Platinum group elements in the environment: Emissions and exposure

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Volumn 199, Issue , 2009, Pages 111-135

  Dubiella Jackowska, Aleksandra ^a   Polkowska, Zaneta ^a   Namieńnik, Jacek ^a  

^a GDANSK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEAVY METAL; PLATINUM;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; METALLURGY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PLANT; POLLUTANT;

ANIMALS; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; HUMANS; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; METALLURGY; METALS, HEAVY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PLANTS; PLATINUM;

EID: 56349123478     PISSN: 01795953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09808-1_3     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Alt F, Eschnauer HR, Mergler B, Messerschmidt J, Tölg G. (1997) A contribution to the ecology and enology of platinum. Fresnius J Anal Chem 357:1013-1019.
2. Artelt S, Creutzenberg O, Kock H, Levsen K, Nachtigall D, Heinrich U, Rühle T, Schlögl R. (1999a) Bioavailability of fine dispersed platinum as emitted from automotive catalytic converters: A model study. Sci Total Environ 228:219-242.
3. Artelt S, Kock H, König HP, Levsen K, Rosner G. (1999b) Engine dynamometer experiments: Platinum emissions from differently aged three-way catalytic converters. Atmos Environ 33:3559-3567.
4. Artelt S, Levsen K, König HP, Rosner G. (2000) Engine test bench experiments to determine platinum emission from three-way catalytic converters. In: Zereni F, Alt F. (eds.) Anthropogenic platinum-group element emissions. Their impact on man and environment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin pp. 33-44.
5. Balcerzak M. (1997) Analytical methods for the determination of platinum in biological and environmental materials. Analyst 122:67R-74R.
6. Ballach HJ, Wittig GR. (1996) Reciprocal effects of platinum and Pb on the water household of poplar cuttings. Environ Sci Pollut Res 3:1-10.
7. Barefoot RR. (1999) Distribution and speciation of platinum group elements in environmental matrices. Trends Anal Chem 18 (11):702-707.
8. Becker JS, Bellis D, Staton I, McLeod CW, Dombovari J, Becker JS. (2000) Determination of trace elements including platinum in tree bark by ICP mass spectrometry. Fresenius J Anal Chem 368:490-495.
9. Bencs L, Ravindra K, Van Grieken R. (2003) Methods for the determination of platinum group elements originating from the abrasion of automotive catalytic converters. Spectrochim Acta B 58:1723-1755.
10. Benemann J, Lehmann N, Bromen K, Marr A, Seiwert M, Schulz C, Jöckel K-H. (2005) Assessing contamination paths of the German adult population with gold and platinum. The German Environmental Survey 2005. (GerES III). Int J Hyg Environ Heal 208:499-508.
11. Bernardis FL, Grant RA, Sherrington DC. (2005) A review of methods of separation of the platinum-group metals through their chloro-complexes. React Funct Polym 65:205-217.
12. Bosch Ojeda C, Sanchez Rojas F. (2007) Determination of rhodium: Since the origins until today ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Talanta 71:1-12.
13. Bradford CW. (1988) Platinum. In Seiler HG, Sigel H (eds.) Handbook of toxicity of inorganic compounds. Vol.10, Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel pp. 533-539.
14. Brook MA. (2006) Platinum in silicone breast implants. Biomater 27:3274-3286.
15. Calverley AE, Rees D, Dowdeswell RJ, Linnett PJ, Kielkowski D. (1995) Platinum salt sensitivity in refinery workers: Incidence and effects of smoking and exposure. Occup Environ Med 52:661-666.
16. Chen W, Morrison GM. (1994) Platinum in road dusts and urban river sediments. Sci Total Environ 146-147:169-174.
17. Cicchella D, De Vivo B, Lima A. (2003) Palladium and platinum concentration in soils from the Napoli metropolitan area, Italy: possible effects of catalytic exhausts. Sci Total Environ 308:121-131.
18. Cinti D, Angelone M, Masi U, Cremisini C. (2002) Platinum levels in natural and urban soils from Rome and Latium. (Italy): Significance for pollution by automobile catalytic converter. Sci Total Environ 293:47-57.
19. Cristaudo A, Sera F, Severino V, De Rocco M, Di Lella E, Picardo M. (2005) Occupational hypersensitivity to metal salts, including platinum, in the secondary industry. Allergy 60(2):159-164.
20. Cuif J-P, Blanchard G, Touret O, Marczi M, Quemere E. (1996) New generation of rare earth compounds for automotive catalysts. SAE Paper No. 961906.
21. 2 solid solutions for three-way catalysts. SAE Paper No. 970463.
22. De Vos E, Edwards SJ, McDonald I, Wray DS, Carey PJ. (2002) A baseline survey of the distribution and origin of platinum group elements in contemporary fluvial sediments of the Kentish Stour, England. Appl Geochem 17:1115-1121.
23. Djingova R, Kovacheva P, Wagner G, Markert B. (2003) Distribution of platinum group elements and other traffic related elements among different plants along some highways in Germany. Sci Total Environ 308:235-246.
24. Dubiella-Jackowska A, Polkowskaz-, Namiesnik J. (2007) Platinum group elements:a challenge for environmental analytics. Pol J Environ Stud 16:329-345.
25. Ducoulombier-Crepineau C, Feidt C, Rychen G. (2007) Platinum and palladium transfer to milk, organs and tissues after a single oral administration to lactating goats. Chemosphere 68:712-715.
26. Ek KH, Morrison GM, Rauch S. (2004) Environmental routes for platinum group elements to biological materials - a review. Sci Total Environ 334-335:21-38.
27. Energy Nexus Group. (2002) Technology characterization - reciprocating engines EPA, USA. http://www.epagov/chp/documents/internal_combustionpdf.
28. Esteban-Fernandez D, Gomez-Gomez MM, Canas B, Verdaguer JM, Ramirez R, Palacios MA. (2007) Speciation analysis of platinum antitumoral drugs in impacted tissues. Talanta 72:768-773.
29. Farago ME, Kavanagh P, Blanks R, Kelly J, Kazantzis G, Thornton I, Simpson PR, Cook JM, Parry S, Hall GM. (1996) Platinum metal concentrations in urban road dust and soil in the United Kingdom. Fresenius J Anal Chem 354:660-663.
30. Farago ME, Kavanagh P, Blanks R, Kelly J, Kazantzis G, Thornton I, Simpson PR, Cook JM, Delves HT, Hall GM. (1998) Platinum concentrations in urban road dust and soil, and in blood and urine in the United Kingdom. Analyst 123:451-454.
31. Flassbeck D, Pfleiderer B, Klemens P, Heumann KG, Eltze E, Hirner AV. (2003) Determination of siloxanes, silicon, and platinum in tissues of women with silicone gel-filled implants. Anal Bioanal Chem 375:356-362.
32. Fliegel D, Berner Z, Eckhardt D, Stüben D. (2004) New data on the mobility of Pt emitted from catalytic converters. Anal Bioanal Chem 379:131-136.
33. Fritsche J, Meisel T. (2004) Determination of anthropogenic input of Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Os, Ir and Pt in soils along Austrian motorways by isotope dilution ICP-MS. Sci Total Environ 325:145-154.
34. Gebel T, Lantzsch H, Pleszow K, Dunkelberg H. (1997) Genotoxicity of platinum and palladium compounds in human and bacterial cells. Mutation Res 389:183-190.
35. Gomez B, Gomez M, Sanchez JL, Fernandez R, Palacios MA. (2001) Platinum and rhodium distribution in airborne particulate matter and road dust. Sci Total Environ 269:131-144.
36. Gomez B, Palacios MA, Gomez M, Sanchez JL, Morrison G, Rauch S, McLeod C, Ma R, Caroli S, Alimonti A, Petrucci F, Bocca B, Schramel P, Zischka M, Petterson C, Wass U. (2002) Levels and risk assessment for humans and ecosystems of platinum-group elements in the airborne particles and road dust of some European cities. Sci Total Environ 299:1-19.
37. Gregurek D, Melcher F, Niskavaara H, Pavlov VA, Reimann C, Stumpfl EF. (1999) Platinum-group elements. (Rh, Pt, Pd) and Au distribution in snow samples from the Kola Peninsula, NW Russia. Atmos Environ 33:3281-3290.
38. Hann S, Helmers E, Köllensperger G, Hoppstock K, Parry S, Rauch S, Rossbach M. (2005) Nuclear analytical methods for platinum group elements. ISBN 92-0-102405-3 International Atomic Energy Agency, Wien, http://www-pubiaeaorg/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1443_webpdf.
39. Haus N, Zimmermann S, Wiegand J, Sures B. (2007) Occurrence of platinum and additional traffic related heavy metals in sediments and biota. Chemosphere 66:619-629.
40. Heck RM, Farrauto RJ. (2001) Automobile exhaust catalysts. Appl Catal A 221:443-457.
41. Hees T, Wenclawiak B, Lustig S, Schramel P, Schwarzer M, Schuster D, Verstraete D, Dams D, Helmers E. (1998) Distribution of platinum group elements (Pt, Pd, Rh) in environmental and clinical matrices: composition, analytical techniques and scientific outlook. Environ Sci Pollut Res 58:105-111.
42. Helmers E, Mergel N. (1998) Platinum and rhodium in a polluted environment:sTudying the emissions of automobile catalysts with emphasis on the application of CSV rhodium analysis. Fresnius J Anal Chem 362:522-528.
43. Higney E, Olive V, MacKenzie AB, Pulford ID. (2002) Isotope dilution ICP-MS analysis of platinum in road dusts from west central Scotland. Appl Geochem 17:1123-1129.
44. Holbrook DJ. (1976) Assessment of toxicity of automotive metallic emissions. Assessment of fuel additives emission toxicity via selected assays of nucleic and protein synthesis. Vol. 1, Research Triangle Park, N C, US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Health Effects Research Laboratories, (EPA/600/1-76/010a).
45. Holbrook DJ, Washington ME, Leake HB, Brubaker PE. (1975) Studies on the evaluation of the toxicity of various salts of lead, manganese, platinum, and palladium. Environ Health Persp 10:95-101.
46. Hoppstock K, Sures B. (2004) Platinum-group metals. In:MErian E, Anke M, Ihnat M, Stoeppler M. (eds.) Elements and their compounds in the environment. 2nd Ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim pp. 1047-1086.
47. Hughes EG. (1980) Medical surveillance of platinum refinery workers. J Soc Occup Med 30:27-30.
48. IARC. (1987) Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans Suppl. 7, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon p. 440.
49. IARC. (1990) Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Pharmaceutical drugs. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 50:47, 65,123.
50. Jarvis KE, Parry SJ, Piper JM. (2001) Temporal and spatial studies of autocatalyst-derived platinum, rhodium and palladium and selected vehicle-derived trace elements in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 35:1031-1036.
51. Johnson Matthey. (2000) Platinum 2000. Interim review. Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company, London.
52. Johnson Matthey. (2007) Platinum 2007. Interim review. Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company, London.
53. Kan SF, Tanner PA. (2005) Platinum concentrations in ambient aerosol at a coastal site in South China. Atmos Environ 39:2625-2630.
54. Karasek SR, Karasek M. (1911) The use of platinum. Report of. (Illinois) Comission on Occupational Diseases to His Excellency Governor Charles S Deneen, Warner Printing Company, Chicago p. 97.
55. Kümmerer K, Helmers E. (1997) Hospital effluents as a source for platinum in the environment. Sci Total Environ 193:179-184.
56. Kümmerer K, Helmers E, Hubner P, Mascart G, Milandri M, Reinthaler F, Zwakenberg M. (1999) European hospitals as a source for platinum in the environment in comparison with other sources. Sci Total Environ 225:155-165.
57. Laschka D, Nachtwey M. (1997) Platinum in municipal sewage treatment plants. Chemosphere 34 (8):1803-1812.
58. Lee C-TA, Wasserburg GJ, Kyte FT. (2003) Platinum-group elements (PGE) and rhenium in marine sediments across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary:cOnstraints on Re-PGE transport in the marine environment. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67 (4):655-670.
59. Lenz K, Hann S, Koellensperger G, Stefanka Z, Stingeder G, Weissenbacher N, Mahnik SN, Fuerhacker M. (2005) Presence of cancerostatic platinum compounds in hospital wastewater and possible elimination by adsorption activated sludge. Sci Total Environ 345:141-152.
60. Leoniewska B, Pyrzyńska K, Godlewska-zyłkiewicz B. (2001) Platyna i jej zwiazki w środowisku naturalnym człowieka-czy stanowia zagrozenie?. (in Polish). Chemical News 55 (3-4):331-351.
61. Leoniewska B, Godlewska-zyłkiewicz B, Bocca B, Caimi S, Caroli S, Hulanicki A. (2004) Platinum, palladium and rhodium content in road dust, tunnel dust and common grass in Bialystok area. (Poland): A pilot study. Sci Total Environ 321:93-104.
62. Lindell B. (1997) Platinum. Vol. 14, DECOS and NEG Basis for an Occupational Standard ISBN 91-7045-420-5 ISSN 0346-7821, https://gupeaubguse/dspace/bitstream/2077/4161/1/ah(1997)_14pdf.
63. Linnett PJ. (2005) Concerns for asthma at pre-placement assessment and health surveillance in platinum refining-a personal approach. Occup Med 55 (8):595-599.
64. Lottermoser BG. (1994) Gold and platinoids in sewage sludges. Int J Environ Stud 46:167-171.
65. Lustig S, Schramel P. (2000) Platinum bioaccumulation in plants overview of the situation for palladium rhodium. In: Zereni F, Alt F. (eds.) Anthropogenic platinum-group element emissions. Their impact on man environment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin pp. 95-104.
66. Maharaj SVM. (2004) Platinum concentration in silicone breast implant material and capsular tissue by ICP-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 380:84-89.
67. Merget R, Rosner G. (2001) Evaluation of the health risk of platinum group metals emitted from automotive catalityc converters. Sci Total Environ 270:165-173.
68. Merget R, Kulzer R, Dierkes-Globisch A, Breitstadt R, Gebler A, Kniffka A, Artelt S, Koenig H-P, Alt F, Vormberg R, Baur X, Schultze-Werninghaus G. (2000) Exposure-effect relationship of platinum salt allergy in a catalyst production plant: Conclusions from a 5-year prospective cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 105 (2):364-370.
69. Messerschmidt J, Alt F, Tolg G. (1994) Platinum species analysis in plant material by gel permeation chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 291:161-167.
70. Minakata K, Suzuki M, Nozawa H, Gonmori K, Watanabe K, Suzuki O. (2006) Platinum levels in various tissues of a patient who died 181 days after cisplatin overdosing determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 24:83-87.
71. Mitzukami F, Malda K, Watanabe M, Masuda K, Sano T, Kuno K. (1991) Preparation of thermostable high-surface area aluminas and properties of the alumina supported Pt catalysts. Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control II, Elsevier Science Publishers BV, New York pp. 557-568.
72. Moldovan M, Gomez MM, Palacios MA. (1999) Determination of platinum, rhodium and palladium in car exhaust fumes. J Anal At Spectrom 14:1163-1169.
73. Moldovan M, Palacios MA, Gomez MM, Morrison G, Rauch S, McLeod C, Ma R, Caroli S, Alimonti A, Petrucci F, Bocca B, Schramel P, Zischka M, Pettersson C, Wass U, Luna M, Saenz JC, Santamaria J. (2002) Environmental risk of particulate and soluble platinum group elements released from gasoline and diesel engine catalytic converters. Sci Total Environ 296:199-208.
74. Moldovan M. (2007) Origin and fate of platinum group elements in the environment. Anal Bioanal Chem 388:537-540.
75. Moore W, Malanchuk M, Crocker W, Stara JF. (1975a) Biological fate of a single administration of Pt-191 in rats following different routes of exposure. Environ Res 9:152-158.
76. 191Pt compounds following inhalation exposure. Environ Health Persp 12:35-39.
77. Morcelli CPR, Figueiredo AMG, Sarkis JES, Enzweiler J, Kakazu M, Sigolo JB. (2005) PGEs and other traffic-related elements in roadside soils from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 345:81-91.
78. Morton O, Puchelt H, Hernandez E, Lounejeva E. (2001) Traffic-related platinum group elements (PGE) in soils from Mexico City. J Geochem Explor 72:223-227.
79. Nygren O, Lundgren C (1997) Determination of platinum in workroom air and in blood and urine from nursing staff attending patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 70:209-214.
80. Nygren O, Gustavsson B, Strom L, Eriksson R, Jarneborn L, Friberg A (2002) Exposure to anticancer drugs during preparation and administration. Investigations of an open and a closed system. J Environ Monit 4:739-742.
81. Onovwiona HI, Ugursal VI (2006) Residential cogeneration systems: Review of the current technology. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 10:389-431.
82. Palacios MA, Gomez M, Moldovan M, Morrison G, Rauch S, McLeod C, Ma R, Laserna J, Lucena P, Caroli S, Alimonti A, Petrucci F, Bocca B, Schramel P, Lustig S, Zischka M, Wass U, Stenbom B, Luna M, Saenz JC, Santamaria J, Torrens JM. (2000a) Platinum-group elements: Quantification in collected exhaust fumes and studies of catalyst surfaces. Sci Total Environ 257:1-15.
83. Palacios MA, Gomez M, Moldovan M, Gomez B. (2000b) Assessment of environmental contamination risk by Pt, Rh and Pd from automobile catalyst. Microchem J 67:105-113.
84. Petrucci F, Violante N, Senofonte O, Cristaudo A, Di Gregorio M, Forte G, Alimonti A. (2005) Biomonitoring of a worker population exposed to platinum dust in a catalyst production plant. Occup Environ Med 62:27-33.
85. Peucker-Ehrenbrink B, Jahn B. (2001) Rhenium-osmium isotope systematics and platinum group element concentrations:lOess and the upper continental crust. Vol. 2(10), Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Paper No. GC000172.
86. Pyrzyñska K. (1998) Recent advances in solid-phase extraction of platinum and palladium. Talanta 47:841-848.
87. Pyrzyñska K. (2000) Monitoring of platinum in the environment. J Environ Monit 2 (6):99N-103N.
88. Rao CRM, Reddi GS. (2000) Platinum group metals. (PGM) occurrence, use and recent trends in their determination. Trends Anal Chem 19:565-586.
89. Rauch S, Morrison GM. (1999) Platinum uptake by the freshwater isopod Asellus Aquaticus in urban rivers. Sci Total Environ 235:261-268.
90. Ravindra K, Bencs L, Van Grieken R. (2004) Platinum group elements in the environment and their health risk. Sci Total Environ 318:1-43.
91. Resano M, Garcia-Ruiz E, Belarra MA, Vanhaecke F, McIntosh KS. (2007) Solid sampling in the determination of precious metals at ultratrace levels. Trends Anal Chem 26:385-395.
92. Roshchin AV, Veselov VG, Panova AI. (1984) Industrial toxicology of metals of the platinum group. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 28:17-24.
93. Rosner G, Merget R. (2000) Evaluation of the health risk of platinum emissions from automotive emission control catalysts. In F Zereni et al. (ed.) Anthropogenic Platinum Group Element Emissions. Springer Verlag, Berlin pp. 267-281.
94. Rudolph E, Hann S, Stingeder G, Reiter C. (2005) Ultra-trace analysis of platinum in human tissue samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 382:1500-1506.
95. Rühle T, Schneider H, Find J, Herein D, Pfänder N, Wild U, Schlögl R, Nachtigall D, Artelt S, Heinrich U. (1997) Preparation and characterization of Pt/Al2O3 aerosol precursors as model Pt-emissions from catalytic converters. Appl Catal B 14:69-84.
96. Schüfer J, Puchelt H. (1998) Platinum group metals (PGM) emitted from automobile catalytic converters and their distribution in roadside soils. J Geochem Explor 64:307-314.
97. Schüfer J, Hannker D, Eckhardt J-D, Stüben D. (1998) Uptake of traffic-related heavy metals and platinum group elements PGE by plants. Sci Total Environ 215:59-67.
98. Schierl R. (2000) Environmental monitoring of platinum in air and urine. Microchem J 67:245-248.
99. Schierl R, Fruhmann G. (1996) Airborne platinum concentrations in Munich city buses. Sci Total Environ 182:21-23.
100. Schierl R, Rohrer B, Hohnloser J. (1995) Long-term platinum excretion in patients treated with Cisplatin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 36:75-79.
101. Schuster M, Schwarzer M, Risse G. (2000) Determination of palladium in environmental samples. In: Zereini F, Alt F. (eds.) Anthropogenic platinum group element emissions their impact on man environment, Springer, Berlin pp. 173-182.
102. Shams K, Goodarzi F. (2006) Improved and selective platinum recovery from spent -alumina supported catalysts using pretreated anionic ion exchange resin. J Haz Mat B 131:229-237.
103. Sorsa M, Anderson D. (1996) Monitoring of occupational exposure to cytostatic anticancer agents. Mut Res 355:253-261.
104. Sures B, Zimmermann S, Messerschmidt J, von Bohlen A, Alt F. (2001) First report on the uptake of automobile catalyst emitted palladium by European eels. (Anguilla anguilla) following experimental exposure to road dust. Environ Pollut 113:341-345.
105. Sutherland RA. (2003) A first look at platinum in road-deposited sediments and roadside soils, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 44:430-436.
106. Terashima S, Mita N, Nakao S, Ishihara S. (2002) Platinum and palladium abudances in marine sediments and their geochemical behavior in marine environments. Bull Geol Surv Japan 53(11-12):725-747.
107. Twigg MV. (2007) Progress and future challenges in controlling automotive exhaust gas emissions. Appl Catal B: Environ 70:2-15.
108. Uozumi J, Ueda T, Yasumasu T, Koikawa Y, Naito S, Kumazawa J, Sueishi K. (1993) Platinum accumulation in the kidney and liver following chemotherapy with cisplatin in humans. Int Urol Nephrol 25 (3):215-220.
109. Van den Tillaard JAA, Leyrer J, Eckhoff S, Lox ES. (1996) Effect of support oxide and noble metal precursor on the activity of automotive diesel catalysts. Appl Catal B: Environ 10:53-68.
110. Vaughan GT, Florence TM. (1992) Platinum in the human diet, blood, hair and excreta. Sci Total Environ 111:47-58.
111. Vlasankova R, Otruba V, Bendl J, Fisera M, Kanicky V. (1999) Preconcentration of platinum group metals on modified silicagel and their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in airborne particulates. Talanta 48:839-846.
112. Wedepohl KH. (1995) The composition of the continental crust. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:1217-1232.
113. Whiteley JD, Murray F. (2003) Anthropogenic platinum group element (Pt, Pd and Rh) concentrations in road dusts and roadside soils from Perth, Western Australia. Sci Total Environ 317:121-135.
114. Whiteley JD, Murray F. (2005) Autocatalyst-derived platinum, palladium and rhodium (PGE) in infiltration basin and wetland sediments receiving urban runoff. Sci Total Environ 341:199-209.
115. WHO. (World Health Organization) (1991) Environmental Health Criteria 125, Platinum. International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva, http://www.inchemorg/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc125htm.
116. Wolterbeek HT, Verburg TG. (2001) Predicting metal toxicity revisited:gEneral properties vs. specific effects. Sci Total Environ 279:87-115.
117. Zereini F, Skerstupp B, Alt F, Helmers E, Urban H. (1997) Geochemical behaviour of platinumgroup elements (PGE) in particulate emissions by automobile exhaust catalyst: Experimental results and environmental investigations. Sci Total Environ 206:137-146.
118. Zimmermann S, Menzel CM, Stüben D, Taraschewski H, Sures B. (2003) Lipid solubility of the platinum group metals Pt, Pd and Rh in dependence on the presence of complexing agents. Environ Pollut 124:1-5.
119. Zimmermann S, Messerschmidt J, von Bohlen A, Sures B. (2005) Uptake and bioaccumulation of platinum group metals. (Pd, Pt, Rh) from automobile catalytic converter materials by the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Environ Res 98:203-209.