak P, Mehta D. 1995. Trends, patterns and implications of rural-urban migration in India. In: [UNESCAP] United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Trends, Patterns and Implications of Rural-Urban Migration In India, Nepal and Thailand. Asian Population Studies Series No. 138. New York: United Nations, pp 9-64.
34. Rizvi J. 1996. Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia. 1st edition 1983. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
35. Rizvi J. 1999. Trans-Himalayan Caravans: Merchant Princes and Peasant Traders in Ladakh. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
36. Shrestha NR. 1989. Frontier settlement and landlessness among hill migrants in Nepal Tarai. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 79:370-389.
37. Skeldon R. 1985. Population pressure, mobility, and socioeconomic change in mountainous environments: Regions of refuge in comparative perspective. Mountain Research and Development 5:233-250.
38. Skeldon R. 1990. Population Mobility in Developing Countries: A Reinterpretation. London, UK: Belhaven Press.
39. Thapa KK, Bilsborrow RE. 1995. Frontier migration and environmental degradation in developing countries: Experiences from Nepal and Ecuador. In: Clarke JI, Tabah L, editors. Population-Environment-Development Interactions. Paris, France: CICRED [Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography], pp 253-271.
40. UNCSD [United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development]. 1995. Review of Sectoral Clusters, Second Phase: Land, Desertification, Forests, and Biodiversity. Report of the Secretary-General, United Nations. www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/uncsd95e.htm#country; accessed on 7 February 2004.