Geologic, structural, and thermochronologic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Sierra Mazatán core complex, Sonora, Mexico: New insights into metamorphic core complex formation

Tectonics

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2008, Pages

  Wong, Martin S ^a   Gans, Phillip B ^b  

^a Center for Language and Brain   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; FAULT GEOMETRY; FAULT SLIP; METAMORPHISM; NORMAL FAULT; PLATE BOUNDARY; SLIP RATE; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; TECTONIC ROTATION; THERMOCHRONOLOGY;

MEXICO [NORTH AMERICA]; NORTH AMERICA; NORTH AMERICAN CORDILLERA; SIERRA MAZATAN; SONORA;

EID: 55949134393     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2007TC002173     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Abers, G. A. (1991), Possible seismogenic shallow-dipping normal faults in the Woodlark-D'Entrecasteaux extensional province, Papua New Guinea, Geology, 19, 1205-1208, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1991)019<1205:PSSDNF>2.3.CO;2.
2. Abets, G. A., C. Z. Mutter, and J. Fang (1997), Shallow dips of normal faults during rapid extension: Earthquakes in the Woodlack-D'Entrecasteaux rift system, Papua New Guinea, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15,301-15,317, doi:10.1029/97JB00787.
3. Anderson, E. M. (1951), The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formation, With Applications to Britain, 2nd ed., 183 pp., Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, U. K.
4. Anderson, T. H., L. T. Silver, and G. A. Salas (1980), Distribution and U-Pb isotope ages of some lineated plutons, northwestern Mexico, in Cordilleran Metamorphic Core Complexes, edited by M. D. Crittenden et al., Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 153, 269-283.
5. Armstrong, R. L., and P. L. Ward (1991), Evolving geographic patterns of Cenozoic magmatism in the North American Cordillera: The temporal and spatial association of magmatism and metamorphic core complexes, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13,201-13,224, doi:10.1029/91JB00412.
6. Atwater, T. A. (1970), Implications of plate tectonic history of the northeast Pacific and western North America, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81, 3513-3536, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3513:IOPTFT]2.0.CO;2.
7. Atwater, T. A. (1989), Plate tectonic history of the northeast Pacific and western North America, in The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii, vol. N, The Geology of North America, edited by D. M. Hussong, E. L. Winterer, and R. W. Decker, pp. 21-71, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo.
8. Atwater, T. A., and J. M. Stock (1998), Pacific-North American plate tectonics of the Neogene southwestern United States: An update, Int. Geol. Rev., 40, 375-402.
9. Axen, G. J. (2007), Research focus: Significance of large-displacernent, low-angle normal faults, Geology, 35, 287-288, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(2007) 35[287:RFSOLL]2.0.CO;2.
10. Axen, G. J., and J. M. Bartley (1997), Field tests of rolling hinges: Existence, mechanical types, and implications for extensional tectonics, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 20,515-20,537.
11. Axen, G. J., B. P. Wernicke, M. F. Skelly, and W. J. Taylor (1990), Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the Sevier thrust belt in the Virgin River valley area, southern Nevada, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 176, 123-153.
12. Axen, G. J., J. M. Fletcher, E. Cowgill, M. Murphy, P. Kapp, I. MacMillan, E. Ramos-Velazquez, and J. Aranda-Gomez (1999), Range-front fault scarps of the Sierra El Mayor, Baja Califonia: Formed above an active low-angle normal fault?, Geology, 27(3),247-250, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999) 027<0247:RFFSOT>2.3.CO;2.
13. Bartley, J. M., and B. P. Wernicke (1984), The Snake Range decollement interpreted as a major extensional shear zone, Tectonics, 3, 647-657, doi:10.1029/TC003i006p00647.
14. Best, M. G., and E. H. Christiansen (1991), Limited extension during peak tertiary volcanism, Great Basin of Nevada and Utah, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13,509-13,528, doi:10.1029/91JB00244.
15. Brady, R. J. (2002), Very high slip rates on continental extensional faults: New evidence from (U-Th)He thermochronometry of the Buckskin Mountains, Arizona, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 197, 95-104, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00460-0.
16. Bruhn, R. L., P. R. Gibler, and W. T. Parry (1987), Rupture characteristics of normal faults; an example from the Wasatch fault zone, Utah, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 28, 337-353, doi:10.1144/ GSL.SP.1987.028.01.21.
17. Buck, W. R. (1988), Flexural rotation of normal faults, Tectonics, 7, 959-973, doi:10.1029/TC007i005p00959.
18. Burchfiel, B. C., D. S. Cowan, and G. A. Davis (1992), Tectonic overview of the Cordilleran orogen in the western United States, in The Cordilleran Orogen, Conterminous US, edited by B. C. Burchfield, P. W. Lipman, and M. C. Zoback, pp. 407-480, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo.
19. Byerlee, J. D. (1978), Friction of rocks, Pure Appl. Geophys., 116, 615-626, doi:10.1007/BF00876528.
20. Calles-Montijo, R. (1999), Evolucion tectonosedimentaria de las cuencas terciarias: Porcion sur cuenca de Ures y Punta de Agua, Sonora Central, Mexico, Masters thesis, 67 pp., Univ. de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico.
21. Carter, T. J., B. P. Kohn, D. A. Foster, and A. J. W. Gleadow (2004), How the Harcuvar Mountains metamorphic core complex became cool: Evidence from apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry, Geology, 32, 985-988, doi:10.1130/G20936.1.
22. Cochemé, J.-J., and A. Demant (1991), Geology of the Yecora area, northern Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 254, 81-94.
23. Collettini, C., and R. H. Sibson (2001), Normal faults, normal friction?, Geology, 29, 927-930.
24. Collier, R. E. L., D. Pantosti, G, D'Addezio, P. M. De Martini, E. Masana, and D. Sakellariou (1998), Paleoseismicity of the 1981 Corinth earthquake fault: Seismic contribution to extensional strain in central Greece and implications for seismic hazard, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 30,001-30,019, doi:10.1029/98JB02643.
25. Coney, P. J. (1980), Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: An overview, in Tectonic Significance of Metamorphic Core Complexes of the North American Cordillera, edited by M. D. Crittenden, P. J. Coney, and G. H. Davis, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 153, 7-31.
26. Coney, P. J., and T. A. Harms (1984), Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: Cenozoic extensional relics of Mesozoic compression, Geology, 12, 550-554, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1984)12<550:CMCCCE>2.0.CO;2.
27. Davis, G. A., G. S. Lister, and S. J. Reynolds (1986), Structural evolution of the Whipple and South Mountains shear zones, southwestern United States, Geology, 14, 7-10, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1986)14<7:SEOTWA>2.0.CO;2.
28. DeMets, C. (1995), A reappraisal of seafloor spreading lineations in the Gulf of California: Implications for the transfer of Baja California to the Pacific plate and estimates of Pacific-North American motion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3545-3548, doi:10.1029/95GL03323.
29. Dumble, E. T. (1900), Notes on the geology of Sonora, Mexico, Trans. Soc. Min. Eng., AIME, 29, 122-152.
30. Ehlers, T. A., P. A. Armstrong, and D. S. Chapman (2001), Normal fault thermal regimes and the interpretation of low-temperature thermochronometers, Phys Earth Planet. Inter., 126, 179-194, doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(01)00254-0.
31. Fletcher, J. M., J. M. Bartley, M. W. Martin, A. F. Glazner, and J. D. Walker (1995), Large-magnitude continental extension; an example from the central Mojave metamorphic core complex, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 107, 1468-1483, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(1995)107<1468:LMCEAE>2.3.CO;2.
32. Fletcher, J. M., M. Grove, D. Kimbrough, O. Lovera, and G. E. Gehrels (2007), Ridge-trench interactions and the Neogene tectonic evolution of the Magdalena shelf and southern Gulf of California: Insights from detrital zircon U-Pb ages from the Magdalena fan and adjacent areas, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 119, 1313-1336, doi:10.1130/B26067.1.
33. Foster, D. A., and B. E. John (1999), Quantifying tectonic exhumation in an extensional orogen with thermochronology; examples from the southern Basin and Range Province, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 154, 343-364, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.154.01.16.
34. Foster, D. A., K. A. Howard, and B. E. John (1994), Thermochronologic constraints on the development of metamorphic core complexes in the lower Colorado River area, U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ., 1107, 103 pp.
35. Friedrich, A. M., B. P. Wernicke, N. A. Niemi, R. A. Bennett, and J. L. Davis (2003), Comparison of geodetic and geologic data from the Wasatch region, Utah, and implications for the spectral character of Earth deformation at periods of 10 to 10 million years, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B4), 2199, doi:10.1029/2001JB000682.
36. Gans, P. B. (1997), Large-magnitude Oligo-Miocene extension in southern Sonora: Implications for the tectonic evolution of northwest Mexico, Tectonics, 16, 388-408, doi:10.1029/97TC00496.
37. Gans, P. B., and W. A. Bohrson (1998), Suppression of volcanism during rapid extension in the Basin and Range Province, United States, Science, 279, 66-68, doi:10.1126/science.279.5347,66.
38. Gans, P. B., E. L. Miller, J. McCarthy, and M. L. Ouldcott (1985), Tertiary extensional faulting and evolving ductile-brittle transition zones in the northern Snake Range and vicinity: New insights from seismic data, Geology, 13, 189-193, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1985)13<189:TEFAED>2.0.CO;2.
39. Gans, P. B., G. A. Mahood, and E. R. Schermer (1989), Synextensional magmatism in the Basin and Range province: A case study from the eastern Great Basin, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 233, 53 pp.
40. Gans, P. B., E. L. Miller, R. Brown, G. Houseman, and 28. Lister (1991), Assessing the amount, rate, and timing of tilting in normal fault blocks: A case study of tilted granites in the Kern-Deep Creek Mountains, Utah, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 23, 28.
41. Gans, P. B., P. Darvall, and J. E. Faulds (1992), Miocene extension in the Colorado River Extensional Corridor: A comparison with slow-spreading ridges, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 25, 108.
42. Gans, P. B., K. D. Blair, I. MacMillan, M. S. Wong, and J. Roldan (2003), Structural and magmatic evolution of the Sonoran rifted margin: A preliminary report, Geol. Soc, Am. Abstr Programs, 35, 21.
43. Gastil, G., D. Krummenacher, and J. Minch (1979), The record of Cenozoic volcanism around the Gulf of California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 90, 839-857, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1979)90<839:TROCVA>2.0.CO;2.
44. Glazner, A. F., J. M. Bartley, and J. D. Walker (1989), Magnitude and significance of Miocene crustal extension in the central Mojave Desert, California, Geology, 17, 50-53, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1989)017<0050:MASOMC>2.3.CO;2.
45. Gonzalez-Leon, C. M., J. Roldan-Quintana, and E. P. Rodriguez (1992), Deformaciones Sevier y Laramide; su presencia en sonora/Sevier and Laramide deformations in Sonora, Bol. Dep. Geol. Uni Son, 9, 1-18.
46. Hayman, N. W., J. R. Knott, D. S. Cowan, E. Nemser, and A. M. Sarna-Wojcicki (2003), Quaternary low-angle slip on detachment faults in Death Valley, California, Geology, 31, 343-346, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(2003)031<0343:QLASOD>2.0.CO;2.
47. Henry, C. D., and J. J. Aranda-Gomez (1992), The real southern Basin and Range: Mid- to late Cenozoic extension in Mexico, Geology, 20, 701-704.
48. Henry, C. D., and J. J. Aranda-Gomez (2000), Plate interactions control middle-late Miocene, proto-Gulf and Basin and Range extension in the southern Basin and Range, Tectonophysics, 318, 1-26, doi:10.1016/ S0040-1951(99)00304-2.
49. Holm, D. K., R. J. Fleck, and D. R. Lux (1994), The Death Valley turtlebacks reinterpreted as Miocene-Pliocene folds of a major detachment surface, J. Geol., 102, 718-727.
50. Howard, K. A., and D. A. Foster (1996), Thermal and unroofing history of a thick, tilted Basin-and-Range crustal section in the Tortilla Mountains, Arizona, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 511-522, doi:10.1029/ 95JB02909.
51. Humphreys, E. D. (1995), Post-Laramide removal of the Farallon Slab, Western United States, Geology, 23, 987-990, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1995)023<0987:PLROTF>2.3.CO;2.
52. Jackson, J. A. (1987), Active normal faulting and crustal extension, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 28, 3-17, doi:10.1144 /GSL.SP.1987.028.01.02.
53. Jackson, J. A., and N. J. White (1989), Normal faulting in the upper continental crust: Observations from regions of active extension, J. Struct. Geol., 11, 15-36, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(89)90033-3.
54. John, B. E. (1987), Geometry and evolution of a mid-crustal extensional fault system: Chemehuevi Mountains, southeastern California, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 28, 313-335, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.20.
55. John, B. E., and D. A. Foster (1993), Structural and thermal constraints on the initiation angle of detachment faulting in the southern Basin and Range: The Chemehuevi Mountains case study, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 105, 1091-1108, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(1993)105<1091:SATCOT'>2.3.CO;2.
56. Johnson, R. A., and K. L. Loy (1992), Seismic reflection evidence for seismogenic low-angle faulting in southeastern Arizona, Geology, 20, 597-600, doi:10.1130 /0091-7613(1992)020<0597:SREFSL>2.3.CO;2.
57. Johnson, S. E., M. C. Tate, and C. M. Fanning (1999), New geologic mapping and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon data in the Peninsular Ranges Batholith, Baja California, Mexico: Evidence for a suture?, Geology 27, 743-746, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1999)027<0743.NGMASU>2.3.CO;2.
58. Ketcham, R. A. (1996), Thermal models of core-complex evolution in Arizona and New Guinea: Implications for ancient cooling paths and present-day heat flow, Tectonics, 15, 933-951.
59. Ketner, K. B., and J. H. Noll Jr. (1987), Preliminary geologic map of the Cerro Cobachi area, Sonora, Mexico, scale 1:20,000, U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Field Stud. Map, MF-1980, 1 p.
60. King, R. E. (1939), Geologic reconnaissance in the northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 50, 1625-1722.
61. 39Ar thermochronology, northern Snake Range, Nevada, Tectonics, 14, 54-77, doi:10.1029/94TC01508.
62. Lister, G. S., and G. A. Davis (1989), The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Colorado River region, U.S.A., J. Struct. Geol., 11, 65-94, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(89)90036-9.
63. Lizarralde, D., et al. (2007), Variations in styles of rifting in the Gulf of California, Nature, 448, 466-469, doi:10.1039/nature06035.
64. Lonsdale, P. (1991), Structural patterns of the Pacific floor offshore of peninsular California, in The Gulf and Peninsular Province of the Californias, edited by J. P. Dauphin and B.R.T. Simoneit, AAPG Mem., 47, 87-125.
65. 39Ar diffusion data from multidomain samples, Comput. Geosci., 18, 789-813, doi:10.1016/0098-3004(92)90025-M.
66. Mankinen, E. A., and G. B. Dalrymple (1972), Electron microprobe evaluation of terrestrial basalts for whole-rock K-Ar dating, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 17, 89-94, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(72)90262-2.
67. 39Ar Method, 2nd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
68. McDowell, F. W., and S. E. Clabaugh (1979), Ignimbrites of the Sierra Madre Occidental and their relation to the tectonic history of western Mexico, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 180, 113-124.
69. McDowell, F. W, J. Roldan-Quintana, and R. Amaya-Martinez (1997), Interrelationship of sedimentary and volcanic deposits associated with Tertiary extension in Sonora, Mexico, Geol. Sac. Am. Bull, 109, 1349-1360.
70. McDowell, F. W., J. Roldán-Quintana, and J. N. Connelly (2001), Duration of Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary magmatism in east-central Sonora, Mexico, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 113, 521-531, doi:10.1130/ 0016-760ry(2001)113<0521:DOLCET>2.0.CO;2.
71. Miller, E. L., P. B. Gans, and J. Garing (1983), The Snake Range decollement: An exhumed mid-Tertiary ductile-brittle transition, Tectonics, 2, 239-263, doi:l0.l029/TC002i003p00239.
72. 39Ar geochronology of whole rock basalts, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 27, 76.
73. Nourse, J. A., T. H. Anderson, and L. T. Silver (1994), Tertiary metarrimphic core complexes in Sonora, northwestern Mexico, Tectonics, 13, 1161-1182, doi:10.1029/93TC03324.
74. Oskin, M., and J. M. Stock (2003), Pacific-North America plate motion and opening of the Upper Delfin basin, northern Gulf of California, Mexico, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115, 1173-1190, doi:10.1130/ 1325154.1.
75. Passchier, C. W., and R. A. Trouw (1998), Microtectonics, 289 pp., Springer, New York.
76. Proffett, J. M. (1977), Cenozoic geology of the Yerington district, Nevada, and implications for the nature of Basin and Range faulting, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 88, 247-266, doi:10.1130/ 0016-7606(1977)88<247:CGOTYD>2.0.CO;2.
77. Pubellier, M., C. Rangin, B. Rascon, J. Chorowicz, and H. Bellon (1995), Cenomanian thrust tectonics in the Sahuaripa region, Sonora: Implications about northwestern Mexico megashears, in Studies on the Mesozoic of Sonora and Adjacent Areas, edited by C. Jacques-Ayala, C. M. González-León, and J. Roldán-Quiritana, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 301, 111-120.
78. Reynolds, S. J., and G. S. Lister (1990), Folding of mylonitic zones in Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: Evidence from near the mylonitic from, Geology, 18, 216-219, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1990)018<0216:FOMZIC>2.3.CO;2.
79. Reynolds, S. J., and J. E. Spencer (1985), Evidence for large-scale transport on the Bullard detachment fault, west-central Arizona, Geology, 13, 353-356, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1985)13<353:EFLTOT>2.0.CO;2.
80. 39Ar analysis of a single K-feldspar sample, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 105, 266-278, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90136-6.
81. Sawlan, M. G. (1991), Magmatic evolution of the Gulf of California rift, in The Gulf and Peninsular Province of the Californias, edited by J. P. Dauphin and R. T. Simoneit, AAPG Mem., 47, 301-369.
82. Scott, R. J., and G. S. Lister (1992), Detachment faults: Evidence for a low-angle origin, Geology, 20, 833-836, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1992)020<0833:DFE-FAL>2.3.CO;2.
83. Sengor, A. M. C., and K. Burke (1978), Relative timing of rifting and volcanism on Earth and its tectonic implications, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 419-421, doi:10.1029/GL005i006p00419.
84. Silver, L. T., and B. W. Chappell (1988), The Peninsular Ranges Batholith: An insight into the evolution of the Cordilleran batholiths of southwestern North America, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh Earth Sci., 79, 105-121.
85. Sonder, L. J., P. C. England, B. P. Wernicke, and R. L. Christiansen (1987), A physical model for Cenozoic extension of western North America, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 28, 187-201, doi:10.1144/ GSL.SP.1987.028.01.14.
86. Spencer, J. E. (1982), Origin of folding of Tertiary low-angle fault surfaces in southeastern California and western Arizona, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1375, 66.
87. Spencer, J. E. (1984), Role of tectonic denudation in warping and uplift of low-angle normal faults, Geology, 12, 95-98, doi:10.1130/0091- 7613(1984)12<95:ROTDIW>2.0.CO;2.
88. Spencer, J. E. (1985), Miocene low-angle normal faulting and dike emplacement, Homer Mountain and surrounding areas, southeastern California and southernmost Nevada, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 96, 1140-1155, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1140: MLNFAD>2.0.CO;2.
89. Spencer, J. E. (1999), Geologic continuous casting below continental and deep-sea detachment faults and at the striated extrusion of Sacsayhuman, Peru, Geology, 27, 327-330, doi:10.1130/0091- 7613(1999)027<0327:GCCBCA>2.3.CO;2.
90. Spencer, J. E., and S. J. Reynolds (1991), Tectonics of mid-Tertiary extension along a transect through west central Arizona, Tectonics, 10, 1204-1221, doi:10.1029/91TC01160.
91. Stewart, J. H., and F. G. Poole (2002), Inventory of Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic strata in Sonora, Mexico, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep., 02-0097, 50 pp.
92. Stewart, J. H., F. G. Poole, K. B. Ketner, R. J. Madrid, J. Roldan-Quintana, and R. Amaya-Martinez (1990), Tectonics and stratigraphy of the Paleozoic and Triassic southern margin of North America, Sonora, Mexico, in Geologic Excursions Through the Sonoran Desert Region, Arizona and Sonora, edited by G. E. Gehrels and J. E. Spencer Ariz. Geol. Surv. Spec. Pap., 7, 183-202.
93. Stewart J. H., F. G. Poole, A. G. Harris, J. E. Repetski, B. R. Wardlaw, B. L. Mamet, and J. M. Morales-Ramírez (1999), Neoproterozoic (?) to Pennsylvanian inner-shelf, miogeoclinal strata in Sierra Agua Verde, Sonora, Mexico, Rev. Mex. Cienc. Geol., 16, 35-62.
94. Stock, J. M., and K. V. Hodges (1989), Pre-Pliocene extension around the Gulf of California and the transfer of Baja California to the Pacific Plate, Tectonics, 8, 99-115, doi:10.1029/TC008i001p00099.
95. Stock, J. M., C. J Lewis, and E. A. Nagy (1999), The Tuff of San Filipe: An extensive middle Miocene pyroclastic flow deposit in Baja California, Mexico, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 93, 53-74.
96. 39Ar ages of volcanic rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7757-7774, doi:10.1029/JB094iB06p07757.
97. Tullis, J., and R. Yund (1992), The brittle-ductile transition in feldspar aggregates: An experimental study, in Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks, edited by B. Evans and T. Wong, pp. 89-117, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
98. Umhoefer, P. J., R. J. Dorsey, S. Willsey, L. Mayer, and P. Renne (2001), Stratigraphy and geochronology of the Comondu Group near Loreto, Baja California sur, Mexico, Sediment. Geol., 144, 125-147, doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00138-5.
99. Vega Granillo, R. (1996), La Sierra de Mazatán, Sonora, México, Geología y análisis estructural de un complejo metamórfico en la parte sur de la Provincia de Basin and Range, M. S. thesis, 128 pp., Univ. of Sonora, Sonora, Mexico.
100. Vega Granillo, R., and T. Calmus (2003), Mazatan metamorphic core complex (Sonora, Mexico): Structures along the detachment fault and its exhumation evolution, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 16, 193-204, doi:10.1016/S0895-9811(03)00066-X.
101. Wernicke, B. P. (1981), Low-angle normal faults in the Basin and Range Province: Nappe tectonics in an extending orogen, Nature, 291, 645-648, doi:10.1038/291645a0.
102. Wernicke, B. P. (1985), Uniform-sense normal simple shear of the continental lithosphere, Can. J. Earth Sci., 22, 108-125.
103. Wernicke, B. (1992), Cenozoic extensional tectonics of the Cordillera, U.S., in The Cordilleran Orogen; Conterminous U.S, edited by B. C. Burchfiel, P. W. Lipman, and M. L. Zoback, pp. 553-582, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo.
104. Wernicke, B. P. (1995), Low-angle normal faults and seismicity: A review, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20,159-20,174, doi:10.1029/ 95JB01911.
105. Wernicke, B. P., and G. J. Axen (1988), On the role of isostasy in the evolution of normal fault systems, Geology, 16, 848-851, doi:10.1130/0091- 7613(1988)016<0848:OTROII>2.3.CO;2.
106. Wernicke, B. P., and B. C. Burchfiel (1982), Modes of extensional tectonics, J. Struct. Geol., 4, 105-115, doi:10.1016/ 0191-8141(82)90021-9.
107. Wilson, I. F., and V S. Rocha (1949), Coal deposits of the Santa Clara district near Tonichi, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 962-A, 80 pp.
108. Wong, M. S., and P. B. Gans (2003), Tectonic implications of early Miocene extensional unroofing of the Sierra Mazatan metamorphic core complex, Sonora, Mexico, Geology, 31, 953-956, doi:10.1130/ G19843.1.
109. Yin, A., and J. F. Dunn (1992), Structural and stratigraphic development of the Whipple-Chemehuevi detachment fault system, southeastern California: Implications for the geometrical evolution of domal and basinal low-angle normal faults, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 104, 659-674, doi:10.1130/0016- 7606(1992)104<0659:SASDOT>2.3.CO;2.