메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue , 2008, Pages 191-216

Chapter 11 The Madison Headwaters Elk Herd. Stability in an Inherently Variable Environment

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANIDAE; UNGULATA;

EID: 56049112408     PISSN: 19367961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1936-7961(08)00211-X     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (5)

References (109)
  • 1
    • 0034255819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature of predation: Prey dependent, ratio dependent or neither?
    • Abrams P.A., and Ginzburg L.R. The nature of predation: Prey dependent, ratio dependent or neither?. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15 (2000) 237-241
    • (2000) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.15 , pp. 237-241
    • Abrams, P.A.1    Ginzburg, L.R.2
  • 2
    • 0031752737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive performance of female Alaskan caribou
    • Adams L.G., and Dale B.W. Reproductive performance of female Alaskan caribou. Journal of Wildlife Management 62 (1998) 1184-1195
    • (1998) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.62 , pp. 1184-1195
    • Adams, L.G.1    Dale, B.W.2
  • 6
    • 0015665417 scopus 로고
    • Competition between species: Theoretical models and experimental tests
    • Ayala F.J., Gilpin M.E., and Ehrenfeld J.G. Competition between species: Theoretical models and experimental tests. Theoretical Population Biology 4 (1973) 331-356
    • (1973) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.4 , pp. 331-356
    • Ayala, F.J.1    Gilpin, M.E.2    Ehrenfeld, J.G.3
  • 7
    • 0034935433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of winter road grooming on bison in Yellowstone National Park
    • Bjornlie D.D., and Garrott R.A. Effects of winter road grooming on bison in Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management 65 (2001) 423-435
    • (2001) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.65 , pp. 423-435
    • Bjornlie, D.D.1    Garrott, R.A.2
  • 8
    • 0028093562 scopus 로고
    • Comparative aspects of steroid hormone metabolism and ovarian activity in felids, measured noninvasively in feces
    • Brown J.L., Wasser S.K., Wildt D.E., and Graham L.H. Comparative aspects of steroid hormone metabolism and ovarian activity in felids, measured noninvasively in feces. Biology of Reproduction 51 (1994) 776-786
    • (1994) Biology of Reproduction , vol.51 , pp. 776-786
    • Brown, J.L.1    Wasser, S.K.2    Wildt, D.E.3    Graham, L.H.4
  • 11
    • 0027498782 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of large herbivores in deserts: Kangaroos and caribou
    • Caughley G., and Gunn A. Dynamics of large herbivores in deserts: Kangaroos and caribou. Oikos 67 (1993) 47-55
    • (1993) Oikos , vol.67 , pp. 47-55
    • Caughley, G.1    Gunn, A.2
  • 13
    • 0026317260 scopus 로고
    • A goodness-of-fit test for binary regression models, based on smoothing methods
    • le Cessie S., and van Houwelingen J.C. A goodness-of-fit test for binary regression models, based on smoothing methods. Biometrics 47 (1991) 1267-1282
    • (1991) Biometrics , vol.47 , pp. 1267-1282
    • le Cessie, S.1    van Houwelingen, J.C.2
  • 14
    • 34248185623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of environmental factors affecting elk winter diets
    • Christianson D.A., and Creel S. A review of environmental factors affecting elk winter diets. Journal of Wildlife Management 71 (2007) 164-176
    • (2007) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.71 , pp. 164-176
    • Christianson, D.A.1    Creel, S.2
  • 18
    • 0007248897 scopus 로고
    • A naturally regulated elk population
    • Bunnell F.L., Eastman D.S., and Peek J.M. (Eds). Proceedings no. 14, Forest Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
    • Cole G.F. A naturally regulated elk population. In: Bunnell F.L., Eastman D.S., and Peek J.M. (Eds). Symposium on Natural Regulation of Wildlife Populations. Proceedings no. 14, Forest Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (1983) 62-81
    • (1983) Symposium on Natural Regulation of Wildlife Populations , pp. 62-81
    • Cole, G.F.1
  • 19
    • 0032076610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of diversity by grazing and mowing in native tallgrass prairie
    • Collins S.L., Knapp A.K., Briggs J.M., Blair J.M., and Steinauer E.M. Modulation of diversity by grazing and mowing in native tallgrass prairie. Science 280 (1998) 745-747
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 745-747
    • Collins, S.L.1    Knapp, A.K.2    Briggs, J.M.3    Blair, J.M.4    Steinauer, E.M.5
  • 21
    • 56049116493 scopus 로고
    • National Park Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
    • Cook R.S. Ecological Issues on Reintroducing Wolves into Yellowstone National Park. Science Monograph 93/22 (1993), National Park Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
    • (1993) Science Monograph 93/22
    • Cook, R.S.1
  • 22
    • 0030411324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elk population processes in Yellowstone National Park under the policy of natural regulation
    • Coughenour M.B., and Singer F.J. Elk population processes in Yellowstone National Park under the policy of natural regulation. Ecological Applications 6 (1996) 573-583
    • (1996) Ecological Applications , vol.6 , pp. 573-583
    • Coughenour, M.B.1    Singer, F.J.2
  • 23
    • 0001933858 scopus 로고
    • Home ranges and activity patterns of nonmigratory elk of the Madison drainage herd as determined by biotelemetry
    • Craighead J.J., Craighead Jr. F.C., Ruff R.L., and O'Gara B.W. Home ranges and activity patterns of nonmigratory elk of the Madison drainage herd as determined by biotelemetry. Wildlife Monographs 33 (1973) 1-50
    • (1973) Wildlife Monographs , vol.33 , pp. 1-50
    • Craighead, J.J.1    Craighead Jr., F.C.2    Ruff, R.L.3    O'Gara, B.W.4
  • 24
    • 0002711659 scopus 로고
    • Novel approaches to the study of population dynamics
    • Cupppuccino N., and Price P.W. (Eds), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
    • Cuppuccino N. Novel approaches to the study of population dynamics. In: Cupppuccino N., and Price P.W. (Eds). Population Dynamics: New Approaches and Synthesis (1995), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 3-16
    • (1995) Population Dynamics: New Approaches and Synthesis , pp. 3-16
    • Cuppuccino, N.1
  • 26
    • 0038444284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water vapour correction of the daily 1 km AVHRR global land dataset. I. Validation and use of the Water vapour input field
    • DeFelice T.P., Lloyd D., Meyer D.J., Baltzer T.T., and Piraino P. Water vapour correction of the daily 1 km AVHRR global land dataset. I. Validation and use of the Water vapour input field. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24 (2003) 2365-2375
    • (2003) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.24 , pp. 2365-2375
    • DeFelice, T.P.1    Lloyd, D.2    Meyer, D.J.3    Baltzer, T.T.4    Piraino, P.5
  • 27
    • 0000691040 scopus 로고
    • Optimal policies for conservation of large mammals with special reference to marine ecosystems
    • Eberhardt L.L. Optimal policies for conservation of large mammals with special reference to marine ecosystems. Environmental Conservation 4 (1977) 205-212
    • (1977) Environmental Conservation , vol.4 , pp. 205-212
    • Eberhardt, L.L.1
  • 28
    • 0022173496 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the dynamics of wild populations
    • Eberhardt L.L. Assessing the dynamics of wild populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 49 (1985) 997-1012
    • (1985) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.49 , pp. 997-1012
    • Eberhardt, L.L.1
  • 29
    • 0023510577 scopus 로고
    • Population projections from simple models
    • Eberhardt L.L. Population projections from simple models. Journal of Applied Ecology 24 (1987) 103-118
    • (1987) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.24 , pp. 103-118
    • Eberhardt, L.L.1
  • 30
    • 0038420697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A paradigm for population analysis of long-lived vertebrates
    • Eberhardt L.L. A paradigm for population analysis of long-lived vertebrates. Ecology 83 (2002) 2841-2854
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 2841-2854
    • Eberhardt, L.L.1
  • 35
  • 36
    • 0000945651 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence as related to life history strategy
    • Fowler C.W. Density dependence as related to life history strategy. Ecology 62 (1981) 602-610
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 602-610
    • Fowler, C.W.1
  • 37
    • 0027101214 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of plants, large mammalian herbivores, and drought in Yellowstone National Park
    • Frank D., and McNaughton S.J. The ecology of plants, large mammalian herbivores, and drought in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 73 (1992) 2043-2058
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 2043-2058
    • Frank, D.1    McNaughton, S.J.2
  • 39
    • 0031916185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of large herbivores: Variable recruitment with constant adult survival
    • Gaillard J.-M., Festa-Bianchet M., and Yoccoz N.G. Population dynamics of large herbivores: Variable recruitment with constant adult survival. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13 (1998) 58-63
    • (1998) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.13 , pp. 58-63
    • Gaillard, J.-M.1    Festa-Bianchet, M.2    Yoccoz, N.G.3
  • 41
    • 0027101139 scopus 로고
    • Effects of age and body weight on the proportion of females breeding in a population of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
    • Gaillard J.-M., Sempere A.J., Boutin J.M., VanLaere C., and Boisaubert B. Effects of age and body weight on the proportion of females breeding in a population of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 (1992) 1541-1545
    • (1992) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.70 , pp. 1541-1545
    • Gaillard, J.-M.1    Sempere, A.J.2    Boutin, J.M.3    VanLaere, C.4    Boisaubert, B.5
  • 42
    • 33646135791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The length of growing season and adult sex ratio affect sexual size dimorphism in moose
    • Garel M., Solberg E.J., Sæther B.-E., Herdindal I., and Høgda K.-A. The length of growing season and adult sex ratio affect sexual size dimorphism in moose. Ecology 87 (2006) 745-758
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 745-758
    • Garel, M.1    Solberg, E.J.2    Sæther, B.-E.3    Herdindal, I.4    Høgda, K.-A.5
  • 45
    • 0037499960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate-induced variation in vital rates of an unharvested large-herbivore population
    • Garrott R.A., Eberhardt L.L., White P.J., and Rotella J. Climate-induced variation in vital rates of an unharvested large-herbivore population. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81 (2003) 33-45
    • (2003) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.81 , pp. 33-45
    • Garrott, R.A.1    Eberhardt, L.L.2    White, P.J.3    Rotella, J.4
  • 47
    • 0000504355 scopus 로고
    • Effects of posture and activity on metabolic responses of wapiti to cold
    • Gates C.C., and Hudson R.J. Effects of posture and activity on metabolic responses of wapiti to cold. Journal of Wildlife Management 43 (1979) 564-567
    • (1979) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.43 , pp. 564-567
    • Gates, C.C.1    Hudson, R.J.2
  • 48
    • 0030435677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hypothesis regarding the abruptness of density dependence and the growth rate of populations
    • Getz W.M. A hypothesis regarding the abruptness of density dependence and the growth rate of populations. Ecology 77 (1996) 2014-2026
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 2014-2026
    • Getz, W.M.1
  • 49
    • 56049098816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Wildlife Division, Helena, MT
    • Hamlin K.L. Monitoring and Assessment of Wolf-Ungulate Interactions and Population Trends Within the Greater Yellowstone Area, Southwestern Montana, and Montana Statewide. Federal Aid Project W-120-R (2006), Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Wildlife Division, Helena, MT
    • (2006) Federal Aid Project W-120-R
    • Hamlin, K.L.1
  • 52
    • 1642624543 scopus 로고
    • Calculation of productivity, survival, and abundance of selected vertebrates from sex and age ratios
    • Hanson W.R. Calculation of productivity, survival, and abundance of selected vertebrates from sex and age ratios. Wildlife Monographs 9 (1963)
    • (1963) Wildlife Monographs , vol.9
    • Hanson, W.R.1
  • 53
    • 0030417343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modification of ecosystems by ungulates
    • Hobbs N.T. Modification of ecosystems by ungulates. Journal of Wildlife Management 60 (1996) 695-713
    • (1996) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.60 , pp. 695-713
    • Hobbs, N.T.1
  • 55
    • 0031006441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of goodness-of-fit tests for the logistic regression model
    • Hosmer D.W., Hosmer T., le Cessie S., and Lemeshow S. A comparison of goodness-of-fit tests for the logistic regression model. Statistics in Medicine 16 (1997) 965-980
    • (1997) Statistics in Medicine , vol.16 , pp. 965-980
    • Hosmer, D.W.1    Hosmer, T.2    le Cessie, S.3    Lemeshow, S.4
  • 58
    • 0036699946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonality extraction by function fitting to time-series of satellite sensor data
    • Jönsson P., and Eklundh L. Seasonality extraction by function fitting to time-series of satellite sensor data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 40 (2002) 1824-1832
    • (2002) IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , vol.40 , pp. 1824-1832
    • Jönsson, P.1    Eklundh, L.2
  • 59
    • 5144233854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TIMESAT-A program for analyzing time-series of satellite sensor data
    • Jönsson P., and Eklundh L. TIMESAT-A program for analyzing time-series of satellite sensor data. Computers and Geosciences 30 (2004) 833-845
    • (2004) Computers and Geosciences , vol.30 , pp. 833-845
    • Jönsson, P.1    Eklundh, L.2
  • 60
    • 0027332866 scopus 로고
    • Effects of body size, population density, and maternal characteristics on age at first reproduction in bighorn ewes
    • Jorgenson J.T., Festa-Bianchet M., Lucherini M., and Wishart W.D. Effects of body size, population density, and maternal characteristics on age at first reproduction in bighorn ewes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71 (1993) 2509-2517
    • (1993) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.71 , pp. 2509-2517
    • Jorgenson, J.T.1    Festa-Bianchet, M.2    Lucherini, M.3    Wishart, W.D.4
  • 61
    • 0029929375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural changes in fluorosed dental enamel of red deer (Cervus elaphus) from a region with severe environmental pollution by fluorides
    • Kierdorf U., Kierdorf H., Sedlacek F., and Fejerskov O. Structural changes in fluorosed dental enamel of red deer (Cervus elaphus) from a region with severe environmental pollution by fluorides. Journal of Anatomy 188 (1996) 183-195
    • (1996) Journal of Anatomy , vol.188 , pp. 183-195
    • Kierdorf, U.1    Kierdorf, H.2    Sedlacek, F.3    Fejerskov, O.4
  • 62
    • 0033918337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elasticities: A review of methods and model limitations
    • de Kroon H., van Groenendael J., and Ehrlen J. Elasticities: A review of methods and model limitations. Ecology 81 (2000) 607-618
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 607-618
    • de Kroon, H.1    van Groenendael, J.2    Ehrlen, J.3
  • 63
    • 0030304594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate, plant phenology and variation in age of first reproduction in a temperate herbivore
    • Langvatn R., Albon S.D., Burkey T., and Clutton-Brock T.H. Climate, plant phenology and variation in age of first reproduction in a temperate herbivore. Journal of Animal Ecology 65 (1996) 653-670
    • (1996) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 653-670
    • Langvatn, R.1    Albon, S.D.2    Burkey, T.3    Clutton-Brock, T.H.4
  • 64
    • 0012046917 scopus 로고
    • Experiences in the study of large mammals
    • Fowler C.W., and Smith T.D. (Eds), Wiley, New York, NY
    • Laws R.M. Experiences in the study of large mammals. In: Fowler C.W., and Smith T.D. (Eds). Dynamics of Large Mammal Populations (1981), Wiley, New York, NY 19-45
    • (1981) Dynamics of Large Mammal Populations , pp. 19-45
    • Laws, R.M.1
  • 65
    • 0026490966 scopus 로고
    • Modeling survival and testing biological hypotheses using marked animals: A unified approach with case studies
    • Lebreton J.-D., Burnham K.P., Clobert J., and Anderson D.R. Modeling survival and testing biological hypotheses using marked animals: A unified approach with case studies. Ecological Monographs 62 (1992) 67-118
    • (1992) Ecological Monographs , vol.62 , pp. 67-118
    • Lebreton, J.-D.1    Burnham, K.P.2    Clobert, J.3    Anderson, D.R.4
  • 67
    • 0031741909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short- and long-term effects of winter and spring weather on growth and survival of red deer in Norway
    • Loison A., and Langvatn R. Short- and long-term effects of winter and spring weather on growth and survival of red deer in Norway. Oecologia 116 (1998) 489-500
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.116 , pp. 489-500
    • Loison, A.1    Langvatn, R.2
  • 68
    • 0024907827 scopus 로고
    • The vegetation index and the study of vegetation dynamics
    • Toselli F. (Ed), ECSC, Brussels, Belgium and Luxembourg
    • Malingreau J.P. The vegetation index and the study of vegetation dynamics. In: Toselli F. (Ed). Application of Remote Sensing to Agrometeorology (1989), ECSC, Brussels, Belgium and Luxembourg 285-303
    • (1989) Application of Remote Sensing to Agrometeorology , pp. 285-303
    • Malingreau, J.P.1
  • 69
    • 0001048314 scopus 로고
    • The relative contributions of top-down and bottom-up forces in population and community ecology
    • Matson P.A., and Hunter M.D. The relative contributions of top-down and bottom-up forces in population and community ecology. Ecology 73 (1992) 723
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 723
    • Matson, P.A.1    Hunter, M.D.2
  • 70
    • 0001578138 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of a grazing system: The Serengeti
    • McNaughton S.J. Ecology of a grazing system: The Serengeti. Ecological Monographs 55 (1985) 259-294
    • (1985) Ecological Monographs , vol.55 , pp. 259-294
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 71
    • 0028176025 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation in theory and practice
    • Murdoch W.W. Population regulation in theory and practice. Ecology 75 (1994) 271-287
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 271-287
    • Murdoch, W.W.1
  • 74
    • 0011976644 scopus 로고
    • Statistical calculations for change-in-ratio estimators of population parameters
    • Paulik G.J., and Robson D.S. Statistical calculations for change-in-ratio estimators of population parameters. Journal of Wildlife Management 33 (1969) 1-27
    • (1969) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.33 , pp. 1-27
    • Paulik, G.J.1    Robson, D.S.2
  • 76
    • 34247119564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early onset of vegetation growth vs. rapid green-up: Impact on juvenile mountain ungulates
    • Pettorelli N., Pelletier F., von Hardenberg A., Festa-Bianchet M., and Cóte S.D. Early onset of vegetation growth vs. rapid green-up: Impact on juvenile mountain ungulates. Ecology 88 (2007) 381-390
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 381-390
    • Pettorelli, N.1    Pelletier, F.2    von Hardenberg, A.3    Festa-Bianchet, M.4    Cóte, S.D.5
  • 77
    • 0032707349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sampling and statistical analysis of snow-urine allantoin:creatinine ratios
    • Pils A.C., Garrott R.A., and Borkowski J.J. Sampling and statistical analysis of snow-urine allantoin:creatinine ratios. Journal of Wildlife Management 63 (1999) 1118-1132
    • (1999) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.63 , pp. 1118-1132
    • Pils, A.C.1    Garrott, R.A.2    Borkowski, J.J.3
  • 78
    • 33748324384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
    • R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing (2006), R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org
    • (2006) R: A language and environment for statistical computing
  • 79
    • 15244361795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population characteristics
    • Toweill D.E., and Thomas J.W. (Eds), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
    • Raedeke K.J., Millspaugh J.J., and Clark P.E. Population characteristics. In: Toweill D.E., and Thomas J.W. (Eds). North American Elk: Ecology and Management (2002), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC 449-491
    • (2002) North American Elk: Ecology and Management , pp. 449-491
    • Raedeke, K.J.1    Millspaugh, J.J.2    Clark, P.E.3
  • 80
    • 33744957407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting time-specific changes in demographic processes using remote-sensing data
    • Rasmussen H.B., Wittemyer G., and Douglas-Hamilton I. Predicting time-specific changes in demographic processes using remote-sensing data. Journal of Applied Ecology 43 (2006) 366-376
    • (2006) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.43 , pp. 366-376
    • Rasmussen, H.B.1    Wittemyer, G.2    Douglas-Hamilton, I.3
  • 83
    • 0031113780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental stochasticity and population dynamics of large herbivores: A search for mechanisms
    • Sæther B.E. Environmental stochasticity and population dynamics of large herbivores: A search for mechanisms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12 (1997) 143-149
    • (1997) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.12 , pp. 143-149
    • Sæther, B.E.1
  • 84
    • 0027503796 scopus 로고
    • Ecological correlates of individual variation in age at maturity in female moose (Alces alces): The effects of environmental variability
    • Sæther B.E., and Heim M. Ecological correlates of individual variation in age at maturity in female moose (Alces alces): The effects of environmental variability. Journal of Animal Ecology 62 (1993) 482-489
    • (1993) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 482-489
    • Sæther, B.E.1    Heim, M.2
  • 85
    • 0029757562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life history patterns in female moose (Alces alces): The relationship between age, body size, fecundity, and environmental conditions
    • Sand H. Life history patterns in female moose (Alces alces): The relationship between age, body size, fecundity, and environmental conditions. Oecologia 106 (1996) 212-220
    • (1996) Oecologia , vol.106 , pp. 212-220
    • Sand, H.1
  • 86
    • 0031695054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sampling-variance effects on detecting density dependence from temporal trends in natural populations
    • Shenk T.M., White G.C., and Burnham K.P. Sampling-variance effects on detecting density dependence from temporal trends in natural populations. Ecological Monographs 68 (1998) 445-463
    • (1998) Ecological Monographs , vol.68 , pp. 445-463
    • Shenk, T.M.1    White, G.C.2    Burnham, K.P.3
  • 88
    • 0001189990 scopus 로고
    • A competing-risk model for animal mortality
    • Siler W. A competing-risk model for animal mortality. Ecology 60 (1979) 750-757
    • (1979) Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 750-757
    • Siler, W.1
  • 89
  • 90
    • 0030617626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence, compensation, and environmental effects on elk calf mortality in Yellowstone National Park
    • Singer F.J., Harting A., Symonds K.K., and Coughenour M.B. Density dependence, compensation, and environmental effects on elk calf mortality in Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management 61 (1997) 12-25
    • (1997) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.61 , pp. 12-25
    • Singer, F.J.1    Harting, A.2    Symonds, K.K.3    Coughenour, M.B.4
  • 92
    • 0031874233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Juvenile survival and population regulation of the Jackson Elk Herd
    • Smith B.L., and Anderson S.H. Juvenile survival and population regulation of the Jackson Elk Herd. Journal of Wildlife Management 62 (1998) 1036-1045
    • (1998) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.62 , pp. 1036-1045
    • Smith, B.L.1    Anderson, S.H.2
  • 94
    • 56049127952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proceedings of the 1999 ASPRS Annual Conference, From Image to Information. Portland, Oregon, May 17-21, 1999, American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, MD
    • Swets D.L., Reed B.C., Rowland J.D., and Marko S.E. A Weighted Least-Squares Approach to Temporal NDVI Smoothing. Proceedings of the 1999 ASPRS Annual Conference, From Image to Information. Portland, Oregon, May 17-21, 1999 (2000), American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, MD
    • (2000) A Weighted Least-Squares Approach to Temporal NDVI Smoothing
    • Swets, D.L.1    Reed, B.C.2    Rowland, J.D.3    Marko, S.E.4
  • 95
    • 0036180987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The northern Yellowstone elk: Density dependence and climatic conditions
    • Taper M.L., and Gogan P.J.P. The northern Yellowstone elk: Density dependence and climatic conditions. Journal of Wildlife Management 66 (2002) 106-122
    • (2002) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.66 , pp. 106-122
    • Taper, M.L.1    Gogan, P.J.P.2
  • 100
    • 28044446296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of harvest, climate, and wolf predation on Yellowstone elk, 1961-2004
    • Vucetich J.A., Smith D.W., and Stahler D.R. Influence of harvest, climate, and wolf predation on Yellowstone elk, 1961-2004. Oikos 111 (2005) 259-270
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.111 , pp. 259-270
    • Vucetich, J.A.1    Smith, D.W.2    Stahler, D.R.3
  • 101
    • 33644841771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal variability modify density dependence in populations of large herbivores
    • Wang G., Hobbs N.T., Boone R.B., Illius A.W., Gordon I.J., Gross J.E., and Hamlin K.L. Spatial and temporal variability modify density dependence in populations of large herbivores. Ecology 87 (2006) 95-102
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 95-102
    • Wang, G.1    Hobbs, N.T.2    Boone, R.B.3    Illius, A.W.4    Gordon, I.J.5    Gross, J.E.6    Hamlin, K.L.7
  • 102
    • 0028238948 scopus 로고
    • Excretion rates and metabolite of oestradiol and progesterone in baboons (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus) faeces
    • Wasser S.K., Monfort S.L., Souther J., and Wildt D.E. Excretion rates and metabolite of oestradiol and progesterone in baboons (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus) faeces. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 101 (1994) 213-220
    • (1994) Journal of Reproduction and Fertility , vol.101 , pp. 213-220
    • Wasser, S.K.1    Monfort, S.L.2    Souther, J.3    Wildt, D.E.4
  • 103
    • 0024120851 scopus 로고
    • Excreted steroids in primate feces over the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
    • Wasser S.K., Risler L., and Steiner R.A. Excreted steroids in primate feces over the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Biology of Reproduction 39 (1988) 862-872
    • (1988) Biology of Reproduction , vol.39 , pp. 862-872
    • Wasser, S.K.1    Risler, L.2    Steiner, R.A.3
  • 105
    • 30344474612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northern Yellowstone elk after wolf restoration
    • White P.J., and Garrott R.A. Northern Yellowstone elk after wolf restoration. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33 (2005) 942-955
    • (2005) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.33 , pp. 942-955
    • White, P.J.1    Garrott, R.A.2
  • 108
    • 33847215158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breeding phenology in relation to NDVI variability in free-ranging African elephant
    • Wittemyer G., Rasmussen H.B., and Douglas-Hamilton I. Breeding phenology in relation to NDVI variability in free-ranging African elephant. Ecography 30 (2007) 42-50
    • (2007) Ecography , vol.30 , pp. 42-50
    • Wittemyer, G.1    Rasmussen, H.B.2    Douglas-Hamilton, I.3
  • 109
    • 56049106156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study IV. Factors influencing elk calf recruitment. Job #s 1-3. Pregnancy rates and condition of cow elk. Calf mortality causes and rates. Predation effects on elk calf recruitment. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration, Job Progress Report, W-160-R-32, Subproject 31, Elk ecology, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, ID
    • Zager P., White C., and Pauley G. Study IV. Factors influencing elk calf recruitment. Job #s 1-3. Pregnancy rates and condition of cow elk. Calf mortality causes and rates. Predation effects on elk calf recruitment. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration, Job Progress Report, W-160-R-32, Subproject 31, Elk ecology, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, ID (2005)
    • (2005)
    • Zager, P.1    White, C.2    Pauley, G.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.