"Go after the women": Mothers against illegal aliens' campaign against Mexican immigrant women and their children

Indiana Law Journal

Volumn 83, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 1355-1389

  Romero, Mary ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 56149120887     PISSN: 00196665     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (198)

1. See Anti-Defamation League, Immigrants Targeted: Extremist Rhetoric Moves into the Mainstream (2007), http://www.adl.org/civil_rights/ anti_immigrant/maia.asp.
2. See generally 'Christopher J. Walker, Border Vigilantism and Comprehensive Immigration Reform, 10 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 135, 141-46 (2007) (presenting an overview of anti-immigrant movements targeting Mexicans).
3. See Susy Buchanan & David Holdhouse, Shoot, Shovel, Shut Up: As the Anti-immigrant Movement Grows Even More Vitriolic, the Intelligence Project Identifies 144 'Nativist Extremist' Groups, INTELLIGENCE REPORT (Southern Poverty Law Center), 2007, at 44-47.
4. RODOLFO ACUÑA, OCCUPIED AMERICA: A HISTORY OF CHICANOS 173-76 (2000) (discussing nativist reactions to Mexican Immigration, 1910-1920); id. at 211-12 (discussing the scapegoating of Mexican immigrants for the poor economy and high unemployment rates in the 1920s); id. at 220-24 (discussing nativist deportations in the 1930s when Mexican immigrants were blamed for economic problems in the 1930s); id. at 303-06 (discussing Operation Wetback in the 1950s); id. at 422-25 (discussing immigrant scapegoating in the 1980s and 1990s).
5. U.S. English, About U.S. English: History, http://www.us-english.org/inc/ about/.
6. See U.S. English Foundation, Inc., Welcome to U.S. English Foundation, http://www.usefoundation.org/foundation/default.asp.
7. Kevin R. Johnson, The New Nativism: Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue, in IMMIGRANTS OUT! THE NEW NATIVISM AND THEANTI-IMMIGRANT IMPULSE IN THE UNITED STATES 165 (Juan F. Perea ed., 1997).
8. Cf. Paul Feldman, Group 's Funding of Immigration Measure Assailed: Politics: Critics Say Proposition 187 Drive is Getting Money From Foundation That Backs Racial Research. Proponents Counter that Charges are a Smear Tactic, L.A. TIMES, Sept. 10, 1994, at B3.
9. Kevin R. Johnson, Pursuing Equal Justice in the West: Driver's Licenses and Undocumented Immigrants: The Future of Civil Rights Law?, 5 NEV.L.J. 213, 216-20(2004); María Pabón López, More Than a License to Drive: State Regulation of Driver's License Use by Non U.S. Citizens, 29 S. ILL. U. L.J. 91, 95-98 (2004).
10. Julia Preston, State Proposals on Illegal Immigration Largely Falter, N. Y. TIMES, May 9, 2006, at A24.
11. For an example of "factors such as poverty, housing, smog, water, schools, land density, labor, traffic, farmland, and health care and other services" affected by immigration, see FEDERATION FOR AMERICAN IMMIGRANT REPORT (2008), available at http://www.fairus.org/site/PageServer?pagename-research_researchlistda29.
12. National Immigration Forum, 2004 Election Analysis: Arizona's Proposition 200, http://immigrationforum.org/documents/TheDebate/Restrictionists/ AZProp200Analysis.pdf.
13. Arizona 2004 Ballot Propositions: Proposition 200, 41-43, http://www.azsos.gov/election/2004/info/PubPamphlet/english/prop200.pdf.
14. E.g., American Patrol Feature, Arizona Legislators Support Prop 200 (Sept. 16, 2004), http://www.americanpatrol.com/04-FEATURES/040916-PROP-200- PRESSCONF/040916_Feature.html. The extent to which some citizens believe that unauthorized persons are voting and impacting the political system is demonstrated in an interview with MAIA media coordinator Stephanie Harris: The people in government think they're gonna get votes from illegals by supporting the illegals, but these are people who can't legally vote.... And they won't bother to vote once they are American citizens . . . , although they will definitely cheat and lie and steal identities like they do all the time. Robert L. Pela, Minutewomen, PHOENIX NEW TIMES, Apr. 20, 2006, available at http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2006-04-20/news/ minutewomen/full. ACLU.org, Federal Court Halts Arizona's Harmful Voter ID Law (Oct. 5, 2006), http://www.aclu.org/votingrights/gen/27012prs20061005.html.
15. Id.
16. National Conference of State Legislatures, Ballot Initiatives Affecting Immigrants: Past and Present (Jan. 8, 2006), http://www.ncsl.org/programs/immig/ BallotInitiatives.htm#_ ftnl#_ftn1.
17. Arizona Secretary of State: Jan Brewer, Arizona Ballot Propositions: Proposition 100 (Sept. 2006), http://www.azsos.gov/election/2006/Info/ PubPamphlet/english/Prop100.htm.
18. Daniel González, Migrants Fleeing as Hiring Law Nears, ARIZ. REPUBLIC, Aug. 26, 2007, at 1.
19. Daniel González, Taunts, Threats as Law Nears, ARIZ. REPUBLIC, Sept. 30, 2007, at 1.
20. See Mark K. Matthews, Arizona Lashes Out at Illegal Immigration, STATELINE.ORG, Aug. 31, 2005, Stateline.org/live/ ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=136&languageID=I&contented=51473.
21. González, supra note 19.
22. Randal C. Archibold, Arizona Governor Signs Tough Bill on Hiring Illegal Immigrants, N.Y. TIMES, July 3, 2007, at A10.
23. Id.
24. González, supra note 19.
25. Ariz. Contractors Ass'n, Inc. v. Napolitano, 526 F. Supp. 2d 968, 976-77 (D. Ariz. 2007).
26. The coalition was comprised of Chicanos For La Causa and Somos America and was represented by the law firm Altshuler Berzon, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the ACLU of Arizona, and the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF). See ACLU of Arizona, Civil Rights Coalition to Argue in Court Today that Arizona Employer Sanctions Law is Illegal (Nov. 14, 2007), http://www.acluaz.org/News/PressReleases/11_04_07.html.
27. Teresa Miller, Blurring the Boundaries Between Immigration and Crime Control After September 11th, 25 B.C. THIRD WORLD L.J. 81, 113 (2005).
28. Id. at 84.
29. Kevin R. Johnson, September 11 and Mexican Immigrants: Collateral Damage Comes Home, 52 DEPAUL L. REV. 849, 853-54 (2003).
30. Kati L. Griffith, Perfecting Public Immigration Legislation: Private Immigration Bills and Deportable Lawful Permanent Residents, 18 GEO. IMMIGR. L.J. 273, 276 (2004).
31. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT, ENDGAME: OFFICE OF DETENTION AND REMOVAL STRATEGIC PLAN, 2003-2012, DETENTION AND REMOVAL STRATEGY FOR A SECURE HOMELAND (2003), available at http://cryptogon.com/docs/endgame. pdf.
32. Id. at ii.
33. See N. C. Aizenman & Spencer S. Hsu, Activist's Arrest Highlights Key Immigrant Issue, WASH. POST, Aug. 21, 2007, at A5; Tom Lochner, Testimonials Illustrate ICE Raids; ACLU Files Request for Information on 'Return to Sender ' Operation, CONTRA COSTA TIMES (Cal.), Mar. 9, 2007, at F4; Rebecca R. Lum, Churches Aiding Targeted Families, OAKLAND TRIB., June 25, 2007; Jessie Mangaliman, P.A. Mother Ends Immigration Fight, THE MERCURY NEWS (San Jose), Apr. 7, 2007; Michael Martinez, Deportations Strand Young U.S. Citizens, CHI. TRIB., Apr. 30, 2007, at C24.
34. Jesse McKinley, San Francisco Bay Area Reacts Angrily to Series of Immigration Raids, N. Y. TIMES, Apr. 28, 2007, at A14; Sandra Forester, Immigration Raids Spark Anger in Sun Valley Area, IDAHOSTATESMAN.COM, Sept. 21, 2007, http://www.idahostatesman. com/newsupdates/story/164305.html.
35. Cf. Nina Bernstein, Immigration Raids Single Out Hispanics, Lawsuit Says, N. Y. TIMES, Sept. 21, 2007, at B3.
36. NBC News Chicago, Feds: Raided Operation Made Up to 100 Fake Ids Daily, Angry Protesters March Though Night After Fake ID Raid (NBC television broadcast Apr. 24, 2007), available at http://www.nbc5.com/ news/13020266/detail.html.
37. Tyche Hendricks, The Human Face of Immigration Raids in Bay Area; Arrests of Parents Can Deeply Traumatize Children Caught in the Fray, Experts Argue. S.F. CHRON., Apr. 27, 2007, at Al. Complaint of Kebin Reyes, Reyes v. Alcantar, No. 07-02271 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 26, 2007), available at http://aclunc.org/cases/open_cases/asset_upload_file318_5387.pdf. The Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund and the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae have also filed a lawsuit. Complaint of Adriana Aguilar, Aguilar v. Myers, No. 07 Civ. 8224 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 20, 2007), available at http://www.prldef.org/Civil/ICE/Aguilar %20v%20ICE%20NY%20complaint- %200fficial%209-20.pdf.
38. See McKinley, supra note 34.
39. Bernstein, supra note 35.
40. Joseph Dits,ICE Raid Has Some Held in Limbo; After Janco Raid, Families, Churches Offer Financial Help, S. BEND TRIB., Mar. 22, 2007, at A1.
41. Connie Llanos, Immigration Raids Kill Dreams; Families, Friends Torn Apart by Deportation Arrests by Federal Officers, DAILY NEWS OF L. A., May 6, 2007, at SC1.
42. Martinez, supra note 33.
43. Vanessa Colón, Separated by Their Citizenship; U.S.-Born Twin Girls Struggle to Move on with Their Lives in Fresno, After Their Mother Was Deported to Mexico and Their Father Left to Join Her, FRESNO BEE, Apr. 20, 2007, at A1.
44. Nina Bernstein, Citizens Caught Up in Immigration Raid, N. Y. TIMES, Oct. 4, 2007, at B5.
45. Russell M. Simon & Kate Willson, Coss Comes Down on Arrests; Crackdown Called 'Hurtful'and 'Divisive, 'ALBUQUERQUE J., Mar. 1, 2007, at 1.
46. 'Birthright Citizenship' Debate Set to Begin: Battle Expected over Bid to Deny Citizenship to U.S.-Born Children of Illegals, MSNBC, Dec. 26, 2005, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10609068/; see Birthright Citizenship Act of 2007, H.R. 1940, 110th Congress (2007). See generally PETER H. SCHUCK & ROGERS M. SMITH, CITIZENSHIP WITHOUT CONSENT 90-115 (1985).
47. JUSTIN AKERS CHACON & MIKE DAVIS, NO ONE IS ILLEGAL: FIGHTING RACISM AND STATE VIOLENCE ON THE U.S.-MEXICO BORDER 240 (2006).
48. Dorothy E. Roberts, Who May Give Birth to Citizens? Reproduction, Eugenics, and Immigration, in IMMIGRANTS OUT! 205 (Juan F. Perea ed., 1997).
49. For example, Governor Pete Wilson's administration implicated the belief issuing directives to health care providers to stop providing prenatal services to undocumented immigrants. Cf. Paul Feldman & Amy Pyle, Wilson Acts to Enforce Parts of Prop. 187, L.A. TIMES, Nov. 10, 1994, at A1.
50. See generally LEO R. CHAVEZ, COVERING IMMIGRATION: POPULAR IMAGES AND THE POLITICS OF THE NATION (2001); OTTO SANTA ANA, BROWNTIDE RISING, METAPHORS OF LATINOS IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN PUBLIC DISCOURSES (2002).
51. See, e.g., GLENNA MATTHEWS "JUST A HOUSEWIFE": THE RISE AND FALL OF DOMESTICITY IN AMERICA (1987).
52. RUTH S. COWAN, MORE WORK FOR MOTHER: THE IRONIES OF HOUSEHOLD TECHNOLOGY FROM THE OPEN HEARTH TO THE MICROWAVE (1983).
53. See Barbara Welter, The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860, 18 AM. Q. 151, 153 (1966).
54. See generally KATHRYN K. SKLAR, CATHERINE BEECHER: A STUDY OF AMERICAN DOMESTICITY (1973).
55. FAYE E. DUDDEN, SERVING WOMEN: HOUSEHOLD SERVICE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA 155 (1983).
56. Id.; see also, e.g., DAVID M. KATZMAN, SEVEN DAYS A WEEK: WOMEN AND DOMESTIC SERVICE IN INDUSTRIALIZING AMERICA (1978); PHYLLIS PALMER, DOMESTICITY AND DIRT: HOUSEWIVES AND DOMESTIC SERVANTS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1920-1945 (1989).
57. DUDDEN, supra note 55, at 155.
58. MARY ROMERO, MAID IN THE USA 84 (2002); see also CATHERINE STANSELL, CITY OF WOMEN: SEX AND CLASS IN NEW YORK, 1798-1860 163 (1986).
59. STANSELL, supra note 58, at 163.
60. KATZMAN, supra note 56, at 171.
61. GLENNA MATTHEWS, "JUST A HOUSEWIFE" THE RISE AND FALL OF DOMESTICITY IN AMERICA 187-89 (1987); see JULIET B. SCHOR, THE OVERSPENT AMERICAN: UPSCALING, DOWNSHIFTING, AND THE NEW CONSUMER (1998); cf. JULIET B. SCHOR, BORN TO BUY: THE COMMERCIALIZED CHILD AND THE NEW CONSUMER CULTURE (2004). See generally CONSUMING MOTHERHOOD (Janelle S. Taylor, Linda. Layne & Danielle F. Wozniak eds., 2004).
62. ROMERO, supra note 58, at 94. Today, this list has expanded to several cars, televisions, individual computers, and cell phones for family members. Id.
63. SHARON HAYS, THE CULTURAL CONTRADICTIONS OF MOTHERHOOD 97-130 (1996).
64. ANNETTE LAREAU, UNEQUAL CHILDHOOD: CLASS, RACE AND FAMILY LIFE 238 (2003).
65. Id.
66. JOAN WILLIAMS, UNBENDING GENDER: WHY FAMILIES AND WORK CONFLICT AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT 15-24 (2000). See generally SUSAN J. DOUGLAS & MEREDITH W. MICHAELS, THE MOMMY MYTH: THE IDEALIZATION OF MOTHERHOOD AND HOW IT HAS UNDERMINED WOMEN 203-35 (2004). However, unemployed poor women are still constructed as lazy and undeserving of welfare. Id.
67. See GWENDOLYN MINK, THE WAGES OF MOTHERHOOD 3-26 (1995).
68. KEVIN R. JOHNSON, THE "HUDDLED MASSES" MYTH: IMMIGRATION AND CIVIL RIGHTS 27-39 (2003).
69. Id.
70. ALFREDO MIRANDE & EVANGELINA ENRIQUEZ 75-78 (1979) (discussing cultural stereotypes and attitudes Americans held towards Mexican American women in the 1800s).
71. ER OWN GOOD: 150 YEARS OF THE EXPERTS' ADVICE TOWOMEN 131-32(1978).
72. GEORGE J. SÁNCHEZ, BECOMING MEXICAN AMERICAN: ETHNICITY, CULTURE AND IDENTITY IN CHICANO LOS ANGELES, 1900-1945 98 (1993).
73. ROMERO, supra note 58, at 110-11.
74. SARAH DEUTSCH, NO SEPARATE REFUGE 149(1985).
75. ROMERO, supra note 58, at 94.
76. Id. at 114.
77. Id. at 115.
78. Id. at 109-25 (reviewing educators and employers beliefs towards Mexicans and the use of domestic service in Americanization programs offered to mother girls and women).
79. Regina Austin, Sapphire Bound!, in CRITICAL RACE FEMINISM 301, 305 (Adrien K. Wing ed., 2003); see MIMI ABRAMOVTTZ, REGULATING THE LIVES OF WOMEN, SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT (1996) (providing a history of social services to women in the United States, particularly emphasis on meeting the normative standard of woman and family); DOROTHY ROBERTS, SHATTERED BONDS: THE COLOR OF CHILD WELFARE (2002) (arguing that public policy separates low-income Black parents from children as unfit rather than addressing issues of poverty); DOROTHY ROBERTS, KILLING THE BLACK BODY: RACE, REPRODUCTION AND THE MEANING OF LIBERTY (1998) (documenting the history of social and government control of African American women's fertility); LUANA ROSS, INVENTING THE SAVAGE: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF NATIVE AMERICAN CRIMINALITY (1998) (providing in chapter three a profile of women in prison, which includes social scientists attempts to explain the over representation of women of color in prisons).
80. Mary Romero, Conceptualizing the Latino Experience in Care Work, in BLACKWELL COMPANION TO LATINO STUDIES 264-75 (2007).
81. See id. at 74.
82. Id.
83. See generally DOROTHY ROBERTS, KILLING THE BLACK BODY: RACE, REPRODUCTION, AND THE MEANING OF LIBERTY (1997).
84. Madrigal v.Quilligan, 639 F.2d 789 (C.D. Cal. 1981); see also Carlos G. Velez-Ibãez, The Nonconsenting Sterilization of Mexican Women in Los Angeles, in TWICE A MINORITY: MEXICAN AMERICAN WOMEN 235-248 (1980).
85. ASSARA RAE & RAE BANKS, DEHUMANIZING DISCOURSE, ANTI-DRUG LAW, AND POLICY IN AMERICA: A "CRACK MOTHER'S" NIGHTMARE 56-7 (2002); see also DREW HUMPHRIES, CRACK MOTHERS: PREGNANCY, DRUGS, AND THE MEDIA 70-1 (1999).
86. See generally LAURA GOMEZ, M ISCONCEIVING MOTHERS: LEGISLATORS, PROSECUTORS, AND THE POLITICS OF PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE (1997).
87. KAREN SECCOMBE, SO YOU THINK I DRIVE A CADILLAC? WELFARE RECIPIENTS' PERSPECTIVES ON THE SYSTEM AND ITS REFORM 50-9 (1999).
88. For instance, George J. Sánchez notes that in 1927, the Commission of Immigration and Housing called for limited immigration from Mexico and blamed them for social problems related to charities, schools, and health departments. GEORGE J. SÁNCHEZ, BECOMING MEXICAN AMERICAN: ETHNICITY, CULTURE, AND IDENTITY IN CHICANO LOS ANGELES, 1900-1945 105 (1993).
89. However, the construction of welfare and work as mutually exclusive is disputed. In their study of immigrant women in Los Angeles, Alejandra Marchevsky and Jeanne Theoharis found that neither provides a living wage and most women survived with a combination of both. See Alejandra Marchevsky & Jeanne Theoharis, The Myth of Welfare Dependency, Caught Between Welfare and Work, in NOT WORKING: LATINA IMMIGRANTS, LOW-WAGE JOBS, AND THE FAILURE OF WELFARE REFORM 140-68 (2006).
90. Johnson, supra note 29, at 853-54.
91. GRACE CHANG, DISPOSABLE DOMESTICS: IMMIGRANT WOMEN WORKERS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 28-39, 75-77 (2000).
92. Kevin R. Johnson, Public Benefits and Immigration: The Intersection of Immigration Status, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class, 42 UCLA L. REV. 1552 (2003); see Syd Lindsley, The Gendered Assault on Immigrants, in POLICING THE NATIONAL BODY: RACE, GENDER AND CRIMINALIZATION 175-98 (Jael Siliman & Ananya Bhattacharjee eds., 2002) (discussing the impact that The Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendment of 1990 and the Immigration and National Act had on immigrant women).
93. CHANG, supra note 91, at 75-77.
94. Id. at 61-65. This follows the consistent pattern in U.S. welfare policy that distinguishes between the "deserving" and "undeserving." See MIMI ABRAMOWITZ, REGULATING THE LIVES OF WOMEN: SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT(1988); GWENDOLYN MINK, THE WAGES OF MOTHERHOOD: INEQUALITY IN THE WELFARE STATE, 1917-1942 (1995); CHANG, supra note 91, at 13.
95. Leo R. Chavez, Spectacle in the Desert: The Minute Man Project on the U.S.-Mexico Border, in GLOBAL VIGILANTES: ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON JUSTICE AND VIOLENCE 25-46 (2008).
96. Lindsley, supra note 92, at 189-90.
97. Joann Rogers and Jacquelyn S. Litt note that "[i]t is not surprising that women in the movement use motherhood or 'matemalism' as a point of departure for activism, as this has been a strategy employed by women, progressive and reactionary, for centuries in the United States and across the globe." Joann Rogers & Jacquelyn S. Litt, Normalizing Racism: A Case Study of Motherhood in White Supremacy, in HOME-GROWN HATE: GENDER AND ORGANIZED RACISM (2004) (discussing the meaning of gender and motherhood in the right-wing white-separatist group, the World Church of the Creator, and notes the function of framing their activity as motherhood).
98. MAIA founder Michelle Dallacroce supports and works with the Minutemen. See MAIA Activist Groups, http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/ index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=13&Itemid= 63. Peter Yoxall, The Minuteman Project, Gone in a Minute or Here to Stay? The Origin, History and Future of Citizen Activism in the United States-Mexico Border, 37 U. MIAMI INTER- AM. L. REV., 517, 532-51 (2006) (providing a detailed history of the Minutemen). See generally Christopher J. Walker, Border Vigilantism and Comprehensive Immigration Reform, 10 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 135 (2007).
99. RAY ABRAHAMS, VIGILANT CITIZENS: VIGILANTISM AND THE STATE 1-23 (1998) (discussing the different characterizations of vigilante activity groups).
100. Former MAIA Mission Statement, http://www.cafepress.com/maiaus. The most recently revised mission statement now reads: "The members and volunteers of MAIA have made a commitment to continue to educate and inform all legal citizens of America, since our government and the media are side-stepping the real issues: that our children and our country are at risk of being eliminated!" Revised MAIA Mission Statement, http://www. mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php?option=com_content&task= view&id=26&Itemid=46.
101. MAIA Mission, http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php? option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=46
102. Nicholas Riccardi, Anti-Illegal Immigration Forces Share a Wide Tent; Activists for Tighter Border Controls Aren't Unified but Say They Reflect Public Sentiment. L. A. TIMES, May 4, 2006, at A1.
103. Family Security Matters, http://www.familysecurirymatters.org/index.php? id=947843/. The march was scheduled to be in Washington, D.C. on June 14-16, 2007.
104. See generally Lisa Marie Cacho, The People of California are Suffering: The Ideology of White Injury in Discourses of Immigration, 4 CULTURAL VALUES 4 (2000).
105. Phoenix Section, http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php? option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=42. An earlier version of the MAIA's website included photos of Michelle Dallacroce with the conservative talk show host Scan Hannity and John David Hay worth, former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives who was defeated in 2006. "A bill passed in June 2005 by Represnetative J. D. Hayworth (R-AZ) probhits distribution of Social Security funds to the undocumented." JUSTIN AKERS CHACON & MIKE DAVIS, NO ONE IS ILLEGAL 166 (2006).
106. MAIA Articles Archive, http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/blog/? cat=7.
107. American Freedom Riders, http://americanfreedomriders.com/.
108. American Patrol, http://www.americanpatrol.com/.
109. Save Our State, http://saveourstate.org/index.php.
110. Colorado Minutement, http://www.sovereigntycolorado.com/. In November 2006 the website included links to the Minuteman Civil Defense Corp and the Minutemen Project. Both of these have been dropped in the revisions posted on September 30, 2007.
111. California Coalition for Immigration Reform, http://ccir.net/.
112. Brady McCombs, Group Says Entrants Adversely Affect Kids, ARIZONA DAILY STAR, Feb. 19, 2006, available at http://www.azstarnet.com. In its early days of formation, MAIA's relationship to the Minutemen was so closely related that one reporter referred to the organization as Minutewomen. Robert L. Pela, Minutewomen, PHOENIX NEW TIMES, Apr. 20, 2006, available at http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2006-04-20/news/minutewomen/full.
113. See Rogers & Litt, supra note 97, at 101 (discussing the meaning of gender and motherhood in the right-wing white-separatist group, the World Church of the Creator, and noting the function of framing their activity as motherhood).
114. MAIA Rally Gear, http://www.cafepress.eom/maiaus/1129129
115. Id.
116. See, e.g., California Coalition for Immigration Reform's Online Products, http://ccir.net/products.html.
117. MAIA Dog Shirt, http://www.cafepress.com/maiaus.44348274.
118. MAIA Teddy Bear, http://www.cafepress.com/maiaus.44348282.
119. American Freedom Riders, supra note 107. In addition, Michelle Dallacroce now identifies herself as a USAF Veteran in all her correspondence.
120. Speak English or Get Out, http://speakenglishorgetout.net/.
121. However, a few of the revised pages include a link to donate money for Ignacio "Nacho" Ramos, one of the Border Patrol Agents recently serving prison terms for assault with a deadly weapon and violating Aldrete-Davila's civil rights. Pauline Arillaga, What Really Happened in Border Shooting and Agents' Convictions? SEATTLE TIMES, Feb. 17, 2007, available at http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin; Chris Bagley, Family Seeks Support for Border Agent; Ignacio Ramos Serving 11-Year Sentence After Wounding Smuggler, NORTH COUNTY TIMES, Aug. 1, 2007, available at http://nctimes.com/articles/ 2007/08/02/news/californian/; Sara A. Carter, Border Patrol Agents Start Sentence, SAN BERNARDINO SUN, Jan. 18, 2007, available at http://www.sbsun.com/news.ci_5035488#top; Darryl Fears, Support Swells for Agents Who Shot Drug Smuggler, WASH. POST, Feb. 17, 2007, at A02.
122. Mike Littwin, Tancredo's Wall Power, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, Jan. 31, 2006, available at http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/cda/article. In response to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) including MAIA in its report in October 2007, Immigrants Targeted: Extremist Rhetoric Moves Into the Mainstream, Dallacroce told reporters that the report "defamed her by comparing her to hate groups and took remarks out of context." Susan Ferriss, Groups cite Hate in Immigration Debate, SEATTLE TIMES, NOV. 23, 2007, at A7.
123. Wooldridge writes, "Help Dallacroce help you modern day 'Rosie' mothers do a little a** kicking across America for all our kids." Frosty Wooldridge, Rosie the Riveter Kicked A; **!, NEWSWITHVIEWS.COM, Jan. 19, 2006, http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/blog/?page_id=29. However, local press does not hesitate to compare MAIA to vigilante groups like the Minutemen. See Robert L. Pela, Minutewomen, The Feathered Fiend Unloads on Mothers Against Illegal Aliens, PHOENIX NEWS TIMES, Apr. 20, 2006, available at http://www.phoenixnewtimes. com/2006-04-20/news/minutewomen/full.
124. See generally Rajani Bhatia, Greening the Swastika, Nativism and Anti-Semitism in the Population and Environment Debate, in POLICING THE NATIONAL BODY: RACE, GENDER AND CRIMINALIZATION, supra note 92, at 291-324 ((discussing early history of racist nativist interest in population control).
125. In her research on white nativist environmental movements, Rajani Bhatia notes this growing concern over immigrant women's fertility rates. Rajani Bhatia, Green or Brown? White Nativist Environmental Movements, in HOME-GROWN HATE: GENDER AND ORGANIZED RACISM 205-25 (2004).
126. MAIA, http://www.motheragainstillegaliens.org/blog/p?page_id=92.
127. See generally MURRAY EDELMAN, CONSTRUCTING THE POLITICAL SPECTACLE (1988) (analyzing the significance of metaphors and labels in defining political issues).
128. MAIA Homepage, http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php? option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1.
129. This pattern is audible in the videos found on MAIA's website. MAIA Interviews/Appearances (Sep. 29, 2007), http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/ site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21 &Itemid=36.
130. Michelle Dallacroce, MAIA, IAI-Illegal Alien Infants! (Mar. 15, 2007), http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php?option= com_content&task=view&id=19&I temid=31. A further example of dehumanization is Dallacroce's following internet posting, "We have a prime example of what kind of children are being born and what they are being taught by their illegal alien parents to disobey and disrespect American citizens. This 9 year old boy [reference to the child she was screaming at through a bull horn at the Labor Day rally at the Arizona State Capitol] is being taught to be a violent and hostile child. If this was my child I would have washed his mouth out with soap or better yet, I would have put a lot of tabasco [sic] sauce in his mouth." Immigrants Targeted: Extremist Rhetoric Moves into the Mainstream, Groups: Mothers Against Illegal Aliens - Arizona, http://www.adl.org/Civil_Rights/anti_immigrant/maia.asp.
131. Dallacroce, supra note 130 (emphasis added).
132. Here, the message is targeted at Latino immigrants generally, and Mexican immigrants specifically.
133. Proclamation of MAIA, http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/blog? page_id=92.
134. See generally Randal C. Archibold, Illegal Immigrant Advocate for Families Is Deported, N.Y. TIMES, Aug. 21, 2007, at A14.
135. MAIA exposes the myths surrounding Elvira Arellano (Aug. 19, 2007), http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php?option= com_content&task=view&id=25&I temid=43 (emphasis in original).
136. Stop the Invasion Now!!, http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/ stoptheinvasion.pdf.
137. David Holthouse, Free Radicals: The First Amendment Gets a Workout as Anti-Immigrant Zealots, Neo-Nazis, Anarchists, Black Nationalists and Marine Cadets Collide (2006), http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp? aid=626.
138. Robert L. Pela, Minutewomen (April 20, 2006), http://www.phoenixnewtimes. com/2006-04-20/news/niinutewomen/ (emphasis in original).
139. The use of this phrase has been deleted in the updated version of the website; however, the phrase is prevalent in the unrevised version of the website. Press Release, MAIA, 14th Amendment (Aug. 19, 2006), available at http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/blog/?p=155; see also Dallacroce, supra note 130.
140. Dallacroce, supra note 130.
141. See generally María Pabón López, A Tale of Two Systems: The Differing Treatment of Noncitizen Families in State Family Law Systems and Under the Immigration Law System, 11 HARV. LATINO L. REV. (forthcoming 2008) (discussing the hardships families undergo under immigration law and state family law systems).
142. These messages are conveyed and distributed through images and metaphors, which link the larger anti-immigration discourse with anti-affirmative action discourse. This larger anti-immigration discourse includes blaming immigrant populations for an increase of crime, terrorism, and the growing cut-backs in government funded services.
143. See generally CHARLES R. LAWRENCE III & MARI J. MATSUDA, WE WON'T GO BACK: MAKING THE CASE FOR AFFIRMATIVE ACTION(1997); Stephen Steinberg, Affirmative Action and Liberal Capitulation, in TURNING BACK: THE RETREAT FROM RACIAL JUSTICE IN AMERICAN THOUGHT AND POLICY (1995).
144. Press Release, MAIA, Immigration Policy (Sep. 30, 2007), available at http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php?option= com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=42.
145. This quote was obtained from the unrevised website on November 5,2006. The revised version has made the correction. See Dallacroce, supra note 130.
146. See Proclamation of MAIA, http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens. org/blog/?page_ id=92. The Proclamation removed in the most recent update to the website stated: "Mothers Against Illegal Aliens (MAIA) a forefront leader in the efforts to expose 'Child abuse and child endangerment' being perpetuated in the United States of America by illegal alien women who are giving birth while under the jurisdiction of another country." Id.
147. Immigrants Targeted: Extremist Rhetoric Moves into the Mainstream, MAIA, http://www.adl.org/Civil_Rights/anti_immigrant/maia.asp (emphasis in original).
148. See A1 Knight, Track 'Anchor Babies', DENVER POST, Sept. 11, 2002, at B7; A1 Knight, Change U.S. Law on Anchor Babies, DENVER POST, June 22, 2005, at B7.
149. See generally Anchor Babies: The Children of Illegal Aliens, http://www.fairus.org/site/PageServer?pagename=iic_immigrationissuecenters4608.
150. Dallacroce, supra note 130.
151. See Bill Hess, Angry Mothers Protest to Target Effects of Illegal Immigration, THE BISBEE DAILY REVIEW, Feb. 18, 2006, available at http://www.svherald.com/ articles/2006/02/18/local_news/news3.txt (reporting on MAIA's protest in Cochise County).
152. Of course, MAIA is not alone in calling for the elimination of birthright citizenship. E.g., Dual Citizenship, Birthright Citizenship, and the Meaning of Sovereignty: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. (2005). See generally PETER H. SCHUCK & ROGERS M. SMITH, CITIZENSHIP WITHOUT CONSENT (1985).
153. "Mothers Against Illegal Aliens intent is to define the 14th Amendment's misinterpretation of citizenship to children of illegal alien women." Proclamation of MAIA, http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/ blog/?m=200701.
154. However, the Supreme Court's Decision in favor of Wong Kim Ark found birthright citizenship established in the nation's history, protected by the Fourteenth Amendment and affirmed the sovereign power of the United States. United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898); see Lucy E. Salyer, Wong Kim Ark: The Context Over Birthright Citizenship, in IMMIGRATION STORIES 49-85 (2005).
155. Michelle Dallacroce, Alien Born Infants Are Illegal TOO!!!! (Apr. 27, 2007), http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php?option= com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=29 (emphasis in original).
156. th Amendment (Oct. 14, 2007), http://www.14thamendment.us/birthright_citizenship/ original_intent.html; Dual Citizenship, Birthright Citizenship, and the Meaning of Sovereignty: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. (2005) (statement of John C. Eastman, Professor of Law, Chapman University School of Law), available at http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/pdf/ Born_in_the_USA.pdf.
157. 83 U.S. 36 (1873).
158. 112 U.S. 94(1884).
159. th Amendment, 9 GREEN BAG 2d 367 (2006).
160. Michelle Dallacroce, Is Lou Dobbs the Thanksgiving Turkey or the Christmas Goose? (Nov. 21, 2007), http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/ site/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid==68. This article was posted in response to Lou Dobbs' statement that as the Court and legal decisions currently exist, U.S. born children of illegal immigrants are U.S. citizens.
161. See generally Frosty Wooldridge, Rosie the Riveter Kicked A** (Jan. 19, 2006), http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/ blog/?page_id=29. This link was available in an earlier version of the website.
162. Family Watchdog, http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/blog/? page_id=89. This link appeared on the website prior to the revision in September 2007.
163. See RUBEN G RAMBAUT & WALTER A. EWING, THE MYTH OF IMMIGRANT CRIMINALITY AND THE PARADOX OF ASSIMILATION: INCARCERATION RATES AMONG NATIVE AND FOREIGN-BORN MEN (2007), available at http://www.ailf.org/ipc/special_report/ sr_022107.pdf (providing empirical evidence regarding a link between immigrants and crime).
164. Valerie Richardson, MADD Warns Off Foe of Illegal Aliens, WASH. TIMES, Oct. 27, 2007, availbale at http://www.washingtontimes.com/article/20071027/NATION/110270052. An editorial in the Phoenix New Times states that MADD attorney Anisha Taherzadeh
165. MAIA claims to have posted the letter on its website. MADD Letter to MAIA (Oct. 11, 2007), http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php?option= com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=55.
166. MAIA added a link to their revised website devoted to the controversy. See Mad at MADMADD, http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=38&Itemid=57.
167. Id. (emphasis in original).
168. Id. (emphasis in original).
169. However, MAIA's argument that MADD supports illegal immigration and immigration advocacy groups may have had a negative impact. In an article published in the Washington Times, Virginia Faircloth, the president and founder of MADD's York County, South Carolina chapter is cited to have resigned over MADD not taking issue with "the problem of drunken driving by illegal aliens." Valerie Richardson, MADD Warns Off Foe of Illegal Aliens, WASH. TIMES, Oct. 27, 2007, available at http://www.washingtontimes.com/article/20071027/ NATION/110270052.
170. Bill Hess, Angry Mothers Protest to Target Effects of Illegal Immigration, SIERRA VISTA HERALD, Feb. 18, 2006, available at http://www.svherald.com/articles/2006/02/18/ local_news3/txt.
171. MAIA Mission Statement, http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/blog/? page_id=7.
172. Immigration Panel Discussion with Neil Cavuto (May 19, 2006), http://media matters.org/items/200605190012.
173. Immigrants Targeted: Extremist Rhetoric Moves into the Mainstream, http://www.adl.org/civil_rights/anti_immigrant/maia.asp (providing a telling excerpt of a Nancy Grace interview).
174. Rallies Called to Make Illegals Legal (Apr. 10, 2006), http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=1825363&page=1.
175. Robert L. Pela, Minutewomen (April 20, 2006), http://www.phoenixnewtimes. com/2006-04-20/news/minutewomen/full (emphasis in original).
176. The report is not based on a study conducted but rather cites newspaper articles and findings from empirical studies that fit MAIA' s thesis against the children of immigrant parents. FAIR Immigration and School Overcrowding Report, http://www.fairus.org/site/PageServer? pagename=research_researcha89f.
177. The link demonstrating this appeared in the website prior to the update in September 2007.
178. Leo Chavez points to the significance of the invasion metaphor, which "evokes a sense of crisis related to an attack on the sovereign territory of the nation." Leo R. Chavez, Spectacle in the Desert: The Minuteman Project on the U.S.-Mexico Border, in GLOBAL VIGILANTES: ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON JUSTICE AND VIOLENCE (David Pratten & Atreyee Sen eds.) (forthcoming 2007) (unpublished manuscript on file with author).
179. MAIA Mission, http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php? option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=46 (emphasis in original).
180. Michelle Dallacroce, Alien Born Infants Are Illegal TOO!!!! (Apr. 27, 2007), http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php?option= com_content&task=view&id= 16&Itemid=29 (emphasis in original).
181. Michelle Dallacroce, This is President Fox's Attack on America! (June 17, 2006), http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/blog/?page_id=62.
182. Susan Ferris, Studies: Immigration Rehetoric Hateful, ARIZ. DAILY STAR, Nov. 23, 2007, available at http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/printDS/213009.
183. MAIA Mission, http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php? option=com_ content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=46.1 was unable to find any reference to an organization named Aztlan. I assume that this is in reference to a small racist nationalist group, The Nation of Aztlan, that appears to have ties with La Voz de Aztlan. See generally Ethnic Nationalism, http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=186.
184. MAIA Mission, http://mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/site/index.php? option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=46.
185. Radical Mexican Lobby, WeHateGringos.com, http://wehategringos.com/whg/? page_id=137.
186. Michelle Dallacroce, This is President Fox's Attack on America! (June 17, 2006), http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/blog/?page_id=62.
187. Id.
188. Id.
189. It's Time to Get Mad at MADD, http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/ site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=38&Itemid=57.
190. Id.
191. See MADD Diversity Section, http://www.mothersagainstdrunkdriving. org/aboutus/1126_2.
192. See Valerie Richardson, MADD Warns Off Foe of Illegal Aliens, WASH. TIMES, Oct. 27, 2007, available at http://www.washingtontimes.com/article/20071027/NATION/110270052. The MAIA website makes the following accusations against MADD: In the interest of being fair and balanced, you are hereby informed that as of last night, October 22, 2007, MADD has made creative changes to its website and redacted countless statistics, Press Releases', their "Diversity" button and their diversity section.... which even had words in Spanish, along with their entire feel of the website which now shows no sign of that diversity which they had maintained for many years. It is clear that MADD is attempting to appear to any new viewers to their site as if they are the original wholesome group which did and does not favor one particular drunk driver over another, however, the proof is in their Archives and the obvious influence of La Raza is hiding in plain sight! ! It's Time to Get Mad at MADD, supra note 189.
193. See generally Tom DeWeese, The Mexican Fifth Column (Jan. 27, 2003), http://www.newswithviews.com/your_govt/your_government50.htm.
194. Dallacroce went one step further by linking politicians to this conspiracy, "And our politicians are behind this, because, if you think about it, in Washington, I saw, what was it, Senator Kennedy. He is there talking to the crowd." Hannity & Colmes Interview (April 10, 2006), http://media.pfaw.org/Right/HannityColmes4-10-06.txt.
195. See generally JOHN HIGHAM, STRANGERS IN THE LAND, PATTERNS OF AMERICAN NATIVSIM 1860-1925 77-87 (1975).
196. Aztlan Rising Video, http://www.mothersagainstillegalaliens.org/blog/?m= 200702.
197. Id.
198. See id.