The Four Medial Ankle Tunnels: A Critical Review of Perceptions of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome and Neuropathy

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 629-648

  Dellon, A Lee ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Tarsal tunnel Neuropathy Diabetes Decompression

Indexed keywords

PACLITAXEL;

AMPUTATION; ANKLE; CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; DISEASE COURSE; ELECTRODIAGNOSIS; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; HOFFMANN REFLEX; HUMAN; NERVE COMPRESSION; NERVE DECOMPRESSION; NEUROPATHY; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; TIBIAL NERVE; ULCER;

ANIMALS; ANKLE; CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; ELECTRODIAGNOSIS; HUMANS; TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; TIBIAL NEUROPATHY;

EID: 55849102545     PISSN: 10423680     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2008.07.003     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Sackett D.L., Rosenberg W.M.C., Gray J.A.M., et al. Evidence-based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ 312 (1996) 71-72
2. Keck C. The tarsal-tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 44A (1962) 180-182
3. Lam S.J.S. A tarsal-tunnel syndrome. Lancet 2 (1962) 1354-1355
4. Rydevik B., Lundborg G., and Bagge U. Effects of graded compression on intraneural blood blow. An in vivo study on rabbit tibial nerve. J Hand Surg (Amer) 6A (1981) 3-12
5. Dahlin L.B., Danielsen N., Ehira T., et al. Mechanical effects of compression of peripheral nerves. J Biomech Eng 108 (1986) 120-122
6. Spinner R.J., Dellon A.L., Rosson G.D., et al. Tibial intraneural ganglia in the tarsal tunnel: is there a joint connection?. J Foot & Ankle Surg 46 (2007) 27-31
7. Canter D.E., and Siesel K.J. Flexor digitorum accessorius longus muscle: an etiology of tarsal tunnel syndrome. J Foot Ankle Surg 36 (1997) 226-229
8. Dellon A.L., and Mackinnon S.E. Tibial nerve branching in the tarsal tunnel. Arch Neurol 41 (1984) 645-646
9. Dellon A.L., Mackinnon S.E., and Seiler IV W.A. Susceptibility of the diabetic nerve to chronic compression. Ann Plast Surg 20 (1988) 117-119
10. Tassler P.L., Dellon A.L., Lesser G., et al. Utility of decompressive surgery in the prophylaxis and treatment of cisplatin neuropathy in adult rats. J Reconstr Surg 16 (2000) 457-463
11. Trepman E., Kadel N.J., Chisholm K., et al. Effect of foot and ankle position on tarsal tunnel compartment pressure. Foot Ankle Int 20 (1999) 721-726
12. Berachilovic A., Nihal A., Houston V.L., et al. Effect of foot and ankle position on tarsal tunnel compartment volume. Foot Ankle Int 27 (2006) 431-437
13. Mackinnon S.E., Dellon A.L., Hudson A.R., et al. Chronic nerve compression-an experimental model in the rat. Ann Plast Surg 13 (1984) 112-120
14. Mackinnon S.E., Dellon A.L., Hudson A.R., et al. A primate model for chronic nerve compression. J Reconstr Microsurg 1 (1985) 185-194
15. Linscheid R., Burton R., and Fredericks E. Tarsal tunnel syndrome. South Med J 63 (1970) 1313-1320
16. Pfeiffer W.H., and Cracchiolo A. Clinical results after tarsal tunnel decompression. J Bone Joint Surg 76A (1994) 1222-1230
17. Sammarco G.J., Chalk D.E., and Feibel J.H. Tarsal tunnel syndrome and additional nerve lesions in the same limb. Foot Ankle 14 (1993) 71-77
18. Mahan K.T., Rock J.J., and Hillstrom H.J. Tarsal tunnel syndrome. A retrospective study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 86 (1996) 81-91
19. Byank R.P., and Curtis M.J. Diagnosing tarsal tunnel syndrome. Complications in Orthopedics 7 (1992) 202-206
20. Stern D.S., and Joyce M.T. Tarsal tunnel syndrome: a review of 15 surgical procedures. J Foot Surg 28 (1989) 290-294
21. Mackinnon S.E., and Dellon A.L. Homologies between the tarsal and carpal tunnels: implications for treatment of the tarsal tunnel syndrome. Contemp Orthop 14 (1987) 75-79
22. Dellon A.L. Medical and surgical management of diabetic neuropathy. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 24 (2007) 425-428
23. Barker A.R., Rosson G.D., and Dellon A.L. Pressure changes in the medial and lateral plantar, and tarsal tunnels related to ankle position: a cadaver study. Foot Ankle Int 28 (2007) 250-254
24. Dellon A.L. Wound healing in nerve. Clin Plast Surg 17 (1990) 545-570
25. Dellon A.L., Mackinnon S.E., Hudson A.R., et al. Effect of submuscular versus intramuscular placement of the ulnar nerve: an experimental model in the primate. J Hand Surg 11B (1986) 117-119
26. Mullick T., and Dellon A.L. Results of treatment of four medial ankle tunnels in tarsal tunnels syndrome. J Reconstr Microsurg 24 (2008) 119-126
27. Turan I., Rivero-Melian C., Guntner P., et al. Tarsal tunnel syndrome; outcome of surgery in longstanding cases. Clin Orthop Rel Res 343 (1997) 151-156
28. Baba H., Wada M., Annen S., et al. The tarsal tunnel syndrome: evaluation of surgical results using multivariate analysis. Int Orthop 21 (1997) 67-71
29. Bailie D.S., and Kelitian A.S. The tarsal tunnel syndrome: surgical technique and functional outcome. Foot Ankle Int 19 (1998) 65-71
30. Gondring W.H., Shields B., and Wenger S. An outcomes analysis of surgical treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome. Foot Ankle Int. 24 (2003) 545-549
31. Goodgold J., Kopell H.P., and Spielholz N.I. The tarsal-tunnel syndrome. Objective diagnostic criteria. N Engl J Med 273 (1965) 742-745
32. Marinacci A.A. Medial and anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome. Electromyography 8 (1968) 123-134
33. Fu R., DeLisa J.A., and Kraft G.H. Motor nerve latencies through the tarsal tunnel in normal adult subjects: standard determinations corrected for temperature and distance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 61 (1980) 243-248
34. Oh S.J., Kim H.S., and Ahmad B.K. The near-nerve sensory nerve conduction in tarsal tunnel syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48 (1985) 999-1003
35. Fealey R.D., Litchy W.J., and Daube J.R. Plantar nerve stimulation in evaluation of peripheral nerves. Neurology 30 (1980) 412
36. Falck B., and Alaranta H. Fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves and fasciculation in the intrinsic muscles of the foot in healthy subjects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46 (1983) 681-683
37. Patel A.T., Gaines K., Malamut R., et al. Usefulness of electrodiagnostic techniques in the evaluation of suspected tarsal tunnel syndrome: an evidence-based review. Muscle Nerve. 32 (2005) 236-240
38. Perkins B.A., Olaleye D., and Bril V. Carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 25 (2002) 565-569
39. Davis E.N., and Chung K.C. The Tinel sign: a historical perspective. Plast Reconstr Surg 114 (2004) 494-499
40. D'Arcy C.A., and McGee S. The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have carpal tunnel syndrome?. JAMA 283 (2000) 3110-3117
41. American Academy of Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Practice parameter for electrodiagnostic studies in carpal tunnel syndrome: summary statement. Muscle Nerve. 25 (2002) 918-922
42. Bednarski M., Grzelec H., and Zyluk A. The usefulness of the Phalen test and the Hoffmann-Tinel sign in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Acta Orthop Belg. 68 (2002) 141-145
43. Hoffmann P. Weiteres uber das Verhalten frisch regenerierter Nerven und uber die Methode, den Erfolg einer Nervennaht fruhzeitig zu beurteilen. Medsche Klin 11 (1915) 856-862
44. Tinel J. Le signe du 'fourmillement' dans les lesions des nerfs peripheriques. Presse Med 23 (1915) 388-392
45. Mondelli M., Passero S., and Giannini F. Provocative tests in different stages of carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 103 (2001) 178-183
46. De Smet L. Value of some clinical provocative tests in carpal tunnel syndrome: do we need electrophysiology and can we predict the outcome?. Hand Clin. 19 (2003) 387-391
47. Mackinnon S.D., and Dellon A.L. Experimental study of chronic nerve compression: clinical implications. Clin Hand Surg 2 (1986) 639-650
48. Dellon A.L. Clinical use of vibratory stimuli to evaluate peripheral nerve injury and compression neuropathy. Plast Reconstr Surg 65 (1980) 466-476
49. Spindler H.A., and Dellon A.L. Nerve conduction studies and sensibility testing in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 7 (1982) 260-263
50. Dellon A.L. The Vibrometer. Plast Reconstr Surg 71 (1983) 427-431
51. Dellon A.L., and Munger B.L. Correlation of histology and sensibility after nerve repair. J Hand Surg 8 (1983) 871-878
52. Dellon A.L. The moving two-point discrimination test: clinical evaluation of the quickly-adapting fiber receptor system. J Hand Surg. 3 (1978) 474-481
53. Dellon E.S., Keller K.M., Moratz V., et al. Validation of cutaneous pressure threshold measurements for the evaluation of hand function. Ann Plast Surg 38 (1997) 485-492
54. Aszmann O.C., and Dellon A.L. Relationship of cutaneous pressure threshold and innervation density. J Reconstr Microsurg 4 (1998) 417-421
55. Tassler P.L., and Dellon A.L. Pressure perception in the normal lower extremity and in tarsal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve 19 (1996) 285-289
56. Dellon A.L. Computer-assisted sensibility evaluation and surgical treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome. Advances Podiatrym 2 (1996) 17-40
57. Dellon A.L., and Keller K.M. Computer-assisted quantitative sensory testing in carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes. Ann Plast Surg 38 (1997) 493-502
58. Dellon A.L. Management of peripheral nerve problems in the upper and lower extremities using quantitative sensory testing. Hand Clin 15 (1999) 697-715
59. Dellon A.L. Clinical grading of peripheral nerve problems. Neurosurg Clin N Am 12 (2001) 229-240
60. Gupta R., Rowshan Chao T., Mozaffar T., et al. Chronic nerve compression induces local demyelination and remyelination in a rat model of carpal tunnel syndrome. Exp Neurol 187 (2004) 500-508
61. Gupta R., Rummer L.S., Palispis W., et al. Local down-regulation of myelin-associated glycoprotein permits axonal sprouting with chronic nerve compression injury. Exp Neurol 200 (2006) 418-429
62. O'Brien J.P., Mackinnon S.E., MacLean A.R., et al. A model of chronic nerve compression in the rat. Ann Plast Surg 19 (1987) 430-435
63. Mackinnon S.E., Dellon A.L., and Daneshvar A. Histopathology of the tarsal tunnel syndrome: examination of a human tibial nerve. Contemp Orthop 9 (1984) 43-48
64. Mackinnon S.E., Dellon A.L., Hudson A.R., et al. Histopathology of compression of the superficial radial nerve in the forearm. J Hand Surg 11A (1986) 206-209
65. Kinoshita M., Okuda R., Morikawa J., et al. The dorsiflexion-eversion test for diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 83A (2001) 1835-1839
66. Dyck P.J. Peripheral neuropathy: changing concepts, differential diagnosis, classification. Med Clin North Am 52 (1968) 895-908
67. Sinnreich M., Taylor B.V., and Dyck P.J. Diabetic neuropathies; classification, clinical features, patholophysiologic basis. Neurologist 11 (2005) 63-79
68. McCarthy B.G., Hsieh S.T., Stocks A., et al. Cutaneous innervation in sensory neuropathies: evaluation by skin biopsy. Neurology 45 (1995) 1848-1855
69. Sommer C., and Lauria G. Skin biopsy in the management of peripheral neuropathy. Lancet Neurol 6 (2007) 632-642
70. Rather H.M., and Boulton A.J.M. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of diabetic neuropathy. J Bone Joint Surg 87B (2005) 1605-1610
71. Adler A.I., Boyko E.J., Ahroni J.H., et al. Lower-extremity amputation in diabetes. The independent effects of peripheral vascular disease, sensory neuropathy, and foot ulcers. Diabetes Care. 22 (1999) 1029-1035
72. Abbott C.A., Carrington A.L., Ashe H., et al. North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study. The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. Diabet Med 19 5 (2002) 377-384
73. Singh N., Armstrong D.G., and Lipsky B.A. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA 293 (2005) 217-228
74. Lavery L.A., Armstrong D.G., et al. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 29 (2006) 1288-1293
75. Martin C.L., Albers J., Herman P.C., et al. Neuropathy among the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Cohort 8 years after trial completion. Diabetes Care 29 (2006) 340-344
76. Vinik A.I. Diabetic neuropathy: pathogenesis and therapy. Am J Med 107 (1999) 17S-26S
77. Boulton A.J., Vileikyte L., Ragnarson-Tennvall G., et al. The global burden of diabetic foot disease. Lancet 366 (2005) 1719-1724
78. Barrett E.J. Presidential lecture, American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 3006-3009
79. Sparano J.A., Wang M., Martino S., et al. Weekly paclitaxel in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 358 (2008) 1663-1671
80. Giugliano D., and Esposito K. The Metabolic Syndrome: time for a critical appraisal; ADA and EASD statement. Diabetes Care 29 (2006) 175-178
81. Lee R.H., and Dellon A.L. Insulin resistance: does it play a role in peripheral neuropathy?. Diabetes Care 22 (1999) 1914-1915
82. Sumner C.J., Griffin J.W., Cornblath D.R., et al. The spectrum of neuropathy in diabetics and impaired glucose tolerance. Neurology 60 (2003) 108-111
83. Jakobsen J. Peripheral nerves in early experimental diabetes: expansion of the endoneurial space as a cause of increased water content. Diabetologia 14 (1978) 113-118
84. Tomlinson D.R., and Mayer J.H. Defects of axonal transport in diabetes mellitus-a possible contribution to the aetiology of diabetic neuropathy. J Auton Pharmacol 4 (1984) 59-72
85. Hilkens P.H., and ven den Bent M.J. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2 (1997) 350-361
86. Siemionow M., and Demir Y. Diabetic neuropathy: pathogenesis and treatment. J Reconstr Microsurg 20 (2004) 341-352
87. Upton A.R., and McComas A.J. The double crush syndrome in nerve entrapment syndromes. Lancet 2 (1973) 359-362
88. Seiler W.A., Schlegel R., Mackinnon S.E., et al. The double-crush syndrome: development of a model. Surg Forum 34 (1983) 596-598
89. Vinik A.I., Mehrabyan A., Colen L., et al. Focal entrapment neuropathies in diabetes. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 1783-1788
90. Dellon A.L. Optimism in diabetic neuropathy. Ann Plast Surg 20 (1988) 103-105
91. Dellon E.S., and Dellon A.L. Functional assessment of neurologic impairment: track analysis in diabetic and compression neuropathies. Plast Reconstr Surg 88 (1991) 686-694
92. Dellon A.L., Dellon E.S., and Seiler W.A. Effect of tarsal tunnel decompression in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Microsurg 15 (1994) 265-268
93. Kale B., Yüksel F., Celiköz B., et al. Effect of various nerve decompression procedures on the functions of distal limbs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: further optimism in diabetic neuropathy. Plast Reconstr Surg 111 (2003) 2265-2272
94. Siemionow M., Sari A., and Demir Y. Effect of early nerve release on progression of neuropathy in diabetic rats. Ann Plast Surg 59 (2007) 102-108
95. Dellon A.L. Treatment of symptoms of diabetic neuropathy by peripheral nerve decompression. Plast Reconstr Surg 89 (1992) 689-697
96. Wieman T.J., and Patel V.G. Treatment of hyperesthetic neuropathic pain in diabetics; decompression of the tarsal tunnel. Ann Surg 221 (1995) 660-665
97. Chafee H. Decompression of peripheral nerves for diabetic neuropathy. Plast Reconstr Surg 106 (2000) 813-815
98. Tambwekar S.R. Extended neurolysis of the posterior tibial nerve to improve sensation in diabetic neuropathic feet. Plast Reconstr Surg 108 (2001) 1452-1453
99. Aszmann O.A., Kress K.M., and Dellon A.L. Results of decompression of peripheral nerves in diabetics: a prospective, blinded study. Plast Reconstr Surg 106 (2000) 816-822
100. Wood W.A., and Wood M.A. Decompression of peripheral nerves for diabetic neuropathy in the lower extremity. J Foot Ankle Surg 42 (2003) 268-275
101. Biddinger K.R., and Amend K.J. The role of surgical decompression for diabetic neuropathy. Foot Ankle Clin 9 (2004) 239-254
102. Valdivia J.M., Maloney C.M., Dellon A.L., et al. Surgical treatment of peripheral neuropathy: outcomes from 100 consecutive decompressions. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95 (2005) 451-454
103. Rader A.J. Surgical decompression in lower-extremity diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95 (2005) 446-450
104. Yao Y., and Wang R.-Z. Peripheral nerve decompression (Dellon Procedure) and diabetic neuropathy. Chinese Journal of Medicine 10 (2005) 1756-1758
105. Sienionow M., Alghoul M., Molski M., et al. Clinical outcome of nerve decompression in diabetic and non-diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Ann Plast Surg 57 (2006) 385-390
106. Karagoz H., Yuksel F., Ulkur E., et al. Early and late results of nerve decompression procedures in diabetic neuropathy: a series from Turkey. J Reconstr Microsurg. 24 (2008) 95-101
107. Massa E. Diabetic neuropathy: decompression of compressed lower extremity nerves. J Foot & Ankle Surg 47 (2008) 953-956
108. Nelson S.C., and Little Jr. E.R. The 36-item Short-Form Health Survey outcome evaluation for multiple lower-extremity nerve decompressions in diabetic neuropathy: a pilot study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 97 (2007) 121-125
109. Aszmann O., Tassler P.L., and Dellon A.L. Changing the natural history of diabetic neuropathy: incidence of ulcer/amputation in the contralateral limb of patients with a unilateral nerve decompression procedure. Ann Plast Surg 53 (2004) 517-522
110. Maloney Jr. C.T., Dellon A.L., Heller Jr. C., et al. Prognostic ability of a good outcome to carpal tunnel release for decompression surgery in the lower extremity. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery of North America 23 (2006) 559-568
111. Lee C., and Dellon A.L. Prognostic ability of Tinel sign in determining outcome for decompression surgery decompression surgery in diabetic and non-diabetic neuropathy. Ann Plast Surg 53 (2004) 523-527
112. Dellon A.L. Tinel or not Tinel. J Hand Surg 9B (1984) 216
113. Wallace C., Reiber G.E., LeMaster J., et al. Incidence of falls, risk factors for falls, and fall-related fractures in individuals with diabetes and a prior foot ulcer. Diabetes Care 25 (2002) 1983-1986
114. Patel S., Hyer S., Tweed K., et al. Risk factors for fractures and falls in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Calcif Tissue Int 82 (2008) 87-91
115. Schwartz A.V., Vittinghoff E., Sellmeyer D.E., et al. Diabetes-related complications, glycemic control, and falls in older adults. Diabetes Care. 31 (2008) 391-396
116. Radoiu H., Rosson G.D., Andonian G., et al. Comparison of measures of large-fiber nerve function in patients with chronic nerve compression and neuropathy. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95 (2005) 438-445
117. Ducic I., Dellon A.L., and Short K.W. Relationship between loss of pedal sensibility, balance, and falls in patients with peripheral neuropathy. Ann Plast Surg 52 (2004) 535-540
118. Ducic I., Taylor N.S., and Dellon A.L. Relationship between peripheral nerve decompression, gain of pedal sensibility and balance in patients with peripheral neuropathy. Ann Plast Surg 56 (2006) 145-150
119. Available at:. http://neuropathyregistry.com/globals/graph_display.php?display_mode=sin gle&;graph_type=KM_fracture_free&graph_sub_type=All Accessed April 25, 2008
120. Dellon A.L., Swier P., Levingood M., et al. Cisplatin/Taxol neuropathy: treatment by decompression of peripheral nerve. Plast Reconstr Surg 114 (2004) 478-483
121. Rose M.I., Rosson G.D., Elkwood A.I., et al. Thalidomide-induced neuropathy: treatment by decompression of peripheral nerves. Plast Reconstr Surg 117 (2006) 2329-2332
122. Mont M.A., Dellon A.L., Chen F., et al. Operative treatment of peroneal nerve palsy. J Bone Joint Surg 78A (1996) 863-869
123. Dellon A.L., Ebmer J., and Swier P. Anatomic variations related to decompression of the common peroneal nerve at the fibular head. Ann Plast Surg 48 (2002) 30-34
124. Dellon A.L. Entrapment of the deep peroneal nerve on the dorsum of the foot. Foot Ankle 11 (1990) 73-80
125. Vinik A.I., Kong X., Megerian J.T., et al. Diabetic nerve conduction abnormalities in the primary care setting. Diabetes Technol Ther 8 (2006) 654-656
126. Barrett S.L., Dellon A.L., Rosson G.D., et al. Superficial peroneal nerve: clinical implications of its anatomic variability. J Foot & Ankle Surgery 45 (2006) 174-176
127. Vinik A.I. Advances in diabetes for the millennium: new treatments for diabetic neuropathies. Med Gen Med 6 (2004) 13-19
128. Chaudhry V., Stevens J.C., Kincaid J., et al. Practice Advisory: utility of surgical decompression for treatment of diabetic neuropathy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 66 (2006) 1805-1808
129. Dyck P.J. Correspondence. Neurology 68 (2007) 796
130. Cornblath D.R., Vinik A., Feldman E., et al. Commentary: surgical decompression for diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 30 (2007) 421-422
131. Dellon A.L. Correspondence. Neurology 68 (2007) 796
132. Coppini D.V., Spruce M.C., Thomas P., et al. Established diabetic neuropathy seems irreversible despite improvements in metabolic and vascular risk markers: a retrospective, case-control study in a hospital patient cohort. Diabet Med (2006) 1016-1020