An assessment of LatCrit theory ten years after

Indiana Law Journal

Volumn 83, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 1151-1195

  Aoki, Keith ^a   Johnson, Kevin R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 56049100272     PISSN: 00196665     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (239)

1. Michael A. Olivas, The Education of Latino Lawyers: An Essay on Crop Cultivation, 14 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 117, 129 (1994).
2. Much work, of course, remains to be done. For example, a number of elite law schools never have had a tenure-track Latina/o law professor on their faculties. See Ediberto Roman & Christopher B. Carbot, Freeriders and Diversity in the Legal Academy: A New Dirty Dozen List?, 83 IND. L.J. 1235 (2008) (listing Latina/o law professors currently at U.S. law schools). Moreover, about one-half of all U.S. law schools fail to have a Latina/o tenure track faculty member. See Roman & Carbot, supra, at 1259, App. B. Surprisingly enough, one top law school (UCLA) in Los Angeles, a city dubbed the "Latino Metropolis" given its large Latina/o population, VICTOR M. VALLE & RODOLFO D. TORRES, LATINO METROPOLIS (2000), as of January 1, 2008 failed to have a single Latina/o tenure-track faculty member. See id. There admittedly have been some disputes over whether there in fact is a Latina/o on the law faculty of some law schools. See Luz E. Herrera, Challenging a Tradition of Exclusion: The History of an Unheard Story at Harvard Law School, 5 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 1, 109-10 (2002) (discussing dispute over whether Argentine-bom professor was Latino).
3. See STEVEN W. BENDER, GREASERS AND GRINGOS: LATINOS, LAW, AND THE AMERICAN IMAGINATION (2003); DEVON CARBADO & RACHEL F. MORAN, RACE STORIES (forthcoming 2008); "COLORED MEN" AND "HOMBRES AQUÎ": HERNANDEZ V. TEXAS AND THE EMERGENCE OF MEXICAN AMERICAN LAWYERING (Michael A. Olivas ed., 2006); RICHARD DELGADO, JUSTICE AT WAR: CIVIL LIBERTIES AND CIVIL RIGHTS DURING TIMES OF CRISIS (2003); LAURA E. GÓMEZ, MANIFEST DESTINIES: THE MAKING OF THE MEXICAN AMERICAN RACE (2007); LAURA E. GÓMEZ, MISCONCEIVING MOTHERS: LEGISLATORS, PROSECUTORS AND THE POLITICS OF PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE (1997); THE LATINO/A CONDITION: A CRTTICAL READER (Richard Delgado & Jean Stefancic eds., 1998); IAN F. HANEY LOPEZ, RACISM ON TRIAL: THE CHICANO FIGHT FORJUSTICE (2003); RACHEL F. MORAN, INTERRACIAL INTIMACY: THE REGULATION OF RACE & ROMANCE (2001); JUAN F. PEREA, RICHARD DELGADO, ANGELA P. HARRIS, & STEPHANIE M. WILDMAN, RACE AND RACES: CASES AND RESOURCES FOR A DIVERSE AMERICA (2d ed. 2007); READINGS IN AMERICAN INDIAN LAW: RECALLING THE RHYTHM OF SURVIVAL (Jo Carrillo ed., 1998); CLIFFORD RECHTSCHAFFEN & EILEEN GAUNA, ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: LAW, POLICY, & REGULATION (2002); George A. Martinez, Legal Indeterminacy, Judicial Discretion and the Mexican-American Litigation Experience: 1930-1980, 27 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 556 (1994).
4. See, e.g., Margaret E. Montoya, A Brief History ofChicana/o School Segregation: One Rationale for Affirmative Action, 12 LA RAZA L.J. 159 (2001); Juan F. Perea, Buscando América: Why Integration and Equal Protection Fail To Protect Latinos, 117 HARV. L. REV. 1420 (2004). 5. See, e.g., Steven W. Bender, Direct Democracy and Distrust: The Relationship Between Language Law Rhetoric and the Language Vigilantism Experience, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 145 (1997); Christopher David Ruiz Cameron, How the Garcia Cousins Lost Their Accents: Understanding the Language of Title VII Decisions Approving English-Only Rules as the Product of Racial Dualism, Latino Invisibility, and Legal Indeterminacy, 85 CAL. L. REV. 1347
5. (1997), 10 LA RAZA L.J. 261 (1998); Cristina M. Rodriguez, Language and Participation, 94 CAL. L. REV. 687 (2006).
6. See, e.g., Jennifer M. Chacon, Unsecured Borders: Immigration Restrictions, Crime Control and National Security, 39 CONN. L. REV. 1827 (2007); Gerald P. López, Undocumented Mexican Migration: In Search of a Just Immigration Law and Policy, 28 UCLA L. REV. 615 (1981); George A. Martinez, Immigration and the Meaning of United States Citizenship: Whiteness and Assimilation, 46 WASHBURN L.J. 335 (2007); Maria Isabel Medina, The Criminalization of Immigration Law: Employer Sanctions and Marriage Fraud, 5 GEO. MASON L. REV. 669 (1997); Michael A. Olivas, The Chronicles, My Grandfather's Stories, and Immigration Law: The Slave Traders Chronicle as Racial History, 34 ST. LOUIS U. L.J. 425 ( 1990); Maria L. Ontiveros, To Help Those Most in Need: Undocumented Workers 'Rights and Remedies Under Title VII, 20 N.Y.U. REV. L. & Soc. CHANGE 607 (1993-94); Raquel Aldana & Sylvia R. Lazos Vargas, "Aliens" in Our Midst Post-9/11: Legislating Outsiderness Within the Borders, 38 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 1683 (2005) (book review).
7. See, e.g., Rachel F. Moran, Bilingual Education as a Status Conflict, 75 CAL. L. REV. 321 (1987); Rachel F. Moran, The Politics of Discretion: Federal Intervention in Bilingual Education, 76 CAL. L. REV. 1249 (1988).
8. See, e.g., Luis Fuentes-Rohwer, Baker's Promise, Equal Protection, and the Modern Redistricting Revolution: A Plea for Rationality, 80 N.C.L. REV. 1353 (2002); Luis Fuentes-Rohwer, Legislative Findings, Congressional Powers, and the Future of the Voting Rights Act, 82 IND. L. J. 99 (2007).
9. See, e.g., PEDRO A. MALAVET, AMERICA'S COLONY: THE POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CONFLICT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND PUERTO RICO (2004); EDIBERTO ROMÁN, THE OTHER AMERICAN COLONIES: AN INTERNATIONAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW EXAMINATION OF THE UNITED STATES' NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURY ISLAND CONQUESTS (2006); Sylvia R. Lazos Vargas, History, Legal Scholarship, and LatCrit Theory: The Case of Racial Transformations Circa the Spanish American War, 1896-1900, 78 DENV. U.L. REV. 921 (2001).
10. See Gilbert Paul Carrasco, Latinos in the United States: Invitation and Exile, in IMMIGRANTS OUT THE NEW NATIVISM AND THE ANTI-IMMIGRANT IMPULSE IN THE UNITED STATES 190, 194-98 (Juan F. Perea ed., 1997); Ruben J. García, Labor as Property: Guestworkers, International Trade, and the Democracy Deficit, 10 J. GENDER RACE & JUST. 27, 46-47 (2006); Kevin R. Johnson, The Forgotten "Repatriation" of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the "War on Terror", 26 PACE L. REV. 1 (2005); cf. Maria L. Ontiveros, Noncitizen Immigrant Labor and the Thirteenth Amendment: Challenging Guest Worker Programs, 38 U. TOL. L. REV. 923 (2007) (evaluating critically proposals for new guest worker programs). The intertwined nature of subordination of different minority groups is exemplified by the World War II internment of persons of Japanese ancestry on the West Coast, which, combined with the war, caused a shortage of agricultural labor and the emergence of the Bracero Program that exploited Mexican workers. See Carrasco, supra.
11. See, e.g., JOSE E. ALVAREZ, I NTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AS LAW-MAKERS (2005); Alice Abreu, Taxing Exits, 29 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 1087 (1996); Ana Maria Merico-Stephens, Of Federalism, Human Rights, and the Holland Caveat: Congressional Power to Implement Treaties, 25 MICH. J. INT'L L. 265 (2004); Christiana Ochoa, The Individual and Customary International Law Formation, 48 VA. J. INT'L L. 119 (2007); Troy A. Paredes, Blinded by the Light: Information Overload and Its Consequences for Securities Regulation, 81 WASH. U. L.Q. 417, 419, 420, 446 (2003); Carlos Manuel Vazquez, The Four Doctrines of Self-Executing Treaties, 89 AM. J. INT'L L. 695 (1995).
12. Cf. Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306, 330-31 (2003) (discussing the University of Michigan Law School's goal of enrolling a "critical mass" of minority students because of the educational benefits to all students). See generally Adeno Addis, The Concept of Critical Mass in Legal Discourse, 29 CARDOZO L. REV. 97 (2007) (analyzing critically the "critical mass" concept).
13. See Berta Hernández-Trayol, Angela Harris, & Francisco Valdés, LatCrit X Afterword: Beyond the First Decade: A Forward-Looking History of LatCrit Theory, Community and Praxis, 26 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 237, 241-52 (2006) (discussing the emergence of, and complex relationship between, Critical Race Theory and LatCrit theory); Athena D. Mutua, The Rise, Development and Future Directions of Critical Race Theory and Related Scholarship, 84 DENV. U. L. REV. 329 (2006) (to same effect); Tara J. Yosso & Daniel G. Solórzano, Conceptualizing a Critical Race Theory in Sociology, in THE BLACKWELL COMPANION TO SOCIAL INEQUALITIES 119-23 (Mary Romero & Eric Margolis eds., 2005) (sketching Critical Race Theory's "family tree").
14. See infra Part I.
15. See Francisco Valdes, Foreword: Under Construction-LatCrit Consciousness, Community, and Theory, 85 CAL. L. REV. 1087, 1134-37 (1997), 10 LA RAZA L.J. 1, 48-51 (1998).
16. See infra Part I.
17. See generally Margaret Montoya, Foreword: LatCrit at Ten Years, 26 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 1 (2006) (introducing the symposium issue for the tenth annual conference); Charles R. Venator Santiago, Foreword: Countering Kulturkampf Politics Through Critique and Justice Pedagogy, Race, Kulturkampf, and Immigration, 35 SETON HALL L. REV. 1155 (2005) (introducing the ninth annual conference); Francisco Valdes, Foreword: City and Citizen: Community-Making as Legal Theory and Social Struggle, 52 CLEV. ST. L. REV. 1 (2005) (introducing the eighth annual conference). For a discussion of the importance of the annual conferences to LatCrit theory, see Elizabeth M. Iglesias & Francisco Valdes, LatCrit at Five: Institutionalizing a Post-Subordination Future, 78 DENV. U. L. REV. 1249, 1289-94 (2001).
18. The efficacy of the student-run law review, in which students select articles for publication, has been seriously questioned. See Bernard J. Hibbitts, Last Writes? Reassessing the Law Review in the Age of Cyberspace, 71 N.Y.U. L. REV. 615, 628-54 (1996); Richard A, Posner, The Future of the Student-Edited Law Review, 47 STAN.L. REV. 1131, 1131-35(1995). However, student editors may be more open to innovative, cutting-edge scholarship than the professors reviewing scholarship for peer-reviewed journals, which predominate in nonlegal disciplines. See Richard Delgado, Rodrigo's Final Chronicle: Cultural Power, the Law Reviews, and the Attack on Narrative Jurisprudence, 68 S. CAL. L. REV. 545, 557-58 (1995); Natalie C. Cotton, Comment, The Competence of Students as Editors of Law Reviews: A Response to Judge Posner, 154 U. PA. L. REV. 951, 953-54 (2006) (defending student-edited law reviews). But see Rachel J. Anderson, Revisiting the Imperial Scholar: Market Failure on Law Review? (unpublished manuscript), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1117764
19. We have heard of a few instances of symposium editors rejecting a solicited submission. Indeed, one of the coauthors was involved in a recent symposium devoted to analyzing a path-breaking Supreme Court civil rights decision in which student editors rejected several of the solicited submissions. Such rejections obviously can create tension and controversy. At the same time, however, the possibility of rejection serves as an incentive to symposium authors to submit high quality work.
20. See Sumi Cho & Robert Westley, Critical Race Coalitions: Key Movements that Performed the Theory, 33 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 1377, 1422-24 (2000); Barbara J. Cox, Coalescing Communities, Discourses and Practices: Synergies in the Anti-Subordination Project, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 473, 473-75 (1997); Adrienne D. Davis, Identity Notes Part II: Redeeming the Body Politic, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 267, 274-76 (1997); Nancy Ehrenreich, Confessions of a White Salsa Dancer: Appropriation, Identity, and the "Latin Music Craze," 78 DENV. U. L. REV. 795, 796-97 (2001); Gil Gott, Critical Race Globalism?: Global Political Economy, and the Intersections of Race, Nation, and Class, 33 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 1503, 1504-05 (2000); Stephanie M. Wildman, Reflections on Whiteness & Latina/o Critical Theory, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 307, 308-09 (1997).
21. See LANI GUINIER & GERALD TORRES, THE MINER'S CANARY: ENLISTING RACE, RESISTING POWER, TRANSFORMING DEMOCRACY 15 (2002) (coining term "political race" as a tool to build multiracial coalitions)
22. See Cho & Westley, supra note 20, at 1413-16; Elizabeth M. Iglesias & Francisco Valdes, Afterword: Religion, Gender, Sexuality, Race and Class in Coalitional Theory: A Critical and Self-Critical Analysis of LatCrit Social Justice Agendas, 19 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 503, 562-88 (1998); George A. Martinez, African-Americans, Latinos, and the Construction of Race: Toward an Epistemic Coalition, 19 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 213, 214-16 (1998); Ediberto Roman, Common Ground Perspectives on Latino-Latino Diversity, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 483, 483-84 (1997); Eric K. Yamamoto, Conflict and Complicity: Justice Among Communities of Color, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 495, 498-500 (1997); see also Margaret E. Montoya, Academic Mestizaje: Re/Producing Clinical Teaching and Re/Framing Wills as Latino Praxis, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 349, 352-65 (1997) (analyzing the importance of activist teaching and scholarship to the social change mission of LatCrit theory).
23. See Richard Delgado, Rodrigo 's Fifteenth Chronicle: Racial Mixture, Latino-Critical Scholarship, and the Black-White Binary, 75 TEX. L. REV. 1181, 1185-86 (1997) (book review); Rachel F. Moran, What if Latinos Really Mattered in the Public Policy Debate?, 85 CAL. L. REV. 1315, 1331-44 (1997), 10 LA RAZA L.J. 229, 245-58 (1998); Rachel F. Moran, Neither BlackNor White, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 61, 66-69 (1997); Athena D. Mutua, Shifting Bottoms and Rotating Centers: Reflections on LatCrit III and the Black/White Paradigm, 53 U. MIAMI L. REV. 1177, 1178-80 (1999); Juan F. Perea, The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The "Normal Science" of American Racial Thought, 85 CAL. L. REV. 1213, 1213-15 (1997), 10 LA RAZA L.J. 127,127-29 (1998). The challenge to the Black/White Paradigm initially generated resistance-at times heated-from within LatCrit theory. See Leslie Espinoza & Angela P. Harris, Afterword: Embracing the Tar-Baby-LatCrit Theory and the Sticky Mess of Race, 85 CAL. L. REV. 1585, 1604-07(1997), 10 LA RAZA L. J. 499, 518-21 (1998); Anthony Paul Parley, All Flesh Shall See It Together, 19 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 163, 171-75 (1998).
24. See, e.g., Ruben J. Garcia, Across the Borders: Immigrant Status and Identity in Law and LatCrit Theory, 55 FLA. L. REV. 511, 530-37 (2003); George A. Martinez, The Legal Construction of Race: Mexican Americans and Whiteness, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 321, 323-25 (1997); Laura M. Padilla, Social and Legal Repercussions of Latinos' Colonized Mentality, 53 U. MIAMI L. REV. 769, 770-71 (1999).
25. See, e.g., Espinoza & Harris, supra note 23 (exploring the tensions between the belief in Black exceptionalism and multiracial coalitions); Leslie Espinoza, Introduction to Panel One: Latino Pan-Ethnicity? Histories and Conditions that United and Divide Our Communities, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 175, 176-77 (1997) (discussing multifaceted nature of Latina/o identities); Maria Pabón López, The Phoenix Rises from El Cenizo: A Community Creates and Affirms a Latino/a Border Cultural Citizenship Through Its Language and Safe Haven Ordinances, 78 DENV. U. L. REV. 1017, 1021-26 (2001) (analyzing community response to language and immigration issues facing the immigrant community); Alfredo Mirandé, Is There a "Mexican Exception" to the Fourth Amendment?, 55 FLA. L. REV. 365, 368 (2003) (identify ing the lack of Fourth Amendment protections for persons of Mexican ancestry); Mary Romero, State Violence, and the Social and Legal Construction of Latino Criminality: From El Bandido to Gang Member, 78 DENV. U. L. REV. 1081, 1087-98 (2001) (studying tangible impacts of stereotypes of Latino criminality); Mary Romero & Marwah Serag, Violation of Latino Civil Rights Resulting from INS and Local Police's Use of Race, Culture and Class Profiling: The Case of the Chandler Roundup in Arizona, 52 CLEV. ST. L. REV. 75, 79-81 (2005) (criticizing immigration raid, and its impacts on Latina/o community generally, in suburb of Phoenix, Arizona); Yamamoto, supra note 22, at 495-99 (analyzing inter-group relations among groups of color); see also supra note 22 (citing LatCrit scholarship on coalitions).
26. See Valdes, supra note 15, at 1107-08,1139-40.
27. It is illustrative to compare LatCrit theory to Critical Race Theory, which has demonstrated its staying-power. See RICHARD DELGADO & JEAN STEFANCIC, CRITICAL RACE THEORY: AN INTRODUCTION (2001) (articulating basic tenets of CRT in a type of primer).
28. See infra Part I.B-C.
29. The LatCrit X conference actually generated two symposium issues, perhaps to accommodate the number of submissions. See Symposium, LatCrit X, 26 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 1 (2006); Symposium, LatCrit X: Critical Approaches to Economic In/Justice, 17 LA RAZA L.J. 1 (2006).
30. See infra Part I.B-C.
31. See, e.g., Keith Aoki, (Re)presenttng Representation, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 247 (1997); Robert S. Chang & Keith Aoki, Centering the Immigrant in the Inter/National Imagination, 85 CAL. L. REV. 1395 (1997), 10 LA RAZA L.J. 309, (1998); Kathay Feng, Keith Aoki & Brian Ikegami, Voting Matters: APIAs, Latina/os and Post-2000 Redistricting in California, 81 OR. L. REV. 849 (2003); Kevin R. Johnson, "Melting Pot" or "Ring of Fire "?: Assimilation and the Mexican-American Experience, 85 CAL. L. REV. 1259 (1997), 10 LA RAZA L.J. 173 (1998) [hereinafter Johnson, Melting Pot]; Kevin R. Johnson, Some Thoughts on the Future of Latino Legal Scholarship, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 101 (1997) [hereinafter Johnson, Latino Legal Scholarship]; Kevin R. Johnson, The Case for African American and Latina/o Cooperation in Challenging Race Profiling in Law Enforcement, 55 FLA. L. REV. 341 (2003).
32. See, e.g., Susan M. Akram & Kevin R. Johnson, Race, Civil Rights, and Immigration Law After September 11, 2001 : The Targeting of Arabs and Muslims, 58 N. Y.U. ANN. SURV. AM. LAW. 295 (2002); Keith Aoki, No Right to Own?: The Early Twentieth-Century "Alien Land Laws" as a Prelude to Internment, 40 B.C. L. REV. 37 (1998), 19 B.C. THIRD WORLD L.J. 37 (1998); Keith Aoki, Race, Space, and Place: The Relation Between Architectural Modernism, Post-Modernism, Urban Planning, and Gentrification, 20 FORDHAM URB. L.J. 699 (1993); Kevin R. Johnson & Angela Onwuachi-Willig, Cry Me a River: The Limits of "A Systemic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools," 7 AFR.-AM. L. & POL'Y REP. 1 (2005); Kevin R. Johnson, The End of "Civil Rights" as We Know It?: Immigration and Civil Rights in the New Millennium, 49 UCLA L. REV. 1481 (2002).
33. We have been made aware that this essay has generated controversy among some LatCrit theorists. Although we sincerely regret any tensions, we took steps in advance in the hopes of minimizing them. For example, we shared the article in draft form with a group of people who are or have been integrally involved in LatCrit, including several members of the board of directors of LatCrit, Inc. and several current and past co-chairs. We attempted to respond to the various comments that we received and met with several LatCrit board members to discuss this article, its arguments, and impacts. We want to distinguish ourselves from the most vociferous critics of Critical Race Theory. See infra note 56 (citing authorities). The two coauthors were involved in LatCrit's inception, continue to voice support for LatCrit scholarship, and have made suggestions in this article about how to improve it. See supra text accompanying notes 31-32. Our past role in LatCrit theory presumably has contributed to the controversy over this article, a glimpse of which is exemplified by the response of Professors Montoya and Valdes to this symposium. See Margaret E. Montoya & Francisco Valdes, "Latinas/os" and The Politics of Knowledge Production: LatCrit Scholarship and Academic Activism as Social Justice Action, 83 IND. L.J. 1197(2008). We confess to being extremely reluctant to criticize the quality of the LatCrit symposia because of the fear that some scholars might wrench our words out of context in future debates over academic personnel (tenure and appointment) decisions. Several LatCrit theorists on the LatCrit board of directors made this claim after reading a draft. Others, however, expressed the view that any damage to LatCrit scholars already had been done by the uneven quality of the LatCrit symposia issues. Indeed, one minority dean at a top law school remarked that the quality of the LatCrit symposium publications of a few faculty candidates had doomed their candidacies at his school. It soon became readily apparent that, generally speaking, the views stated in this article were viewed radically differently by people other than those on the current LatCrit board of directors. Except for some of the current members of the board, nobody-with one exception-who offered comments on this paper advocated that we not publish this article. We took the concern about the possible impacts on academic personnel decisions especially seriously because of our commitment to fair treatment of scholars of color, as well as our longtime commitment to the mentoring of junior faculty at schools across the country. We also both regularly devote much time and effort to preparing scores of extramural review letters each year. Despite a certain degree of hesitation, we felt it important to raise these issues and hopefully begin a project of remedying them in a scholarly project to which we have devoted significant parts of our careers. See supra text accompanying notes 31-33.
34. See infra Part LB-C.
35. For a critical evaluation after five years of the various steps taken to institutionalize LatCrit scholarship, see Iglesias & Valdes, supra note 17, at 1289-94.
36. But see Lazos Vargas, supra note , at 1345 ("As LatCrit grows and responds to new pressures it may appear to lose its focus, but these may just be the growing pains and the cost of commitment to a 'no star' system that ensures the inclusion of all contributors.")
37. See Richard Delgado, Crossroads and Blind Alleys: A Critical Examination of Recent Writing About Race, 82 TEX. L. REV. 121, 122-25, 131-35 (2003) [hereinafter Delgado, Crossroads] (reviewing CROSSROADS, DIRECTIONS, AND A NEW CRITICAL RACE THEORY (Francisco Valdes, Jerome McCristal Gulp & Angela P. Harris eds., 2002)); see also Richard Delgado, Si Se Puede, But Who Gets the Gravy?, 11 MICH. J. RACE & L. 9, 12-14 (2005)
38. (raising similar issues with respect to Critical Race Theory); Robert S. Chang & Neil Gotanda, Afterword: The Race Question in LatCrit Theory and Asian American Jurisprudence, 7 NEV. L. J. 1012 (2007) (raising a variety of issues that require further LatCrit analysis).
39. See, e.g., Richard Delgado, Storytelling for Oppositionists and Others: A Plea for Narrative, 87 MICH. L. REV. 2411 (1989) (contending that storytelling by outgroups can provide valuable perspective); Kevin R. Johnson, "Aliens" and the U.S. Immigration Laws: The Social and Legal Construction of Nonpersons, 28 U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. 263 (1996-97) (explaining the legal and social functions of the "alien" terminology in the U.S. immigration laws); Margaret E. Montoya, Mascaras, Trenzas, y Greñas: Un/Masking the Self While Un/Braiding Latino Stories and Legal Discourse, 15 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 1 (1994), 17 HARV. WOMEN'S L.J. 185 (1994) (showing how stories of masking and unmasking from the perspectives of subordinated groups can shed light on personal and collective identity and contribute to interpretations of the law and legal system). One coauthor praised this last article as "[p]erhaps the best known article on [the] topic" of Latina/o identity. Kevin R. Johnson, On the 30th Anniversary of the Chicano-Latino Law Review, 23 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 1, 3 (2002).
40. See supra text accompanying notes 23.
41. Again, we are limiting ourselves to the LatCrit symposia. Some senior scholars produce LatCrit scholarship in other venues.
42. See infra Part I.
43. See infra Part II.
44. See infra Part I.C.
45. See infra text accompanying notes 73-74.
46. See infra text accompanying notes 148-54.
47. See infra Part II.
48. See infra Part I.C.
49. See infra Part I.C.
50. For information about the annual conferences and symposia issues, see the LatCrit, Inc. website, http://www.latcrit.org.
51. See http://www.latcrit.org (providing information about the workshop, and the twelfth LatCrit annual conference in October 2007); Aya Gruber, Navigating Diverse Identities: Building Coalitions Through Redistribution of Academic Capital - An Exercise in Praxis, 35 SETON HALL L. REV. 1201, 1201-03 (2005) (describing the benefits to one junior scholar from a junior faculty development workshop). Both of the coauthors of this article have participated in a LatCrit junior faculty development workshop.
52. See infra Part I.C.
53. See infra Part I.A.
54. See infra Part I.C.
55. See infra Part I.C.
56. See infra Part I.C.
57. See, e.g., DANIEL A. FARBER & SUZANNA SHERRY, BEYOND ALL REASON: THE RADICAL ASSAULT ON TRUTH IN AMERICAN LAW 6-14 (1997); Daniel A. Farber & Suzanna Sherry, Is the Radical Critique of Merit Anti-Semitic?, 83 CAL. L. REV. 853, 854-57 (1995); Daniel A. Farber & Suzanna Sherry, Telling Stories Out of School: An Essay on Legal Narratives, 45 STAN. L. REV. 807, 814-19 (1993); Randall L. Kennedy, Racial Critiques of Legal Academia, 102 HARV. L. REV. 1745, 1748-49 (1989); Mark Tushnet, The Degradation of Constitutional Discourse, 81 GEO. L. J. 251, 263-76 (1992); see also Mary I. Coombs, Outsider Scholarship: The Law Review Stories, 63 U. COLO. L. REV. 683 (1992) (suggesting need for standards for evaluation of outsider scholarship); Richard Delgado & Daniel A. Farber, Is American Law Inherently Racist?, 15 T.M. COOLEY L. REV. 361, 364 (1998) (colloquy between Critical Race Theory founder and prominent critic of Critical Race Theory); Richard A. Posner, The Skin Trade, NEW REPUBLIC, Oct. 13, 1997, at 40,42 ("[C]ritical race theorists teach by example that the role of a member of a minority group is to be paid a comfortable professional salary to write childish stories about how awful it is to be a member of such a group."); Lazos Vargas, supra note ***, at 1311-16 (analyzing "neo-traditionalist" attacks on Critical Race Theory). Compare Kennedy, supra (challenging Critical Race Theory), with Colloquy, Responses to Randall Kennedy's Racial Critiques of Legal Academia, 103 HARV. L. REV. 1844 (1990) (including articles by Scott Brewer, Milner S. Ball, Robin D. Barnes, Richard Delgado, and Leslie G. Espinoza, defending Critical Race Theory).
58. See Mutua, supra note 13, at 330 ("Conflict, as a process of intellectual and institutional growth, marks the development of critical race theory and provides concrete and experiential examples of some of its key insights and themes."). See generally CRITICAL RACE THEORY: THE KEY WRITINGS THAT FORMED THE MOVEMENT (Kimberlé Crenshaw, Neil Gotanda & Kendall Thomas eds., 1995) (showing the genesis of the CRT movement and its different methodological strands through a compilation of essays). In later years, CRT was not subject to the same level of attention from the mainstream, and the scholarship arguably has been less focused. See, e.g., Delgado, Crossroads, supra note 37, at 131-36. In our estimation, meaningful scholarly debates, which might be termed "productive tensions" by some LatCrit theorists, Hernández-Truyol et al., LatCrit X Afterword, supra note 13, at 278-79, seem to have been relatively rare in LatCrit analysis in the last few years.
59. See infra Part I.B-C.
60. See Elvia R. Arriola, Foreword: March!, 19 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 1, 9-11 (1998).
61. See Johnson, Latino Legal Scholarship, supra note 31, at 106-17.
62. See Iglesias & Values, supra note 17, at 1306-11 (discussing the creation of LatCrit, Inc.)
63. See Arriola, supra note 59, at 10-11.
64. See Francisco Valdes, Foreword: Poised at the Cusp: LatCrit Theory, Outsider Jurisprudence and Latina/o Self-Empowerment, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 1, 2-4 (1997) (discussing LatCrit I). Before the first annual conference, there was an initial colloquium on LatCrit theory in Puerto Rico. See Francisco Valdes, Latina/o Ethnicities, Critical Race Theory, and Post-Identity Politics in Postmodern Legal Culture: From Practices to Possibilities, 9 LA RAZA L.J. 1 (19%) (foreword to colloquium on Latino and Latina Critical Race Theory and Practice at the 1995 Hispanic National Bar Association annual conference).
65. See Symposium, LatCrit Theory: Naming and Launching a New Discourse of Critical Legal Scholarship, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 1 (1997). In the publication process, a minor flareup occurred when the student editors selected several articles to lead the issue.
66. See id.
67. See CRITICAL RACE THEORY: THE CUTTING EDGE (Richard Delgado & Jean Stefancic eds, 2d ed. 2000); Stephanie B. Goldberg, The Law, a New Theory Holds, Has a White Voice, N. Y. TIMES, July 17,1992, at A23. Besides many books and over one hundred articles, he is co-editor of THE LATINO/A CONDITION: A CRITICAL READER, supra note 3, an anthology of foundational readings on LatCrit Theory. Delgado is a pioneer in many fields besides Critical Race Theory, including Critical White Studies. See CRITICAL WHITE STUDIES: LOOKING BEHIND THE MIRROR (Richard Delgado & Jean Stefancic eds., 1997). Delgado, who (along with Jean Stefancic) contributed the foreword to this symposium, has not published in a LatCrit symposium. See Richard Delgado & Jean Stefancic, Foreword: Latinos and the Law Symposium, 83 IND. L.J. 1141 (2008).
68. See Program to LatCrit I, http://www.latcrit.org.
69. Olivas is an influential scholar. See "COLORED MEN" AND "HOMBRES AQUI": HERNANDEZ V. TEXAS AND THE EMERGENCE OF MEXICAN AMERICAN LAWYERING , supra note 3; Olivas, supra note 1. A chaired professor at the University of Houston Law Center, he has labored tirelessly throughout his career to recruit Latina/os into law teaching and to mentor them through the academic personnel process. Olivas, another contributor to the current symposium, has not published in a LatCrit symposium. See Michael A. Olivas, The "Trial of the Century" that Never Was: Staff Sgt. Macario Garcia, the Congressional Medal of Honor, and the Oasis Café, 83 IND. L. J. 1391 (2008).
70. A chaired professor at New York University, Lopez also has taught at UCLA and Stanford and has produced influential scholarship on the role of lawyers in promoting social change. See GERALD P. LÓPEZ, REBELLIOUS LAWYERING: ONE CHICANO'S VISION OF PROGRESSIVE LAW PRACTICE (1992); López, supra note 6. He later published a piece in the LatCrit II symposium. See Gerald P. Lopez, Learning About Latinos, 19 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 363 (1998).
71. Besides serving on the California Supreme Court, Reynoso was a founder of California Rural Legal Assistance, an organization that fights for the rights of the rural poor. See Michael Bennett & Cruz Reynoso, California Rural Legal Assistance (CRLA): Survival of a Poverty Law Practice, 1 CHICANO L. REV. 1, 1-2(1972). A law professor at New Mexico, UCLA, and UC-Davis, Reynoso has written important scholarship. See generally Cruz Reynoso, A Survey of Latino Lawyers in Los Angeles County-Their Professional Lives and Opinions, 38 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 1563 (2005) (presenting the findings of a two-year-long empirical research project that surveyed the Latina/o members of the Los Angeles bar); Cruz Reynoso, Educational Equity, 36 UCLA L. REV. 107 (1988) (discussing his work with the California Post-Secondary Education Commission). Because of his life-long commitment to civil rights, including serving as Vice Chair of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Reynoso was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2000. See Jacqueline L. Salmon, The President's Honor Roll; Clinton Awards Medal to 15 American Standouts, WASH. POST, Aug. 10, 2000, at C1. Reynoso has not published in a LatCrit symposium.
72. The absence of women as keynote speakers at the LatCrit I conference was problematic; later LatCrit conferences saw an improvement in the gender mix of keynote speakers.
73. See Joint Symposium, LatCrit Theory: Latinas/os and the Law, 85 CAL. L. REV. 1087 (1997), 10 LA RAZA L.J. 1 (1998).
74. See infra text accompanying notes 73-74.
75. Valdes, supra note 15, at 1093-94.
76. See infra Part LB-C. In evaluating LatCrit by its scholarship, we are informed by the words of philosopher George Santayana in a comparable situation: "It is hardly fair to a writer like Nietzsche, so poetical, fragmentary, and immature, to judge him as a philosopher; yet he wished to be so judged...." GEORGE SANTAYANA, THE GERMAN MIND: A PHILOSOPHICAL DIAGNOSIS 114 (Apollo ed., 1968). Thanks to George A. Martínez for this insight.
77. See Symposium, Difference, Solidarity, and Law: Building Latina/o Communities Through LatCrit Theory, 19 CHICANO- LATINO L. REV. 1 (1998) [hereinafter LatCrit II Symposium]; Symposium, Comparative Latinas/os: Identity, Law and Policy in LatCrit Theory, 53 U. MIAMI L. REV. 575 (1999); Symposium, Rotating Centers, Expanding Frontiers: LatCrit Theory and Marginal Intersections, 33 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 751 (2000) [hereinafter U. C. Davis LatCrit Symposium].
78. See, e.g., Symposium, Centering Constitutionalism: LatCritical Theory in International and Comparative Law, 14 GRIFFITH L. REV. 143 (2005); Colloquium, Spain, The Americas and Latino/as: International and Comparative Law in Triangular Perspective, 9 U. MIAMI INT'L & COMP. L. REV. 1 (2000-2001); Joint Symposium, Culture, Language, Sexuality and Law: LatCrit Theory and the Construction of the Nation, 5 MICH. J. RACE & L. 787 (2000), 33 U. MICH. J.L. REFORM 203 (2000); Colloquium, International Law, Human Rights, and LatCrit Theory, 28 U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. 177 (1997).
79. See supra notes 66-67 and accompanying text.
80. See supra notes 66-67 and accompanying text.
81. See Delgado, Crossroads, supra note 37, at 145-46.
82. Id. (emphasis added) (footnotes omitted). Just three years before publishing this article, Professor Delgado and Jean Stefancic published a considerably more upbeat appraisal of LatCrit theory. See Richard Delgado & Jean Stefancic, Latino/a Critical ("LatCrit") Legal Studies: Review Essay, AZTLÁN, Fall 2000, at 161, 173-76. The views in those two articles together are consistent with the observations in this article - that LatCrit theory showed great promise in its early years only to lose focus.
83. Kevin R. Johnson, Roll Over Beethoven: "A Critical Examination of Recent Writing about Race, " 82 TEX. L. REV. 717, 731-33 (2004) (emphasis added) (citations omitted); see also Lazos Vargas, supra note ***, at 1323-26, 1344-45 (discussing internal critiques of Critical Race Theory and LatCrit theory, including those presented by Richard Delgado).
84. See infra Part I.C.
85. In working on the U. C. Davis LatCrit Symposium, supra note 76, one of the co-authors of this article saw a submission to a LatCrit symposium in which the majority of footnotes read "Cite to be added."
86. See infra text accompanying notes 130-40.
87. See U. C. Davis LatCrit Symposium, supra note 76.
88. See supra note 56 (citing authorities that question Critical Race Theory).
89. See Jennifer Gordon & R.A. Lenhardt, Citizenship Talk: Bridging the Gap Between Immigration and Race Perspectives, 75 FORDHAM L. REV. 2493, 2497-2511 (2007) (analyzing how mainstream immigration scholarship has failed to engage critical scholarship on issue of immigration); Kevin R. Johnson, Race Matters: Immigration Law and Policy Scholarship, Law in the Ivory Tower, and the Legal Indifference of the Race Critique, 2000 U. ILL. L. REV. 525, 528-35 (2000) (making similar arguments).
90. See, e.g., SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON, WHO ARE WE? THE CHALLENGES TO AMERICA'S NATIONAL IDENTITY 221-51 (2004); Charles J. Ogletree, Jr., America's Schizophrenic Immigration Policy: Race, Class, and Reason, 41 B.C. L. REV. 755, 767-70 (2000).
91. See, e.g., Emily M. S. Houh, Critical Interventions: Toward an Expansive Equality Approach to the Doctrine of Good Faith in Contract Law, 88 CORNELL L. REV. 1025 (2003); Angela Onwuachi-Willig, Using the Master's "Tool" to Dismantle His House: Why Justice Clarence Thomas Makes the Case for Affirmative Action, 47 ARIZ. L. REV. 113, 132-34 (2005).
92. See, e.g., Ian F. Haney Lopez, Institutional Racism: Judicial Conduct and a New Theory of Racial Discrimination, 109 YALE L.J. 1717 (2000); Perea, supra note 4.
93. See supra text accompanying notes 56-57.
94. See id.
95. Thanks to George A. Martinez for this idea.
96. Mainstream scholarship also should receive some blame in ignoring LatCrit Theory. Rather than engage that critique, conventional scholarship simply has ignored it.
97. See, e.g., Derrick A. Bell, Jr., Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma, 93 HARV. L. REV. 518 (1980).
98. See, e.g., Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Race, Reform and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law, 101 HARV. L. REV. 1331 (1988).
99. See, e.g., Richard Delgado, Words That Wound: A Tort Action for Racial Insults, Epithets, and Name-Calling, 17 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 133 (1982).
100. See Man J. Matsuda, Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story, 87 MICH. L. REV. 2320 (1989).
101. See, e.g., PATRICIA J. WILLIAMS, THE ALCHEMY OF RACE AND RIGHTS (1991).
102. See, e.g., Colloquy, supra note 56; Symposium, Minority Critiques of the Critical Legal Studies Movement, 22 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 297 (1987) [hereinafter, Symposium, Minority Critiques]; Symposium, Legal Storytelling, 87 MICH. L. REV. 2073 (1989).
103. See supra notes 66-67 and accompanying text.
104. See supra notes 68, 70.
105. There, of course, are exceptions. See, e.g., Lazos Vargas, supra note ***; Guadalupe T. Luna, Land, Labor and Reparations, 52 CLEVE. ST. L. REV. 265 (2005); Tayyab Mahmud, Postcoloniality and Mythologies of Civil(ized) Society, 26 CHICANO-LATOJO L. REV. 41 (2006); Mary Romero, Class Struggle and Resistance Against the Transformation of Land Ownership and Usage in Northern New Mexico: The Case of Las Gorras Biancas, 26 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 87 (2006).
106. See supra Part I. A.
107. See supra Part I.B.
108. See supra text accompanying notes 29-30.
109. For an attempt to tie LatCrit theory into Chicana/o Studies scholarship, see Kevin R. Johnson & George A. Martínez, Crossover Dreams: The Roots of LatCrit Theory in Chicana/o Studies Activism and Scholarship, 53 U. MIAMI L. REV. 1143 (1999); Guadalupe T. Luna, "La Causa Chicana" and Communicative Praxis, 78 DENV. U. L. REV. 553 (2001); Margaret E. Montoya, Introduction: LatCrit Theory: Mapping Its Intellectual and Political Foundations and Future Self-Critical Directions, 53 U. MIAMI L. REV. 1119 (1999).
110. Peggy C. Davis, Law as Microaggression, 98 YALE L.J. 1559, 1565 (1989).
111. See supra text accompanying note 26.
112. Alfrede Mirandé, Alfrede's Caribbean Adventure: LatCrit Theory, Narratives, and the Politics of Exclusion, 26 CHICANO-LATINO L. REV. 207, 216-17 (2006) (emphasis added). Professor Mirandé is the author of several important works. See, e.g., ALFREDO MIRANDÉ, GRINGO JUSTICE (1987); ALFREDO MIRANDÉ, THE STANFORD LAW CHRONICLES: DOIN' TIME ON THE FARM (2005); Mirandé, supra note 25. A professor and Chair, Ethnic Studies, and professor of Sociology, at the University of California, Riverside, see Mirandé, Alfredo's Carribean Adventure, supra, at 207 n.*, he did a brief stint as a law teacher at Texas Tech. To clarify, Professor Mary Romero, who is mentioned in the quote, is a Professor of Justice and Social Inquiry at Arizona State University. A sociologist by training, she has produced some influential LatCrit scholarship and formerly served as a co-chair of LatCrit. See, e.g., Romero, supra note 25; Romero, supra note 104.
113. See supra note 108. One of the co-authors for a number of years unsuccessfully worked with the LatCrit leadership in an attempt to establish a project that would have promoted collaboration between LatCrit and Chicana/o Studies scholars.
114. See PEW HISPANIC CENTER, A STATISTICAL PORTRAIT OF HISPANICS AT MID-DECADE tbl. 4 (2007) (statistical data showing that 64 percent of all Hispanics were of Mexican ancestry), available at http://pewhispanic.org/files/other/middecade/Table-4.pdf.
115. Pedro A. Malavet, Afterword: Outsider Citizenships and Multidimensional Borders: The Power and Danger of Not Belonging, 52 CLEV. ST. L. REV. 321, 334 (2005) (emphasis added) (footnote omitted).
116. See Bender, supra note 5; Johnson, Latino Legal Scholarship, supra note 31. The background of another mixed race Latino, perhaps because of his Spanish surname, discussed in this same passage is not mentioned. See THE LAW UNBOUND! A RICHARD DELGADO READER, at xi (Adrien Katherine Wing & Jean Stefancic eds., 2007). This omission demonstrates the error-common as it is - to judge Latina/o identity by Spanish surname. See Johnson, Melting Pot, supra note 31, at 1295-96, 209-10.
117. See generally KEVIN R. JOHNSON, HOW DID YOU GET TO BE MEXICAN?: A WHITE/BROWN MAN'S SEARCH FOR IDENTITY (1999) (analyzing through autobiographical account the complexities of mixed race identity of persons of Anglo and Latina/o backgrounds); MIXED RACE AMERICA AND THE LAW: A READER (Kevin R. Johnson ed., 2002) (presenting an anthology of readings analyzing legal rules touching on people of mixed race backgrounds); LUIS ALBERTO URREA, NOBODY'S SON (1998) (presenting an autobiographical account of mixed Anglo/Latino).
118. See JOHNSON, supra note 116; Johnson, Melting Pot, supra note 31.
119. See Patricia Williams, Spirit-Murdering the Messenger: The Discourse of Fingerpointing as the Law's Response to Racism, 42 U. MIAMI L. REV. 127 (1987).
120. See infra text accompanying notes 120-22.
121. See Iglesias & Valdes, supra note 17, at 1267.
122. See supra text accompanying notes 53-57.
123. See supra note 56.
124. See Hernández-Truyol et al., supra note 13; Montoya, supra note 17. Professor Montoya lists the symposium contributions by category but omits this article from the list. See Montoya, supra note 17, at 7 tbl. 1.
125. See Hernández-Truyol et al., supra note 13, at 273-75; Montoya, supra note 17, at 13-14.
126. See supra Part LB. Such gentle criticism itself can trigger criticism. For example, in a cluster introduction to one LatCrit symposium, one co-author attempted to offer constructive criticism on articles analyzing the impact of stereotypes of Latina/o culture, only to be criticized for, among other things, taking the scholarship "too seriously." See Kevin R. Johnson, Comparative Racialization: Culture and National Origin in the Latina/o Communities, 78 DENV. U. L. REV. 633, 634-47 (2001).
127. See Kevin R. Johnson, Foreword: Celebrating LatCrit Theory: What Do We Do When the Music Stops?, 33 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 753, 776 (2000) (observing that reference in Alfredo Mirandé González, Alfredo's Jungle Cruise: Chronicles on Law, Lawyering and Love, 33 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 1347, 1355 n.10 (2000), to a fictitious-and ideal-Chicana, Fermina, who "looks great in her Black Charra outfit," "lack[ed] gender sensitivity").
128. See Robert S. Chang & Natasha Fuller, Performing LatCrit, 33 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 1277, 1285-89 (2000).
129. Id. at 1288 (emphasis added).
130. Johnson, supra note 126, at 776.
131. See infra text accompanying notes 131-40.
132. Alfredo Mirandé, Alfredo's Mountain Adventure: The Second Chronicle on Law, Lawyering, and Love, 78 DENV. U. L. REV. 517, 518 (2001).
133. Margaret E. Montoya, Foreword: LatCrit VSymposium, Class in LatCrit: Theory and Praxis in a World of Economic Inequality, 78 DENV. U. L. REV. 467, 473 (2001) (emphasis added).
134. See Elvia Rosales Arriola, Talking About Power and Pedagogy, Introduction for Cluster: "LatCrit Theory in New Contexts", 78 DENV. U. L. REV. 507, 511 (2001) (questioning statement that "gender and sexual preference are overarching issues" in LatCrit theory (quoting Mirande, supra note 131, at 524)).
135. Arriola, supra note 133, at 512 (emphasis added).
136. See Montoya, supra note 132, at 470 (citing Johnson, supra note 126, at 784).
137. Ediberto Román, Afterword: LatCrit VI, Outsider Jurisprudence and Looking Beyond Imagined Borders, 55 FLA. L. REV. 583, 600 (2003) (emphasis added).
138. Malavet, supra note 114, at 335 (emphasis added).
139. Id. at 331 (emphasis added).
140. See supra text accompanying notes 73-74.
141. Malavet, supra note 114, at 336.
142. See supra text accompanying notes 16-22.
143. See supra text accompanying note 125.
144. See supra text accompanying note 23.
145. See LatCrit II Symposium, supra note 76.
146. Montoya, supra note 108, at 1124.
147. See Johnson & Martínez, supra note 108.
148. See supra text accompanying notes 129-40.
149. See Symposium Coordination Guidelines: LatCrit XII (unpublished document on file with author).
150. See CLAVE: Counterdisciplinary Notes on Race, Power & the State, http://www.clave.org/mission.html.
151. See E-mail from Margaret E. Montoya, Professor of Law, Univ. of N.M. Sch. of Law, to Kevin R. Johnson, Assoc. Dean for Academic Affairs & Mabie-Apallas Professor of Pub. Interest Law and Chicana/o Studies, Sch. of Law of the Univ. of Cal., Davis (Nov. 20,2007) (on file with the authors).
152. See id.
153. See Malavet, supra note 114, at 336-37.
154. Id. at 337.
155. Cf. Posner, supra note 18, at 1136 (stating that student law reviews should leave don-doctrinal scholarship to faculty-edited journals because they are more competent to review such scholarship).
156. See supra text accompanying notes 20-26.
157. See Hernández-Truyol et al., supra note 13.
158. Id. at 240 ("[W]e have sought... to create a 'safe space' for critical outsider jurisprudence....").
159. See id. at 270-71 ("The first... major developmental step[] [for LatCrit] was the decision to incorporate ourselves formally as a non-profit entity. The move to incorporate was designed to facilitate two key needs: the need for formal, institutionalized continuity to help ensure programmatic progression, and the need for fiscal independence to ensure our collective freedom to act in a manner we deemed principled, rather than in a manner designed to appease the political considerations that oftentimes attach to our dependence on our 'home' institutions.").
160. See supra text accompanying note 40. Senior scholars might rationalize this behavior as making room for junior scholars. Junior scholars might rationalize this behavior as a function of the hierarchical valuation of placements by the legal academy in general.
161. LatCrit "praxis" has been described as "conceiv[ing] and promot[ing] approaches to formal legal education that might help reform the structure of the status quo." Hernández-Truyol et al., supra note 13, at 240. Note that the concept of "praxis" is traceable to early twentieth century Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci. See SELECTIONS FROM THE PRISON NOTEBOOKS OF ANTONIO GRAMSCI (Quintin Hoare & Geoffrey Nowell Smith eds. & trans., 1971).
162. Duncan Kennedy, Radical Intellectuals in American Culture and Politics, or My Talk at the Gramsci Institute, in SEXY DRESSING ETC. 1, 6 (1993).
163. See Richard Delgado, The Imperial Scholar: Reflections on a Review of Civil Rights Literature, 132 U. PA. L. REV. 561 (1984).
164. See Duncan Kennedy, Legal Education as Training for Hierarchy, in THE POLITICS OF LAW: A PROGRESSIVE CRITIQUE 38, 50-58 (David Kairys ed., 1990).
165. See, e.g., Linda S. Greene, From Tokenism to Emancipatory Politics: The Conferences and Meetings of Law Professors of Color, 5 MICH. J. RACE & L. 161, 162-64, 169, 184 (1999).
166. Established science fiction genre posits either parallel universes with different crucial key historical events, or the existence of multiple "alternate" universes co-existing alongside, but not in communication with one another.
167. See Duncan Kennedy, The Effect of the Warranty of Habitability on Low Income Housing: "Milking" and Class Violence, 15 FLA. ST. U. L. REV. 485, 512-13 (1987) (analyzing neighborhood effects, unstable equilibria, and circular causation in the context of rental housing deterioration).
168. See Richard Briffault, The Local Government Boundary Problem in Metropolitan Areas, 48 STAN. L. REV. 1115, 1133-34 (1996) (discussing some of the externalities associated with artificially imposed metropolitan boundaries); J. Peter Byrne, Are Suburbs Unconstitutional?, 85 GEO. L.J. 2265, 2286 (1997) (book review) ("Fragmentation of suburban jurisdictions, local control of land use regulation, and weak national provisions for social welfare have created powerful incentives to escape and exclude."); Sheryll D. Cashin, Building Community in the Twenty-First Century: A Post-Integrationist Vision for the American Metropolis, 98 MICH. L. REV. 1704, 1704 (2000) (book review) ("[T]he problem of the color line continues in the form of local political borders."). But cf. S. Burlington County NAACP. v. Township of Mount Laurel, 336 A.2d 713,724 (N.J. 1975) (holding that a municipality may not use zoning regulations to render it physically and economically impossible for low- and moderate-income residents to settle there).
169. See Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 239-40 (1976) (holding that a state actor must act with "discriminatory intent" for action to violate Equal Protection Clause).
170. As Critical Race Theory has demonstrated, problematic notions of race distort both real estate and law faculty "markets."
171. See Hemández-Truyol et al., supra note 13, at 278 ("[D]espite our proactive inclusivity, we have not been as successful as we had hoped.").
172. See Kennedy, supra note 166.
173. See id.
174. Id. at 513.
175. See infra note 221 (citing LatCrit scholarship that addresses immigration).
176. The heading of this Part is an allusion to TÓMAS ALMAGUER, RACIAL FAULT LINES: THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF WHITE SUPREMACY IN CALIFORNIA (1994).
177. See CRITICAL RACE THEORY: THE CUTTING EDGE, supra note 66; CRITICAL RACE THEORY: THE KEY WRITINGS THAT FORMED THE MOVEMENT, supra note 57; CROSSROADS, supra note 37.
178. See MARK KELMAN, A GUIDE TO CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES (1987); Peter Gabel & Duncan Kennedy, Roll Over Beethoven, 36 STAN. L. REV. 1 (1984); Duncan Kennedy, Form and Substance in Private Law Adjudication, 89 HARV. L. REV. 1685 (1976); Duncan Kennedy & Karl E. Klare, A Bibliography of Critical Legal Studies, 94 YALE L.J. 461 (1984).
179. See, e.g., LAURA KALMAN, THE STRANGE CAREER OF LEGAL LIBERALISM 13-22 (1996) (outlining the historical underpinnings of legal realism); EDWARD A. PURCELL, JR., THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC THEORY: SCIENTIFIC NATURALISM AND THE PROBLEM OF VALUE 74-94 (1973) (tracing the development of legal realism); Note, 'Round and 'Round the Bramble Bush: From Legal Realism to Critical Legal Scholarship, 95 HARV. L. REV. 1669, 1670-76 (1982) (outlining legal realism methodologies and the movement's relationship to Critical Legal Studies). For examples of works written from the Legal Realist perspective, see Felix S. Cohen, Transcendental Nonsense and the Functional Approach, 35 COLUM. L. REV. 809 (1935); Robert L. Hale, Bargaining, Duress, and Economic Liberty, 43 COLUM. L. REV. 603 (1943).
180. See Cho & Westley, supra note 20. But see Kimberle Williams Crenshaw, The First Decade: Critical Reflections, or "A Foot in the Closing Door", 49 UCLA L. REV. 1343 (2002).
181. See Hernández-Truyol et al., supra note 13, at 251-52 ("[T]he race-crits argued about whether to conceptualize themselves as an inclusive community that would welcome anyone interested in racial justice, or whether CRT should view itself as a vanguard of sophisticated thinkers committed to a set of basic principles who would work closely together as a cadre over time."); Stephanie L. Phillips, The Convergence of the Critical Race Theory Workshop with LatCrit Theory: A History, 53 U. MIAMI L. REV. 1247 (1999) (discussing debates on this topic in Critical Race Theory).
182. See THE POLITICS OF LAW, supra note 163.
183. See Symposium, Minority Critiques, supra note 101.
184. See PIERRE SCHLAG, THE ENCHANTMENT OF REASON (1998); Pierre Schlag, Normative and Nowhere to Go, 43 STAN. L. REV. 167 (1990); Pierre Schlag, The Problem of the Subject, 69 TEX. L. REV. 1627 (1991); Pierre Schlag, U.S. CLS, 10 LAW & CRITIQUE 199 (1999).
185. See supra notes 92-101.
186. See Hernández-Truyol et al., supra note 13, at 249, 252 ("In 1989, the first annual summer workshop on Critical Race Theory was held at a retreat center outside Madison, Wisconsin. The participants were a multiracial group, including [Man] Matsuda, [Richard] Delgado, Kendall Thomas, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Harlan Dalton, Neil Gotanda, Phil Nash, Angela Harris, and Ginger Patterson.... The workshops were initially designed to implement the vanguard theory: the same small group of people would meet regularly to push each other's thinking forward, so participation would be limited to twenty or so people by invitation only."); see also Phillips, supra note 180 (discussing early CRT workshops).
187. See Hernández-Truyol et al., supra note 13, at 250 ("CRT also added a new method of analysis to the CLS playbook: storytelling.... [centering on] the claim that there is an epistemological gap between white people and people of color such that in many ways whites and nonwhites do not live in the same social and political world."). For an example of the storytelling technique, see Jerome McCristal Gulp, Jr., Autobiography and Legal Scholarship and Teaching: Finding the Me in the Legal Academy, 77 VA. L. REV. 539 (1991).
188. See supra note 56.
189. See Mari J. Matsuda, Looking to the Bottom: Critical Legal Studies and Reparations, 22 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 323 (1987); Mari J. Matsuda, When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method, 11 WOMEN'S RTS. L. REP. 7 (1989).
190. See Angela P. Harris, Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory, 42 STAN. L. REV. 581 (1990).
191. See Crenshaw, supra note 97; Kimberlé Crenshaw, Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, 43 STAN. L. REV. 1241 (1991).
192. See DERRICK A. BELL JR., RACE, RACISM, AND AMERICAN LAW (1st ed. 1973).
193. See Richard Delgado & Jean Stefancic, Images of the Outsider in American Law and Culture: Can Free Expression Remedy Systemic Social Ills?, 77 CORNELL L. REV. 1258 (1992).
194. See BELL, supra note 191.
195. See Delgado, supra note 23 (critiquing the dominance of the Black/White paradigm in U.S. civil rights law); Moran, supra note 23 (same); Mutua, supra note 23 (same); Perea, supra note 23 (same); see also Darren Lenard Hutchinson, Critical Race Histories: In and Out, 53 AM. U. L. REV. 1187, 1200-03 (2004) (discussing Black/White paradigm0; Frank H. Wu, Neither Black Nor White: Asian Americans and Affirmative Action, 15 B.C. THIRD WORLD L.J. 225 (1995) (same). But see Espinoza & Harris, supra note 23, at 1596, 1603 (outlining the "black exceptionalist" claim:'" African Americans play a unique and central role in American social, political, cultural, and economic life, and have done so since the nation's founding. From this perspective, the 'black-white paradigm'... is no accident or mistake; rather it reflects an important truth.... In its strongest form, black exceptionalism argues that what 'white' people have done to 'black' people is at the heart of the story of America; indeed, the story of 'race' itself is the story of the construction of blackness and whiteness. In this story, Indians, Asian Americans, and Latino/as do exist. But their roles are subsidiary to, rather than undermining, the fundamental binary national drama. As a political claim, black exceptionalism exposes the deep mistrust and tension among American ethnic groups racialized as 'nonwhite.'").
196. See supra text accompanying notes 109-11.
197. See Phillips, supra note 180.
198. See Hernández-Truyol et al., supra note 13, at 252 ("Although the presence of many strong feminists made a commitment to thinking through race and gender together central to CRT, there was tension over whether sexual orientation issues ought to be central or peripheral to the project. This tension led to personal tensions among the participants.").
199. See Ninth Annual Critical Race Theory Workshop, Tulane University Law School, June 1997 (materials on file with authors).
200. Cf. Hernández-Truyol et al., supra note 13, at 252 ("[T]he CRT project attracted a great deal of interest and excitement... and slots in the workshop were eagerly sought after. This led to a series of semi-public arguments and controversies over the criteria for inclusion, what the substantive 'tenets' of CRT should be, and the processes for decision making.").
201. See id. at 269 ("[S]ome early adherents of the movement now known as LatCrit theory concluded from their prior involvement with critical race theory and critical race feminism that inclusivity and continuity had become necessary to the enduring sustenance of critical outsider jurisprudence within the United States.").
202. See, e.g., Elizabeth M. Iglesias, Human Rights in International Economic Law: Locating Latinas/os in the Linkage Debates, 28 U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. 361 (1996-97);
203. Elizabeth M. Iglesias, LatCrit Theory: Some Preliminary Notes Towards a Transatlantic Dialogue, 9 U. MIAMI INT'L & COMP. L. REV. 1 (2000-01);
204. Elizabeth M. Iglesias, The Inter-Subjectivity of Objective Justice: A Theory and Praxis for Constructing LatCrit Coalitions, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 467 (1997).
205. See Espinoza & Harris, supra note 23.
206. See id.
207. See, e.g., Berta Esperanza Hernández-Truyol, Borders (Engendered: Normativities, Latinos, and LatCrit Paradigm, 72 N.Y.U. L. REV. 882 (1997); Berta Esperanza Hernández-Truyol, Latino Multidimensionality and LatCrit Possibilities: Culture, Gender, and Sex, 53 U. MIAMI L. REV. 811 (1999).
208. See, e.g., Sylvia R. Lazos Vargas, Globalization or Global Subordination?: How LatCrit Links the Local to Global and the Global to the Local, 33 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 1429 (2000); Lazos, supra note 9.
209. See, e.g., Guadalupe T. Luna, Gold, Souls, and Wandering Clerics: California Missions, Native Californians, and LatCrit Theory, 33 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 921 (2000); Guadalupe T. Luna, On the Complexities of Race: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Dred Scott v. Sandford, 53 U. MIAMI L. REV. 691 (1999).
210. See, e.g., Montoya, supra note 4; Montoya, supra note 38.
211. See, e.g., Padilla, supra note 24; Laura M. Padilla, Intersectionality and Positionality: Situating Women of Color in the Affirmative Action Dialogue, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 843 (1997); Laura M. Padilla, Latinos and Religion: Subordination or State of Grace?, 33 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 973 (2000).
212. See Juan Perea, Five Axioms in Search of Equality, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 231 (1997); Perea, supra note 23.
213. See Culp, supra note 186.
214. See Francisco Valdes, Theorizing "OutCrit" Theories: Coalitional Method and Comparative Jurisprudential Experience - RaceCrits, QueerCrits, and LatCrits,53 U. MIAMI L. REV. 1265 (1999); Valdes, supra note 15.
215. See, e.g., Crenshaw, supra note 186 (analyzing intersectionality); Berta Esperanza Hernández-Truyol, Building Bridges-Latinos and Latinos at the Crossroads: Realities, Rhetoric and Replacement, 25 COLUM. HUMAN RTS. L. REV. 369, 429-31 (1994) (presenting a theory of multidimensionality); Darren L. Hutchinson, Out Yet Unseen: A Racial Critique of Gay and Lesbian Legal Theory and Political Discourse, 29 CONN. L. REV. 561, 636-44 (1997) (same); Peter Kwan, Jeffrey Dahmer and the Cosynthesis of Categories, 48 HASTINGS L.J. 1257, 1280-90 (1997) (presenting a theory of cosynthetic identity); Francisco Valdes, Sex and Race in Queer Legal Culture: Ruminations on Identities and Inter-Connectivities, 5 S. CAL. REV. L. & WOMEN'S STUD. 25, 46-71 (1995) (analyzing inter-connectivity of identities).
216. KENJI YOSHINO, COVERING: THE HIDDEN ASSAULT ON OUR CIVIL RIGHTS (2006). Fora sophisticated analysis and critique of the book, see Russell K. Robinson, Uncovering Covering, 101 NW. U. L. REV. 1809 (2007).
217. YOSHINO, supra note 213.
218. RICHARD THOMPSON FORD, RACIAL CULTURE: A CRITIQUE (2005).
219. See id.
220. Crenshaw, supra note 97.
221. For example, Yoshino argues that the traditional civil rights/equal protection paradigm may be exhausted. He first notes that the U.S. Supreme Court has not recognized a new "suspect" class since 1971. See YOSHINO, supra note 213. Yoshino further argues that "substantive due process" may allow the articulation of legal claims against "coercive" demands aimed at interests that fall within the protection of substantive due process, such as Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923), or, more recently, Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003). See YOSHINO, supra note 213.
222. Some examples of the attacks leveled at CLS include Paul D. Carrington, Of Law and the River, 34 J. LEGAL EDUC. 222, 227 (1984) (accusing CLS of embracing "nihilism" and arguing that CLS had no place in the legal academy); Phillip E. Johnson, Do You Sincerely Want to Be Radical?, 36 STAN. L. REV. 247 (1984) (accusing CLS of lacking a positive/constructive agenda); Louis B. Schwartz, With Gun and Camera Through Darkest CIS-Land, 36 STAN. L. REV. 413, 448 (1984) (calling CLS proposals "irresponsible). For attacks on CRT, see supra note 56.
223. See supra text accompanying notes 162-65.
224. Notable exceptions include BILL ONG HING, MAKING AND REMAKING ASIAN AMERICA THROUGH IMMIGRATION POLICY 1850-1990 (1993); KEVIN R. JOHNSON, THE "HUDDLED MASSES" MYTH: IMMIGRATION AND CIVIL RIGHTS (2004); VICTOR C. ROMERO, ALIENATED: IMMIGRANT RIGHTS, THE CONSTITUTION, AND EQUALITY IN AMERICA (2005); Aldana & Lazos Vargas, supra note 6; Chacón, supra note 6; Gabriel J. Chin, Segregation's Last Stronghold: Race Discrimination and the Constitutional Law of Immigration, 46 UCLA L. REV. 1 (1998); Gordon & Lenhardt, supra note 88; Martinez, supra note 6; Olivas, supra note 6; Romero & Serag, supra note 25. After a draft of this Article was written, LatCrit critically engaged immigration law in a section of a symposium released after we completed a draft of this article. See Symposium, LatCrit XI - Working and Living in the Global Playground: Frontstage and Backstage, 7 NEV. L. J. 685, 685-882 (2007). Much more, however, remains to be done.
225. See, e.g., Johnson, supra note 88.
226. See Hernández-Truyol et al., supra note 13, at 275 n.124 ("As expressed in the form and structure of the Annual LatCrit Conferences,.. [the] emphasis on community-building is manifest in the 'twin pillars' of our approach to personal collective praxis. The commitment to continuity reflects this emphasis in the practice of rotating centers.... The commitment to inclusivity equally reflects this emphasis....").
227. See id. at 271-74 (describing LatCrit's "Portfolio of Projects").
228. See supra text accompanying notes 176-78.
229. See supra text accompanying notes 176-78.
230. See, e.g., Thomas Skouteris, Fin de NAIL: New Approaches to International Law and its Impact on Contemporary International Legal Scholarship, 10 LEIDEN J. INT'L L. 415 (1997).
231. See, e.g., BALAKRISHNAN RAJAGOPAL, INTERNATIONAL LAW FROM BELOW: DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND THIRD WORLD RESISTANCE (2003); Antony Anghie & B.S. Chimni, Third World Approaches to International Law and Individual Responsibility, 2 CHINESE J. INT'L L. 77 (2003).
232. See generally CRITICAL RACE FEMINISM: A READER (Adrien Katherine Wing ed., 2003).
233. See Michael A. Stein, Disability Human Rights, 95 CAL. L. REV. 75, 86-87, 86 n.56 (2007).
234. See generally CRITICAL WHITE STUDIES, supra note 66.
235. See generally The Law and Society Association, Law and Society Association Home Page, http://www.lawandsociety.org ("The Law and Society Association, founded in 1964, is a group of scholars from many fields and countries, interested in the place of law in social, political, economic and cultural life. Members bring training in law, sociology, political science, psychology, anthropology, economics, and history as well as in other related areas to the study of sociolegal phenomena.").
236. See Hernández-Truyol et al., supra note 13, at 271 n. 116 ("The [LatCrit, Inc.] Steering Committee and Board include members from various countries, regions and disciplines, who bring varied identity perspectives to common questions.").
237. See id. at 276 n.128 ("The [LatCrit] Symposium Submission Guidelines request that authors keep their texts brief, and lightly footnoted, akin to an Oral essay' that reflects the basic substance of the conference proceedings.").
238. See supra text accompanying notes 213-22.
239. See supra text accompanying notes 221-22.