The controlling factors limiting maximum body size of insects

Lethaia

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 423-430

  Okajima, Ryoko ^a  

^a TOHOKU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Allometry; Body size; Fossil; Insect; Odonata; Oxygen; Protodonata

Indexed keywords

ALLOMETRY; BODY SIZE; FOSSIL; INSECT; JURASSIC; OXYGEN; PARTIAL PRESSURE;

HEXAPODA; MEGANISOPTERA; ODONATA;

EID: 56349106579     PISSN: 00241164     EISSN: 15023931     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00094.x     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Bechly, G. 2000a: Two new fossil dragonfly species (Insecta: Odonata: Pananisoptera: Aeschnidiidae and Aktassiidae) from the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestones (Upper Jurassic, Germany). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B 288, 1-9.
2. Bechly, G. 2000b: Two new dragonfly species (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera: Araripegomphidae and Lindeniida) from the Crato Limestone (Lower Cretaceous, Brazil). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B 296, 1-16.
3. Bechly, G. 2001: A new species of Cymatophlebia (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera: Cymatophlebiidae) from the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone (Upper Jurassic, Germany). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B 301, 1-5.
4. Bechly, G. 2003: Description of a new species of Nannogomphus (Insecta: Odonata: Nannogomphidae) from the Upper Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone in Germany. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B 339, 1-6.
5. Bechly, G. 2005: A re-description of 'Stenophlebia' casta (Insecta: Odonata: Parastenophlebiidae n. fam.) from the Upper Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone in Germany. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B 359, 1-12.
6. Bechly, G. & Ueda, K. 2002: The first fossil record and first New World record for the dragonfly clade Chlorogomphida (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera: Araripechlorogomphidae n. fam.) from the Crato Limestone (Lower Cretaceous, Brazil). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B 328, 1-11.
7. Bechly, G., Dietl, G. & Schweigert, G. 2003: A new species of Stenophlebia (Insecta: Odonata: Stenophlebiidae) from the Nusplingen Lithographic Limestone (Upper Jurassic, SW Germany). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B 338, 1-10.
8. 2 over Phanerozoic. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta 65, 685-694.
9. Berner, R.A. 2003: The long-term carbon cycle, fossil fuels and atmospheric composition. Nature 426, 323-326.
10. Berner, R.A., Beerling, D.J., Dudley, R., Robinson, J.M. & Wildman, R.A. Jr. 2003: Phanerozoic atmospheric oxygen. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 31, 105-134.
11. Brauckmann, C. & Zessin, W. 1989: Neue Meganeuridae aus dem Namurium von Hagen-Vorhalle (BRD) und die Phylogenie der Meganisoptera (Insecta, Odonata). Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift 36, 177-215.
12. Brongniart, C. 1884: Sur un gigantesque Néurorthoptère, Provenant des terrains houillers de Commentry (Allier). Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des sciences 98, 832-833.
13. Carle, F.L. & Wighton, D.C. 1990: Odonata. Insects from the Santana Formation, Lower Cretaceous, of Brazil. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 195, 51-68.
14. Carpenter, F.M. 1932: Jurassic insects from Solenhofen in the Carnegie Museum and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 21, 97-129.
15. Carpenter, F.M. 1933: The Lower Permian insects of Kansas. Part 6. Delopteridae, Protelytroptera, Plectoptera and a new collection of Protodonata, Odonata, Megasecoptera, Homoptera, and Psocoptera. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 68, 411-503.
16. Carpenter, F.M. 1939: The Lower Permian insects of Kansas. Part 8. Additional Megasecoptera, Protodonata, Odonata, Homoptera, Psocoptera, Protelytroptera, Plectoptera, and Protoperlaria. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 73, 29-70.
17. Carpenter, F.M. 1943: Studies on Carboniferous insects from Commentry, France. Part I. Introduction and families Protagriidae, Meganeuridae, and Campylopteridae. Geological Society of America Bulletin 54, 527-554.
18. Carpenter, F.M. 1947: Lower Permian insects from Oklahoma. Part 1. Introduction and the orders Megasecoptera, Protodonata, and Odonata. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 76, 25-54.
19. Carpenter, F.M. 1992: Superclass Hexapoda. University of Kasnas Press, Lawrence, KS.
20. Dudley, R. 1998: Atmospheric oxygen, giant Paleozoic insects and evolution of aerial locomotor performance. Journal of Experimental Biology 201, 1043-1050.
21. Fleck, G., Bechely, G., Martínez-Delclòs, X., Jarzembowski, E.A. & Nel, A. 2004: A revision of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous dragonfly family Tarsophlebiidae, with a discussion on the phylogenetic positions of the Tarsophlebiidae and Sieblosiidae (Insect, Odonatoptera, Panodonata). Geodiversitas 26, 33-60.
22. Fleck, G., Nel, A., Bechly, G. & Martínez-Delclòs, X. 2001: Revision and phylogenetic affinities of the Jurassic Steleopteridae Handlirsch, 1906 (Odonata: Zygoptera). Insect Systematics and Evolution 32, 285-305.
23. Fountaine, T.M.R., Benton, M.J., Dyke, G.J. & Nudds, R.L. 2005: The quality of the fossil record of Mesozoic birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, 289-294.
24. Fraser, F.C. 1955: An odonata fossil wing from the Oligocene of Oregon. Psyche 62, 42-44.
25. Gentlini, G. 1988: The Upper Miocene dragonflies of Monte Castellaro (Marche, Central Italy: Odonata Libellulidae). Memorie Della Societa Entomologica Italiana 67, 251-272.
26. Gentlini, G. 1992: Two new species of Epitheca from the Lower Messinian of central Italy: (Odonata Corduliidae). Bollettino Della Societa Entomologica Italiana 123, 201-208.
27. Gentlini, G. & Peters, G. 1993: The Upper Miocene aeshnids of Monte Castellaro, central Italy, and their relationships to extant species (Anisoptera: Aeshnidae). Odonatologica 22, 147-178.
28. Graham, J.B., Dudley, R., Aguilar, N.M. & Gans, C. 1995: Implications of the late Palaeozoic oxygen pulse for physiology and evolution. Nature 375, 117-120.
29. Hagen, H.A. 1858: Zwei Libellen aus der Braukohle von Sieblos. Palaeontographica 5, 121-124.
30. Hagen, H.A. 1861-1863: Neuropteren aus der Braunkohle von Rott im Siebengebirge. Palaeontographica 10, 247-269.
31. Hagen, H.A. 1862: Ueber die Neuropteren aus dem lithographischen Schiefer in Bayern. Palaeontographica 10, 96-145.
32. Hagen, H.A. 1866: Die Neuroptera des lithographischen Schiefers in Bayern. Pars 1: Tarsophlebia, Isophlebia, Stenophlebia, Anax. Palaeontographica 15, 57-96.
33. Harrison, J.F. & Lighton, J.R. 1998: Oxygen-sensitive flight metabolism in the dragonfly Erythemis simplicicollis. Journal of Experimental Biology 201, 1739-1744.
34. Huguet A., Nel, A., Martínez-Delclòs, X., Bechly, G. & Martins-Neto, R.G. 2002: Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the Protanisoptera (Insecta: Odonatoptera). Geobios 35, 537-560.
35. Jarzembowski, E.A. 1988: A new aeshnid dragonfly from the Lower Cretaceous of South-East England. Palaeontology 31, 763-769.
36. Jarzembowski, E.A. 1990: Early Cretaceous zygopteroids of southern England (UK), with the description of Cretacoenagrion alleni, new genus new species (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae; 'Anisozygoptera': Tarsophlebiidae, Euthemistidae). Odonatologica 19, 27-38.
37. Jarzembowski, E.A. 1994: Fossil dragonflies in Horsham Museum. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 105, 71-75.
38. Jarzembowski, E.A. & Nel, A. 1996: A new genus and species of hawker dragonfly (Aeshnidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England. Cretaceous Research 17, 98-101.
39. Jones, D.P., Kennedy, F.G., Anderson, B.S., Aw, T.Y. & Wilson, E. 1985: When is a mammalian cell hypoxic? Insights from studies of cells versus mitochondria. Molecular Physiology 8, 473-482.
40. Kennedy, C.H. 1931: Insects from the Miocene (Latah) of Washington. III. Odonata. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 24, 313-316.
41. Lasaga, A.C. 1989: A new approach to isotopic modeling of the variation of atmospheric oxygen through the Phanerozoic. American Journal of Science 289, 411-435.
42. Loudon, C. 1989: Tracheal hypDrtrophy in mealworms: design and plasticity in oxygen supply systems. Journal of Experimental Biology 147, 217-235.
43. Makarieva, A.M., Gorshkov, V.G. & Li, B.L. 2005: Gigantism, temperature and metabolic rate in terrestrial poikilotherms. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, 2425-2428.
44. Martínez-Delclòs, X. & Nel, A. 1991: Discovery of three fossil insects in the Lower Oligocene of the Ebro basin (Spain) (Odonata, Lestidae, Aeshnidae). Bulletin Du Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle Section C Sciences De La Terre Paleontologie Geologie Mineralogie 13, 157-165.
45. Martynov, A.V. 1927: Jurassic fossil Mecoptera and Paratrichoptera from Turkestan and Ust-Balei (Siberia). Bulletin de l'Academie des sciences de l'URSS 21, 651-666.
46. Martynov, A.V. 1929: Fossil insects from Tertiary deposits in Ashutas, Saisan District. Trudy geologicheskogo muzeya, akademii nauk SSSR 5, 173-216.
47. May, M.L. 1979: Energy metabolism of dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) at rest and during endothermic warm-up. Journal of Experimental Biology 83, 79-84.
48. May, M.L. 1981: Wingstroke frequency of dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) in relation of temperature and body size. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 144, 229-240.
49. May, M.L. 1982: Heat exchange and endothermy in Protodonata. Evolution 36, 1051-1058.
50. May, M.L. 1995: Dependence of flight behavior and heat production on air temperature in the green darner dragonfly Anax junius (Odonata: Aeshnidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 198, 2385-2392.
51. Needham, J.G. 1907: Supplemental descriptions of two new genera of Aeschinae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 23, 141-144.
52. Nel, A. 1991: Redescription of the Upper Jurassic fossil dragonfly Malmagrion eichstaettense Hagen, 1862, Odonatoptera, Odonata, Archizygoptera. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 96, 433-442.
53. Nel, A. 1992: Revision of the fossil dragonfly Lithogomphus munsbergianus Beier, 1952 (Odonata, Gomphoidea) from the Miocene. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section C: Sciences de la Terre: Paleontologie, Geologie, Mineralogie 14, 157-160.
54. Nel, A. & Brisac, P. 1994: Discovery of the first fossil Calopteryx (Odonata, Calopterygidae) from the Miocene of Ardeche. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 99, 27-30.
55. Nel, A. & Escuille, F. 1992: Presence of the genus Stenolestes Scudder, 1895 in the Oligocene laminites of Revest-des-Brousses (Luberon, France). Entomologiste 48, 337-349.
56. Nel, A. & Escuille, F. 1993: A new Sieblosiidae genus from Upper Miocene from Ardeche (France) (Odonata, Zygoptera). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 10, 233-242.
57. Nel, A. & Escuille, F. 1994: A new dragonfly from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology 37, 923-930.
58. Nel, A. & Henrotay, M. 1992: The Protomyrmeleontidae (Odonatoptera, Odonata, Archizygoptera stat. rest: Present state of knowledge. Annales de Paleontologie 78, 1-47.
59. Nel, A. & Martínez-Delclòs, X. 1993: New Zygoptera and Anisoptera (Insecta: Odonata) in the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Estudios Geologicos 49, 351-359.
60. Nel, A. & Paicheler, J.C. 1992: Fossil Odonata: present state of knowledTe: Second part: the fossil Petaluridae and Cordulegastridae (Odonata, Anisoptera, Petaluroidea) (1). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 9, 305-323.
61. Nel, A. & Paicheler, J.C. 1994a: Fossil Lestoidea (Odonata, Zygoptera); an inventory and critique. Annales de Paleontologie 80, 1-59.
62. Nel, A. & Paicheler, J.C. 1994b: The Libelluloidea other than Libellulidae: A critical list (Odonata, Corduliidae, Macromiidae, Synthemistidae, Chlorogomphidae and Mesophlebiidae). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 11, 321-334.
63. Nel, A. & Paicheler, J.C. 1994c: The fossil Gomphidae. A criticism (Odonata: Gomphidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 30, 55-77.
64. Nel, A. & Papazian, M. 1990: The fossil Coenagrionoidea from the Oligocene of southeastern France (Zygoptera: Platycnemididae, Coenagrionidae). Odonatologica 19, 251-262.
65. Nel, A. & Petruleviěius, J.F. 2005: A new genus and species of damsel-dragonfly from the Lower Liassic of Germany (Odonata: Liassophlebiidae). Bulletin de la SociétéEntomologique de France 110(2), 185-188.
66. Nel, A., Arillo, A. & Martínez-Delclòs, X. 1996: New fossil Odonata (Insecta) from the upper Miocene of France and Spain (Anisoptera and Zygoptera). Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie. Abhandlungen 199, 167-219.
67. Nel, A., Bechly, G., Jarzembowski, E.A. & Martínez-Delclòs, X. 1998: A revision of the fossil petalurid drafonflies (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera: Petalurida). Paleontologia Lombarda 10, 1-68.
68. Nel, A., Bechly G., Martínez-Delclòs, X. & Fleck, G. 2001: A new family of Anisoptera from the Upper Jurassic of Karatau in Kazakhstan (Insecta: Odonata: Juragomphidae n. fam.). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B 314, 1-9.
69. Nel, A., Martínez-Delclòs, X., Paicheler, J.C. & Henrotay, M. 1993: Les Anisozygoptera fossiles. Phylogenie et classification. (Odonata). Marrtinia, Numero horsserie 3, 1-311.
70. Nel, A., Petruleviěius, J.F., Gentilini, G. & Martínez-Delclòs, X. 2005a: Phylogenetic analysis of the Cenozoic family Sieblosiidae (Insecta: Odonata), with description of new tata from Russia, Italy and France. Geobios 38, 219-233.
71. Nel, A., Petruleviěius, J.F. & Jarzembowski, E.A. 2005b: New fossil Odonata from the European Cenozoic (Insecta: Odonata: Thaumatoneuridae, Aeshnidae, ? Idionychidae, Libellulidae). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 235(3), 343-380.
72. Nel, A., Petruleviěius, J.F. & Martínez-Delclòs, X. 2005c: New Mesozoic Protomyrmeleontidae (Insecta: Odonatoptera: Archizygoptera) from Asia with a new phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3, 187-201.
73. Papazian, M. & Nel, A. 1989: Discovery of a wing of a fossilized dragonfly (Odonata, Aeshnidae) in the Auriol Travertine, Bouches-du-Rhone, France. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section C: Sciences de la Terre: Paleontologie, Geologie, Mineralogie 11, 141-144.
74. Petruleviěius, J.F. & Nel, A. 2005: Austroperilestidae, a new family of damselflies from early eocene of Argentina (insecta: Odonata). Phylogenetic relationships within odonata. Journal of Paleontology 79, 658-662.
75. Pritykina, L.N. 1968: Odonata from Karatau. In Rohdendorf, B.B. (ed.): Jurassic Insects of Karatau, 26-55. Akademiya Nauk SSSR Otdelenie Obshchej Biologii, Moscow.
76. Pritykina, L.N. 1970: Triassic and Jurassic dragonflies, family Liassophlebiidae, Middle Asia. Paleontologicheskij zhurnal 1970(1), 104-117.
77. Pritykina, L.N. 1977: New Odonata from the Lower Cretaceous deposits of the Transbaikal and Mongolia. Trudy, sovmestnaya soversko-mongol'skaya paleontologicheskaya ehkspeditsiya 4, 81-96.
78. Pritykina, L.N. 1981: New Triassic Odonata of Middle Asia. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo instituta akademii nauk SSSR 183, 5-42.
79. Prokop, J. & Nel, A. 2002: New Tertiary dragonflies from Lower Oligocene of the Česke Středohori Mts and Lower Miocene of the Most Basin in the Czech Republic (Odonata: Anisoptera). Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 66, 141-150.
80. Schmidt, E. 1958: Bemerkungen über Lestiden III (Odonata). Über Oligostes graansdis (Statz 1935) und eine neue Lestes-Art aus dem Mittel-Oligozän von Ritt im Siebengebirge. Decheniana 111, 1-7.
81. Schumann, H. 1967: Fossil Libellen (Odonata) aus dem Oberpliozän am westlichen Harzrand. Berichte der naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Hannover 111, 31-45.
82. Scudder, S.H. 1892: Some insects of special interest from Florissant and other points in the tertiaries of Colorado and Utah. United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 93, 1-25.
83. Sellards, E.H. 1906: Types of Permian insects. American Journal of Science (Series 4) 22, 249-258.
84. Shear, W.A. & Kukalová, J. 1990: The ecology of Paleozoic terrestrial arthropods: The fossil evidence. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, 1807-1834.
85. Silsby, J. 2001: Dragonflies of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Vic.
86. Tillyard, R.J. 1922: Mesozoic insects of Queensland. No. 9. Orthoptera, and additions to the Protorthoptera, Odonata, Hemiptera and Plannipennia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 47, 447-470.
87. Tillyard, R.J. 1924: Kansas Permian insects. Part 3. The new order Protohymenoptera. American Jouranal of Science (Series 5) 8, 111-133.
88. Tillyard, R.J. 1925: The British Liassic dragonflies (Odonata). British Museum (Natural History), Fossil Insects 1, 1-40.
89. Ueda, K., Kim, T. & Aoki, T. 2005: A new record of Early Cretaceous fossil dragonfly from Korea. Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History (Series A, Natural History) 3, 145-152.
90. Vermeij, G.J. 1987: Evolution and Escalation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
91. Weis-Fogh, T. 1964: Diffusion in insect wing muscle, the most active tissue known. Journal of Experimental Biology 41, 229-256.
92. Westneat, M.W., Betz, O., Blob, R.W., Fezzaa, K., Cooper, W.J. & Lee, W.-K. 2003: Tracheal respiration in insects visualized with synchrotron x-ray imaging. Science 299, 558-560.
93. Whalley, P.E.S. 1979: New species of Protorthoptera and Protodonata (Insecta) from the Upper Carboniferous of Britain, with a comment on the origin of wings. Bulletin of the British Museum, Natural History. Geology Series 32, 85-90.
94. Whalley, P.E.S. 1980: Tupus diluculum sp. nov. (Protodonata), a giant dragonfly from the Upper Carboniferous of Britain. Bulletin of the British Museum, Natural History. Geology Series 34, 285-287.
95. Wild, R. 1984: A new Pterosaur (Reptilia: Pterosauria) from the Upper Triassic (Norian) of Friuli, Italy. Gortania 5, 45-62.
96. Zalessky, G.M. 1955: On two new Permian odonate-like insects of the order Permodonata. Doklady akademii nauk SSSR 104, 630-633.
97. Zessin, W. 1983: Taxonomy of Meganeuridae (Odonta) of the upper Paleozoic in the light of a new discovery in the Stephanian C of Halle Depression, East Germany. Freiberger Forschungshefte, Reihe C: Geowissenschaften, Mineralogie Geochemie 384, 58-76.
98. Zhang, B., Ren, D., Zhou, C. & Pang, H. 2006: New genus and species of fossil dragonflies (Insects: Odonata) from the Yixian Formation of Northeastern China. Acta Geologica Sinica 80, 327-335.
99. Zhang, J. 1992: Congqingia rhora, new genus new species: A new dragonfly from the Upper Jurassic of eastern China (Anisozygoptera: Congqingiidae fam. nov.). Odonatologica 21, 375-383.