Few Opportunities, Much Desperation: The Dichotomy of Non-Agricultural Activities and Inequality in Western Kenya

World Development

Volumn 36, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 2713-2732

  Lay, Jann ^a   Mahmoud, Toman Omar ^a   M'Mukaria, George Michuki ^b  

^a KIEL INSTITUTE FOR THE WORLD ECONOMY   (Germany)

^b GIGA GERMAN INSTITUTE OF GLOBAL AND AREA STUDIES   (Germany)

Author keywords

agricultural productivity; income diversification; inequality; Kenya; non agricultural activities; sub Saharan Africa

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; HOUSEHOLD INCOME; INCOME DISTRIBUTION; POVERTY DETERMINANT; RURAL AREA; RURAL ECONOMY;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; KENYA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 55949094869     PISSN: 0305750X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.12.003     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Abdulai A., and CroleRees A. Determinants of income diversification among rural households in Southern Mali. Food Policy 26 4 (2001) 437-452
2. Adams R.H. Non-agricultural income, inequality, and land in rural Egypt. Economic Development and Cultural Change 50 2 (2002) 339-363
3. Bardhan P.K. Size, productivity, and returns to scale: An analysis of farm-level data in Indian agriculture. Journal of Political Economy 81 6 (1973) 1370-1386
4. Barrett, C. B. (2004). Rural poverty dynamics: Development policy implications. Paper prepared for invited presentation at the 25th International conference of agricultural economists, Durban, South Africa.
5. Barrett C.B., Bezuneh M., and Aboud A. Income diversification, poverty traps and policy shocks in Cote d'Ivoire and Kenya. Food Policy 26 4 (2001) 367-384
6. Barrett, C. B., Bezuneh, M., Clay, C. D., & Reardon, T. (2000). Heterogeneous constraints, incentives and income diversification strategies in rural Africa. Report to USAID/BASIS CRSP, Cornell University and Michigan State University, Ithaca and East Lansing.
7. Barrett C.B., Marenya P.P., Mcpeak J., Minten B., Murithi F., Kosura W.O., et al. Welfare dynamics in rural Kenya and Madagascar. Journal of Development Studies 42 2 (2006) 248-277
8. Barrett C.B., Reardon T., and Webb P. Non-agricultural income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: Concepts, dynamics and policy implications. Food Policy 26 4 (2001) 315-331
9. van den Berg M., and Kumbi G.E. Poverty and the rural nonfarm economy in Oromia, Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics 35 3 (2006) 469-475
10. Bryceson D.F. African rural labor: Income diversification and livelihood approaches: A long term development perspective. Review of African Political Economy 26 6 (1999) 171-189
11. Bryceson D.F. Multiplex of livelihoods in rural Africa: Recasting the terms and conditions of gainful employment. Journal of Modern African Economies 40 1 (2002) 1-28
12. In: Bryceson D.F., and Jamal V. (Eds). Farewell to farms: De-agrarianisation and employment in Africa (1997), Ashgate, Aldershot
13. Corral L., and Reardon T. Rural nonfarm incomes in Nicaragua: Patterns, determinants and implications. World Development 29 3 (2001) 427-442
14. Dercon S. Wealth, risk and activity choice: Cattle in Western Tanzania. Journal of Development Economics 55 1 (1998) 1-42
15. Dercon S., and Krishnan P. Income portfolios in rural Ethiopia and Tanzania: Choices and constraints. Journal of Development Studies 32 6 (1996) 850-875
16. Elbers C., and Lanjouw P. Intersectoral transfer, growth and inequality in rural Ecuador. World Development 29 3 (2001) 481-496
17. Ellis F. The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics 51 2 (2000) 289-302
18. Ellis F., and Bahiigwa G. Rural livelihoods and poverty reduction in Uganda. World Development 31 6 (2003) 997-1013
19. Ellis F., and Freeman H.A. Rural livelihoods and poverty reduction strategies in four African countries. Journal of Development Studies 40 4 (2004) 1-30
20. Escobal J. determinants of nonfarm income diversification in rural Peru. World Development 29 3 (2001) 497-508
21. Evans H.E., and Ngau P. Rural-urban relations, household income diversification and agricultural productivity. Development and Change 22 3 (1991) 519-545
22. Ferreira F.H.G., and Lanjouw P. Rural non-agricultural activities and poverty in the Brazilian Northeast. World Development 29 3 (2001) 509-528
23. Freeman H.A., Ellis F., and Allison E. Livelihoods and rural poverty reduction in Kenya. Development Policy Review 22 2 (2004) 147-173
24. Francis E. Making a living: Changing livelihoods in rural Africa (2000), Routledge, London
25. Francis E., and Hoddinott J. Migration and differentiation in Western Kenya: A tale of two sub-locations. Journal of Development Studies 30 1 (1993) 115-145
26. Giesbert, L. (2007). Seeking Opportunities: Migration as an income diversification strategy of households in Kakamega district in Kenya. Working paper 58, GIGA, Hamburg.
27. Government of Kenya. Kakamega District Development Plan 2002-2008 (2002), Government Printer, Nairobi
28. Haggblade, S., Hazell, P., & Reardon, T. (2002). Strategies for stimulating poverty-alleviating growth in the rural nonfarm economy in developing countries. Discussion paper 92, Environment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute and World Bank, Rural Department, Washington, DC.
29. Haggblade, S., Hazell, P., & Reardon, T. (2005). The rural non-agricultural economy: Pathway out of poverty or pathway in? In Proceedings of the research workshop 'The Future of Small-Farms', June 26-29, 2005, UK, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
30. International Labour Office. Employment, incomes and equality: A strategy for increasing productive employment in Kenya (1972), ILO, Geneva
31. Islam, N. (1997). The nonfarm sector and rural development. Discussion paper 22, Food, Agriculture and Environment, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC.
32. Jalan J., and Ravaillon M. Geographic poverty traps?: A micro model of consumption growth in rural China. Journal of Applied Econometrics 17 4 (2002) 329-346
33. de Janvry A., and Sadoulet E. Income strategies among rural households in Mexico: The role of off-farm activities. World Development 29 3 (2001) 467-480
34. Jayne T.S., Yamano T., Weber M., Tschirley D., Benfica R., Chapoto A., et al. Smallholder income and land distribution in Africa: Implications for poverty reduction strategies. Food Policy 28 3 (2003) 253-275
35. Kijima Y., Matsumoto T., and Yamano T. Nonfarm employment, agricultural shocks, and poverty dynamics: Evidence from rural Uganda. Agricultural Economics 35 3 (2006) 459-467
36. Lanjouw P. Non-agricultural employment and poverty in rural El Salvador. World Development 29 3 (2001) 529-547
37. Lanjouw, P., & Feder, G. (2001). Rural nonfarm activities and rural development: From experience towards strategy. Rural development strategy background paper #4. World Bank, Washington, DC.
38. Lerman R.I., and Yitzhaki S. Income inequality by income source: A new approach and application to the United States. Review of Economics and Statistics 67 (1985) 151-156
39. Marenya P.P., Kosura-Olouch W., Place F., and Christopher B. Education, nonfarm income, and farm investment in land-scarce Western Kenya. Basis brief Vol. 14 (2003), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison
40. Matsumoto T., Kijima Y., and Yamano T. The role of local nonfarm activities and migration in reducing poverty: Evidence from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. Agricultural Economics 35 3 (2006) 449-458
41. Norman D.W., Simons E.B., and Hays H.M. Farming systems in the Nigerian Savannah: Research and strategies for development (1982), Westview Press, Boulder
42. Reardon T. Using evidence of household income diversification to inform the study of rural non-agricultural labour market in Africa. World Development 25 5 (1997) 735-748
43. Reardon T. Rural non-farm income in developing countries (1999), Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
44. Reardon T., Delgado C., and Malton P. Determinants and effects of income diversification amongst farm households in Burkina Faso. Journal of Development Studies 28 1 (1992) 264-296
45. Reardon T., and Taylor J.E. Agro-climatic shock, income inequality, and poverty: Evidence from Burkina Faso. World Development 24 5 (1996) 901-914
46. Reardon T., Stamoulis A., Balisacan M.E., Berdegue J., and Banks B. The state of food and agriculture, Part III, 'Rural non-agricultural income in developing countries' (1998), Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
47. Reardon T., Taylor J.E., Stamoulis A., Lanjouw P., and Balisacan A. Effects of non-agricultural employment on rural income inequality in developing countries: An investment perspective. Journal of Agricultural Economics 51 2 (2000) 266-288
48. Seppala P. The politics of economic diversification: Re-conceptualizing the rural informal sector in South-East Tanzania. Development and Change 27 3 (1996) 557-578
49. Stark O., Taylor J.E., and Yitzhaki S. Remittances and inequality. Economic Journal 96 3 (1986) 722-740