Writing a modern Chinese architectural history: Liang Sicheng and Liang Qichao

Journal of Architectural Education

Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 35-45

  Shiqiao, Li ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 55849135667     PISSN: 10464883     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/104648802321019155     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. As vol. 3 in Liang Sicheng, Liang Sicheng wenji (The Collected Works of Liang Sicheng) (Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu gongye chubanshe, 1985)
2. Liang Ssu-ch'eng, "China's Oldest Wooden Structure," Asia Magazine, July 1941, 384-387
3. "Five Early Chinese Pagodas," Asia Magazine, Aug. 1941, 450-453
4. "China: Arts, Language, and Mass Media," Encyclopedia Americana (1948 edition)
5. "Open Spandrel Bridges of Ancient China - I, the An-chi Ch'iao at Chao Chou, Hopei," Pencil Points 19 (1938): 25-32
6. A later fruition of Liang Sicheng's research may be seen in Liu Dunzhen (Liu Tun-tseng), Zhongguo gudai jianzhushi (History of Ancient Chinese Architecture) (Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu gongye chubanshe, 1980). Liu had been a major contributor to the research at the Society for Research in Chinese Architecture
7. Lin Zhu, Jianzhushi Liang Sicheng (Architect Liang Sicheng) (Tianjin: Tianjin kexue jishu chubanshe, 1997), p. 64
8. Liang Sicheng, Zhongguo jianzhushi (History of Chinese Architecture) (Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 2000), p. 316
9. Lin Zhu, Koukai Lu Ban de damen - Zhongguo yingzao xueshe shilüe (Opening the Gate of Lu Ban - A Brief History of the Society for Research in Chinese Architecture) (Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu gongye chubanshe, 1995), p. 32
10. General discussions on École des Beaux-Arts include Arthur Drexler, ed., file Architecture of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1977)
11. and Robin Middleton, ed., The Beaux-Arts and Nineteenth-Century French Architecture (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1982)
12. More detailed discussions on Cret include Theo B. White, Paul Philippe Cret: Architect and Teacher (Philadelphia: The Art Alliance Press, 1973)
13. and Elizabeth Creenwell Grossman, The Civic Architecture of Paul Cret (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
14. Cret's defense of the Beaux-Arts system can be seen in Paul Cret, "The Ecole des Beaux-Arts: What Its Architectural Teaching Means," Architectural Record 23 (1908): 367-371
15. Wilma Fairbank, Liang and Lin: Partners in Exploring China's Architectural Past (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), p. 26
16. Lin Zhu, Jianzhushi Liang Sicheng, p. 22
17. Some of the drawings are published in Liang Sicheng, Liang Sicheng jianzhuhua (Architectural Drawings of Liang Sicheng) (Tianjin: Tianjin kexue jishu chubanshe, 1996), pp. 4-85
18. Fairbank, Liang and Lin, p. 26
19. Liang Sicheng's letter to the Vice Chancellor of Tsinghua University Mei Yigi reguesting such change of direction in architectural education, dated 9 March 1945, was published in Zhao Bingshi and Chen Yanging, eds., Qinghua Daxue jianzhu xueyuan (xi) chengli wushi zhounian jinian wenji 1946-1996 (Collected Papers to Commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Department of Architecture of Tsinghua University 1946-1996) (Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu gongye chubanshe, 1996), pp. 3-4
20. Liang Chongjie, ed., Lin Huiyin wenji: jianzhujuan (Collected Works of Lin Huiyin: Architectural Writings) (Tianjin: Baihua chubanshe, 1999), p. 1
21. Liang Sicheng, Zhongguo jianzhushi, p. 3
22. and Liang Liang Ssuch'eng, A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1984), p. 3
23. Liang Sicheng and Liu Zhiping, Jianzhu sheji cankao tuji (Pictorial References for Architectural Design) (Beijing: Zhongguo yingzao xueshe, 1935), vol. 1, pp. 5-6
24. Liang Ssu-ch'eng, A Pictorial History, p. 10
25. Liang Chongjie, ed., Lin Huiyin wenji, p. 94
26. Han Baode highlighted Liang Sicheng's preconceptions by providing a different appraisal of Ming and Qing architecture in his Ming Qing jianzhu erlun (Two Essays on Ming and Qing Architecture) (Taibei: Jing yu xiang chubanshe, 1982)
27. Liang Sicheng and Liu Zhiping, Jianzhu sheji cankao tuji, preface
28. A characterization by Joseph R. Levenson in Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and the Mind of Modern China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953)
29. Levenson guoted in Tang Xiaobing, Global Space and the Nationalist Discourse of Modernity: The Historical Thinking of Liang Qichao (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), p. 2
30. The May Fourth Movement owes much of its intellectual thinking, if not its revolutionary fervor, to Liang Qichao's work; see Philip C. Huang, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972), chapter 1, pp. 3-10
31. and Tang Xiaobing, Global Space, pp. 169-174. For example, Chen Duxiu (1880-1942), the founder of Chinese Communist Party and editor of the May Fourth journal, New Youth, claimed "the fact that we today have some knowledge of the world is entirely the gift of Mr. K'ang and Mr. Liang." Mao Zedong named his student organization Xinmin xuehui (New Citizen Society) in 1918, paying tribute to Liang Qichao's work on the new citizen. Liang Qichao's writings are recently reprinted in Liang Qichao quanji (Complete Works of Liang Qichao), in 10 volumes (Beijing: Beijing chubanshe, 1999), to which all references here are made
32. These ideas are traditionally canonized in the so-called Si Shu, or Four Classics, and popularized in San Zi Jing, or Three Character Classics, the authenticity of which Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei contested. See Feng Yu-lan, A Short History of Chinese Philosophy (New York: The Free Press, 1948)
33. Herbert Fingarette, Confucius - the Secular as Sacred (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1972)
34. and Raymond Dawson, Confucius (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986)
35. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 2, "Jinshi wenmingzu erdajia zhi xueshuo" ("On the Two Great Figures of Modern Civilization"), pp. 1030-1035
36. Also see "Lun xueshu zhi shili zuoyou shijie" ("On the Power of Knowledge to Change the World"), pp. 557-560
37. For a discussion on the significant contribution of Liang Qichao to a production of "anthropological space" in his reimagining of the global space, see Tang Xiaobing, Global Space
38. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 2, "Xinshixue" ("New Historiography"), p. 736
39. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 7, "Zhongguo lishi yanjiufa" ("The Research Method for Chinese History"), pp. 4091-4092
40. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 2, "Xinshixue," p. 736, and vol. 7, "Zhongguo lishi yanjiufa," p. 4092
41. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 2, "Xinshixue," pp. 737-738
42. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 7, "Zhongguo lishi yanjiufa," p. 4102
43. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 8, "Zhongguo lishi yanjiufa (bupian)" ("Compendium to the Research Method for Chinese History"), p. 4876
44. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 7, "Zhongguo lishi yanjiufa," chapter 4, "Shuo shiliao" ("On Historical Materials"), pp. 4106-4120
45. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 9, "Zhongguo wenhuashi" ("History of Chinese Culture"), pp. 5079-5129
46. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 8, "Zhongguo lishi yanjiufa (bupian)," p. 4857; and "Zhongguo wenhuashi," p. 5109
47. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 1, "Zhongguoshi xülun" ("Outline of Chinese History"), p. 450
48. See Hu Shi's account in The Chinese Renaissance (New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp. , 1963), p. 91
49. Levenson, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao, pp. 34-37
50. Discussions on tiyong include Ding Zhiwei and Chen Song, Zhongxi tiyong zhijian (Between East-West and Tiyong) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1995)
51. A summary of the history of late Qing Dynasty can be found in Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China, chapter II, "Fragmentation and Reform," (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1990), pp. 137-268
52. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 5, p. 3065
53. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 5, "Qingdai xueshu gailun" ("Outline of Qing Scholarship"), pp. 3106-3109
54. Charlotte Furth, Ting Wen-Chiang, Science and China's New Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), pp. 80-81
55. Lai Delin, ""Kexuexing" yu "minzuxing": Jindai Zhongguo de jianzhu jiazhiguan" ("Science and Nationalism: On the Values of Contemporary Chinese Architecture"), Jianzhushi 62 (Feb. 1995): p. 51
56. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 10, Liang Qichao's letter to Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin on 26 April 1928, pp. 6290-6291
57. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 10, Liang Qichao's letter, p. 6290
58. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 9, "Zhongguo wenhuashi," p. 5109
59. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 5, "Qingdai xueshu gailun," p. 3100
60. Liang Qichao's "Tongcheng School" style is dicussed in Hsia Chujoe, "Yingzao xueshe - Liang Sicheng jianzhushi lunshu gouzao zhi lilun fenxi" ("Society for Research in Chinese Architecture - An Analysis on Liang Sicheng's History of Architecture"), Taiwan shehui yanjiu jikan (A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies) (Spring 1990): p. 17. This literary influence of Liang Qichao on Liang Sicheng is more obvious in Chinese than in English
61. In his account of his travels in North America, "Xindalu youji jielu" ("Extracts on the Travels on the New Continent"), Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 2, pp. 1153-1154. On Washington DC, Liang Qichao wrote that he was impressed by the Capitol and the Library of Congress, which he noted to be one of the most beautiful libraries in the world
62. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 5, "Ouyou xinying luji" ("Impressions of Travels in Europe"), p. 2997
63. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 6, pp. 3600-3602
64. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 7, "Zhongxue guoshi jiaoben gaizao'an bin mulu" ("Reform Proposal and Catalogue of History of China for Secondary Schools"), pp. 3971 -3977
65. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 7, "Yindu yu Zhongguo wenhua zhi ginshu de guanxi" ("On the Close Relation Between Indian and Chinese Cultures"), pp. 4253-4254
66. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 8, "Zhongguo lishi yanjiufa (bupian)," p. 4857
67. Liang Qichao, Liang Qichao quanji, vol. 9, "Zhongguo kaoguxue zhi guogu ji jianglai" ("The Past and Present of Archaeology in China"), p. 4919