The revolution of 1989: Postcommunism and the social sciences

Slavic Review

Volumn 58, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 744-753

  Roeder, Philip G ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 55949134467     PISSN: 00376779     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2697197     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. See, for example, the brief essays by Robert H. Bates, Chalmers Johnson, and Ian Lustick in "Controversy in the Discipline: Area Studies and Comparative Politics," PS: Political Science and Politics 30, no. 3 (June 1997): 166-79;
2. Christopher Shea, "Political Scientists Clash over the Value of Area Studies," Chronicle of Higher Education 58 (10 January 1997): A13-A14.
3. Hugh Seton-Watson, Nations and States: An Enquiry into the Origins of Nations and the Politics of Nationalism (London, 1977), 1.
4. The data are from the annual editions of The Europa World Yearbook (London, 1991-99);
5. Tim Heleniak, "The Changing Nationality Composition of the Central Asian and Transcaucasian States," Post-Soviet Geography and Economics 38, no. 6 (June 1997): 357-78;
6. and Iu. V. Bromlei, ed., Narody mira: Istoriko-etnograficheskii spravochnik (Moscow, 1988). Throughout this introduction, all comparisons with countries in other parts of the world include all independent states with a population greater than one million in 1990.
7. The data are from the annual editions of Freedom House, Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties (New York, 1989-1999).
8. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, 1968), 55.
9. The data are from Peter Wallensteen and Margareta Sollenberg, "Armed Conflict and Regional Conflict Complexes, 1989-97," Journal of Peace Research 35, no. 5 (September 1998): 621-34.
10. The data are from Charles Lewis Taylor and David A. Jodice, World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators, III: 1948-1982 [computer file], 2d ICPSR ed. (Ann Arbor, 1986).
11. The data are from Bryan T. Johnson, Kim R. Holmes, and Melanie Kirkpatrick, The 1999 Index of Economic Freedom (Washington, D.C., 1999).
12. Estimates of the ethnic composition are taken from Europa World Yearbook; Heleniak, "The Changing Nationality Composition";
13. and Bromlei, ed., Narody mira. Significant ethnic conflicts are public ethnoconstitutional crises in which either central governmental leaders or ethnopoliticians challenged the current constitutional status of the ethnic group within the state; these data arc from my article in this issue. Successor states that emerged from an ethnoconstitutional crisis of a multiethnic federation are assigned pluses if the successor state has not itself suffered an internal ethnoconstitutional crisis. This first distinction, like the others in this chart, is a blunt test that overlooks nuances, such as whether an ethnic group like the Albanians constitute a cohesive nation; nonetheless, this distinction provides a reasonable basis for comparison.
14. Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, 1971), 1-9.
15. The data are from Freedom House, Freedom in the World,
16. and International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Voter Turnout from 1945 to 1997: A Global Report on Political Participation (Stockholm, 1998).
17. I elaborate on this distinction in my own essay.
18. Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew K. Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, Mass., 1956);
19. H. Gordon Skilling and Franklyn Griffiths, eds., Interest Groups in Soviet Politics (Princeton, 1971).
20. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2d ed. (Chicago, 1970);
21. Imre Lakatos, "Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes," in Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave, eds., Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge, Eng., 1970), 91-195.
22. Arend Lijphart and Carlos H. Waisman, eds., Institutional Design in New Democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America (Boulder, Colo., 1996).
23. Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston, 1966), 418.
24. Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, 1993).