"Let us become radio mechanics": Technology and national identity in late-colonial Netherlands East Indies

Comparative Studies in Society and History

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 3-33

  Mrázek, Rudolf ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

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EID: 5544318949     PISSN: 00104175     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (129)

1. Raden Adjeng Kartini, Letters of a Javanese Princess (New York: W. W. Morton, 1964), 190.
2. H. Bouman, Meer licht over Kartini (Amsterdam: H. J. Paris, 1954).
3. Kierkegaard's explanation of his and Hegel's view of metaphor in The Concept of Irony (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 101-3.
4. For the extension of the telegraph network in the Indies between 1870 and 1918, see a quite complete analysis in "Plaat V: Uitbreiding van het telegraafnet en toename van het telegraafverkeer sinds 1870," in G. M. Wigman (Weltevreden: Maart, 1918); "De NederlandschIndische Gouvernements Telegraafdienst," Koloniale Studien, 2:2 (1918), 22-23.
5. For the extension of the telegraph network in the Indies between 1870 and 1918, see a quite complete analysis in "Plaat V: Uitbreiding van het telegraafnet en toename van het telegraafverkeer sinds 1870," in G. M. Wigman (Weltevreden: Maart, 1918); "De NederlandschIndische Gouvernements Telegraafdienst," Koloniale Studien, 2:2 (1918), 22-23.
6. S. A. Reitsma, De verkeersbedrijven van den Staat (Weltevreden: G. Kolff, 1924), 162, 178.
7. Verslag omtrent den Post- en Telegraafdienst in Nederlandsch-Indië, 1900, 51-53.
8. De Indische Gids, 24 (1902), 855.
9. Nahum N. Glatzer, ed., I Am A Memory Come Alive: Autobiographical Writings by Franz Kafka (New York: Schocken Books 1974), 196.
10. "We asked our medium, and two days later a letter came . . . repeating a word by word what [the medium] had told us." Kartini, quoted in Bouman, Meer licht over Kartini, 49.
11. Raden Adjeng Kartini, Brieven aan Mevrouw R. M. Abendanon-Mandri en haar echtgenoot met andere documenten, F. G. P. Jaquet, ed. (Dordrecht: Foris, 1987), 184-185.
12. Kartini, quoted in Bouman, Meer licht over Kartini, 46-48.
13. Soøren Kierkegaard, Concept of Irony, 101.
14. The Wireless Transmitting Station Malabar (Bandoeng: General Postal, Telegraph, and Telephone Service, May 1929), n.p.
15. D. W. Berretty, Van 13 momenten uit een 13-jarig bestaan Aneta (Batavia: Aneta, 1931) (exc. 13 February 1994), 71; see also "Uit het Jaarverslag 1924," Stof over en voor Aneta's Staf (Batavia: Aneta, n.d.), 4.
16. D. W. Berretty, Van 13 momenten uit een 13-jarig bestaan Aneta (Batavia: Aneta, 1931) (exc. 13 February 1994), 71; see also "Uit het Jaarverslag 1924," Stof over en voor Aneta's Staf (Batavia: Aneta, n.d.), 4.
17. Radio Bode, 14:24 (9 June 1940), 2.
18. G. A. Boon id van de Tweede Kamer, De Radio-Omroep voor Nederland en Indië: Nederland op z'n smalst (Haag: Haagsche Drukkerij, June 1930), 19.
19. By 1935, the Nirom signal could be received throughout Java; see, e.g., René Witte, "Exploitatie en bevoogding: De Europese en inheemse radio-omroep in Nederlands-Indië tot 1942," in Jaarboek Media Geschiedenis, 4 Nederlands-Indië (Amsterdam: Stichting beheer IISG, Stichting Mediageschiedenis, 1992), 29. About 3,000 subscribers listened to Phohi and about 7,000 subscribers in Java listened to Nirom. See Marjan Beijering, "Overheidscensuur op een koloniale radiozender: De Philips Omroep Holland Indië en de Indië Programma Commissie, 1933-1940," in Jaarboek Media Geschiedenes, 4:51.
20. By 1935, the Nirom signal could be received throughout Java; see, e.g., René Witte, "Exploitatie en bevoogding: De Europese en inheemse radio-omroep in Nederlands-Indië tot 1942," in Jaarboek Media Geschiedenis, 4 Nederlands-Indië (Amsterdam: Stichting beheer IISG, Stichting Mediageschiedenis, 1992), 29. About 3,000 subscribers listened to Phohi and about 7,000 subscribers in Java listened to Nirom. See Marjan Beijering, "Overheidscensuur op een koloniale radiozender: De Philips Omroep Holland Indië en de Indië Programma Commissie, 1933-1940," in Jaarboek Media Geschiedenes, 4:51.
21. For a listing of stations and transmitters with broadcasting times, see, e.g., Radio-Omroep, December 1938 and January 1939. De Indische Luistergids (December 30, 1933), listed the following studios in Central and East Java: Radiovereeniging Midden Java (with two transmitters) and Radio-Club, both in Semarang; Radiovereeniging Midden Java and Helant Muller Radio, both in Yogyakarta; Radiovereeniging Midden Java in Magelang; Radio Van Wingen in Surabaya and Jember; Radio J. H. Goldberg, Radio Jarico, Radio Electric, Lampslijn Radio, and Soerabajaasch Kantoor voor Radiozaken, all in Surabaya; and Soerbajasche Radiovereeniging with transmitters in Surabaya and Malang.
22. For a listing of stations and transmitters with broadcasting times, see, e.g., Radio-Omroep, December 1938 and January 1939. De Indische Luistergids (December 30, 1933), listed the following studios in Central and East Java: Radiovereeniging Midden Java (with two transmitters) and Radio-Club, both in Semarang; Radiovereeniging Midden Java and Helant Muller Radio, both in Yogyakarta; Radiovereeniging Midden Java in Magelang; Radio Van Wingen in Surabaya and Jember; Radio J. H. Goldberg, Radio Jarico, Radio Electric, Lampslijn Radio, and Soerabajaasch Kantoor voor Radiozaken, all in Surabaya; and Soerbajasche Radiovereeniging with transmitters in Surabaya and Malang.
23. Philips Concern, Archief Nirom, quoted in Witte, "Exploitatie en bevoogding," 30.
24. The most significant of W. F. Wertheim's books probably has been his Indonesian Society in Transition: A Study of Social Change (The Hague: W. van Hoeve, 1956).
25. Friedrich Nietzsche, in Blackburn, The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 240. I like the "dead and fossilized" of Blackburn's translation better than, e.g., "metaphors that have become worn out" as it is translated in Nietzsche, "On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense," in Philosophy and Truth: Selections from Nietzsche's Notebooks of the Early 1870s (New Jersey: Humanities Press, n.d.), I, 84.
26. Friedrich Nietzsche, in Blackburn, The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 240. I like the "dead and fossilized" of Blackburn's translation better than, e.g., "metaphors that have become worn out" as it is translated in Nietzsche, "On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense," in Philosophy and Truth: Selections from Nietzsche's Notebooks of the Early 1870s (New Jersey: Humanities Press, n.d.), I, 84.
27. Wim Wertheim and Hetty Wertheim-Gijs Weenink, Vier Wendingen in Ons Bestaan: Indië verloren-Indonesië geboren (Breda: De Geus, 1991), 228.
28. Witte, "Exploitatie en bevoogding," 25.
29. Alles Electrisch in het Indische Huis, 1:1 (June 1931).
30. See, e.g., R. Niewenhuys, "Tempo Doeloe XII," Kritiek en Opbouw, 3:1 (16 February 1940), 14.
31. See, e.g., a review of the new topographical rules for the Netherlands East Indies: H. Ph. Th. Witkamp, "Een voorbeeld zonder voorbeeld," De Indische Gids, 8:2 (1886), 1625.
32. This is clear from the reading of Verslag omtrent den Post - en Telegraafdienst in Nederlandsch-Indië from that year on. One of the extremely rare but very visible exceptions were the so-called Tjilegon riots in the 1880s during which, according to an official report, "The house of the assistant-resident, and some other Europeans and most of the local native officials, were attacked, with several inhabitants of the houses being murdered while the houses' furniture was destroyed. The offices of the tax under-collector and of the salt depository were plundered; the telegraph wires to [the nearby town of] Serang were cut; and the prison was broken into." See "Het officiële relaas van de onlusten te Tjilegon en pogingen tot oproer in Midden- en Oost-Java," quoted in De Indische Gids, 11:2 (1889), 1768-69.
33. In the famous accident of 1920 it was rumored that a nationalist leader in central Javanese Surakarta, Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, was "ordered to blow up . . . the post office with dynamite . . . planning to cut off the electricity in the Sunan's palace on April 10, his birthday, and to kill him in darkness." This was the first occasion that the "police force . . . [was] brought into the palace." Takashi Shiraishi, An Age in Motion: Popular Radicalism in Java, 1912-1926 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990), 191-92.
34. D. H. Meijer, "Dactyloscopie voor Nederlandsch-Indië," Koloniale Studiën, 10:2 (1926), 931.
35. Beijering, "Overheidscensuur," esp. 53-59, gives some remarkable examples of Indies radio censorship. For instance, the program "Een midwinterdagdroom" (A Midwinter Dream) was banned in 1937 because the Indië Programma Commissie found it "nothing but a commercial for Switzerland." A lecture by Major W. G. Bas on the Dutch liberation struggle against the French in 1813 could not go on the air in 1936 because the commission thought that, besides being simplistic, it would possibly sound "tactless to the native listeners for whom independence had not yet come."
36. Beijering, "Overheidscensuur," 63.
37. De Indische Luistergids (28 April 1934), 17. It took another four years before, in the Volksraad (the partially elected colonial advisory body to the governor general) a deputy demanded that radio be introduced into the higher elementary-school classes and the middle schools; this time the good example was South Africa. See speech by Razoux Schultz in Handelingen van den Volksraad (1938-39), 478-9.
38. De Indische Luistergids (28 April 1934), 17. It took another four years before, in the Volksraad (the partially elected colonial advisory body to the governor general) a deputy demanded that radio be introduced into the higher elementary-school classes and the middle schools; this time the good example was South Africa. See speech by Razoux Schultz in Handelingen van den Volksraad (1938-39), 478-9.
39. For example, "In the first month of this year, there were 221,469 new listeners in Germany. It means a growth of 7,144 a day or 300 new listeners each hour" (De Indische Luistergids [April 21, 1934], 3). In 1938, a Volksraad deputy demanded a "greater alertness" from the Indies authorities to the role of radio "in this modern society." Radio is a "medium of publicity and propaganda," the deputy said, "and it is effective with the masses." "Of course," the deputy added, "I do not want to sound like the German minister for propaganda, Dr. Göbbels." See Van Baalen's speech in Handelingen van den Volksraad (1938-39), 234.
40. For example, "In the first month of this year, there were 221,469 new listeners in Germany. It means a growth of 7,144 a day or 300 new listeners each hour" (De Indische Luistergids [April 21, 1934], 3). In 1938, a Volksraad deputy demanded a "greater alertness" from the Indies authorities to the role of radio "in this modern society." Radio is a "medium of publicity and propaganda," the deputy said, "and it is effective with the masses." "Of course," the deputy added, "I do not want to sound like the German minister for propaganda, Dr. Göbbels." See Van Baalen's speech in Handelingen van den Volksraad (1938-39), 234.
41. Avital Ronell, The Telephone Book (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), 30, 412.
42. See, e.g., the report on the great attraction of the Press Pavilion built by press agency Aneta at the Batavia fair at Pǎsar Gǎmbir in 1928: "the visitors at the fair, thanks to the cooperation of the Post and Telegraph Office, had an opportunity via Aneta to speak with the Netherlands direct and wireless." Berretty, Van 13 momenten.
43. wireless Transmitting Station Malabar. See also the photos in "Een door Aneta verwaardigd diorama van het Gouvernement-radiostation op de Malabar in het Pers-Paviljoen," in Berretty, Van 13 momenten.
44. wireless Transmitting Station Malabar. See also the photos in "Een door Aneta verwaardigd diorama van het Gouvernement-radiostation op de Malabar in het Pers-Paviljoen," in Berretty, Van 13 momenten.
45. "Oorlog en B.R.V." Radio Bode, 14:25 (16 June 1940), 2.
46. Ibid., 3.
47. Ibid.
48. Q Radio Bode, 15:49 (7 December 1941), the end page.
49. De Indische Luistergids (28 April 1934), 13.
50. Beginning 1 January 1901, the spiritualist Orgaan de Vereeniging Lumen appeared regularly for four years. Between 1906 and 1912, Het Spiritistisch Tijdschrift voor Ned.-Indië was published; after April 1, 1929, Indisch Spiritistisch Tijdschrift appeared, at first irregularly, and by 1930 monthly, first in Weltevreden, Batavia, then in Semarang.
51. Beginning 1 January 1901, the spiritualist Orgaan de Vereeniging Lumen appeared regularly for four years. Between 1906 and 1912, Het Spiritistisch Tijdschrift voor Ned.-Indië was published; after April 1, 1929, Indisch Spiritistisch Tijdschrift appeared, at first irregularly, and by 1930 monthly, first in Weltevreden, Batavia, then in Semarang.
52. Indisch Spiritistisch Tijdschrifi, 11:3 (1940), 46. Nederlandsch-Indische Federatie van Spiritisten had branches in numerous towns on Java and other islands; each branch was to have a chairman, secretary, treasurer, general commissar, commissar for propaganda, and a verification commission.
53. A speaker at a spiritualist meeting, for example, was reported as giving "graphic representation of an electromagnetic current," Indisch Spiritistisch Tijdschrift, 9:12 (1938), 191. In another instance, a spiritualist expert lectured about "electric phenomenon via medium," and how to connect with ghosts: "electric current of high voltage [must be channeled through] two silver plates placed parallel to each other at a distance of 4 millimeters for a galvanic element to work most effectively." Indisch Spiritistisch Tijdschrift, 10:11 (1939), 171.
54. A speaker at a spiritualist meeting, for example, was reported as giving "graphic representation of an electromagnetic current," Indisch Spiritistisch Tijdschrift, 9:12 (1938), 191. In another instance, a spiritualist expert lectured about "electric phenomenon via medium," and how to connect with ghosts: "electric current of high voltage [must be channeled through] two silver plates placed parallel to each other at a distance of 4 millimeters for a galvanic element to work most effectively." Indisch Spiritistisch Tijdschrift, 10:11 (1939), 171.
55. Radio Bode, 14:20 (May 12, 1940), 1.
56. Radio Bode, 14:27 (June 30, 1940), 8.
57. Wertheim and Wertheim, Vier Wendingen, 244-5.
58. Ch. van der Plas, "Opmerking over The Tempest," Fakkel, 1:5 (March 1941), 391.
59. Marc Dierikx, Bevlogen jaren: Nederlandse burgerluchtvaart tussen de wereldoorlogen (Romen Luchtvaart), 135.
60. G. A. van Bovene, Nieuws! Een boek over pers. film en radio (Batavia: G. Kolff, 1941?). Van Bovene himself described the Batavia-Sydney flight and his reportage from it as a "sensation" and a "fairy tale" (pp. 122-23).
61. Van Bovene, Nieuws! Een boek, 26.
62. Ibid., 7.
63. Ibid., 12.
64. Ibid., 160.
65. Ibid., 168.
66. Ibid., 172.
67. Ibid., 68.
68. Ibid., 222-5.
69. Muhammad Dimyati, Dibalik Tabir Gelombang Radio (Atjeh: Indonesia, 1359 [1939]); on Dimyati, see, e.g., A. Teeuw, Modern Indonesian Literature, vol. I (Dordrecht: Foris, 1987), 75, 140; vol. II (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1979), 12; Claudine Salmon, "Masyarakat Pribumi Indonesia di mata Penulis Turunan Cina," Kritis, 2:1 (July 1987), 40.
70. Muhammad Dimyati, Dibalik Tabir Gelombang Radio (Atjeh: Indonesia, 1359 [19391]); on Dimyati, see, e.g., A. Teeuw, Modern Indonesian Literature, vol. I (Dordrecht: Foris, 1987), 75, 140; vol. II (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1979), 12; Claudine Salmon, "Masyarakat Pribumi Indonesia di mata Penulis Turunan Cina," Kritis, 2:1 (July 1987), 40.
71. Muhammad Dimyati, Dibalik Tabir Gelombang Radio (Atjeh: Indonesia, 1359 [19391]); on Dimyati, see, e.g., A. Teeuw, Modern Indonesian Literature, vol. I (Dordrecht: Foris, 1987), 75, 140; vol. II (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1979), 12; Claudine Salmon, "Masyarakat Pribumi Indonesia di mata Penulis Turunan Cina," Kritis, 2:1 (July 1987), 40.
72. Muhammad Dimyati, Dibalik Tabir Gelombang Radio (Atjeh: Indonesia, 1359 [19391]); on Dimyati, see, e.g., A. Teeuw, Modern Indonesian Literature, vol. I (Dordrecht: Foris, 1987), 75, 140; vol. II (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1979), 12; Claudine Salmon, "Masyarakat Pribumi Indonesia di mata Penulis Turunan Cina," Kritis, 2:1 (July 1987), 40.
73. "I don't know whether it was that in his soul Amir indeed basically liked the music, or whether he only happened to be interested in Radio" (Dimyati's italics). Dimyati, Dibalik Tabir Gelombang Radio, 17.
74. Dimyati, Dibalik Tabir Gelombang Radio, 7.
75. Ibid., 25.
76. Ibid., 37.
77. Ibid., 40, 56.
78. Ibid., 56.
79. Ibid., 87.
80. Soewarsih Djojopoespito, Buiten het Gareel. Indonesische Roman Met een Inleiding van E. Du Perron (Utrecht: De Haan, 1940), 16, 20-21.
81. Soewarsih Djojopoespito, "De taal de Soendanese jongeren," Kritiek en Opbouw, 1:23 (January 12, 1939), 348.
82. Derrida, quoted in Ronell, Telephone Book, 425.
83. De Indische Luistergids (January 6, 1934), 7.
84. Ibid.
85. W. Benjamin, Reflections Cambridge, MA: W. A. Schocken, 1986, 239, quoting Kraus.
86. These statistics are from Witte, "Exploitatie en bevoogding," 29.
87. Witte, "Exploitatie en bevoogding," 29.
88. Radio Bode, 15:49 (December 7, 1941), 4, 10.
89. H. Buitenweg, Kind in tempodoeloe (Wassenaar: Servire, 1969), 32.
90. Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels (Utrecht: Van Dale, 1993), 301.
91. "Later in 1925 when radio broadcasting was begun, kroncong melodies made even deeper inroads in Javanese society and were often combined with the melody of native Javanese music. Also in the process of Indonesia's fight for independence from Japan's military rule, kroncong became popular in songs inspiring a nationalistic spirit. Today the places where kroncong music is heard most often are Indonesian restaurants in Japan and the Netherlands." Kenji Tsuchiya, "Kartini's Image of the Javanese Landscape," East Asian Cultural Studies, 25:1-4 (1986), 82, nn. 8, 9.
92. Soeloeh Indonesia, 2:9 (September 1927), 7-8.
93. Liederen USI (Batavia[?]: USI, n.d.), song no. 10.
94. Wertheim and Wertheim, Vier Wendingen, 201-2.
95. Witte, "Exploitatie en bevoogding," 34-35.
96. Ibid., 32.
97. Philips Concern, Archief Nirom statistics are from Witte, "Exploitatie en bevoogding," 30.
98. Speech by Soetardjo, August 8, 1938, in Handelingen van den Volksraad (1938-39), 778.
99. For information on Soetardjo, see, for instance, Heather Sutherland, The Making of a Bureaucratic Elite (Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann, 1979), esp. 82-85, 122-23. Another influential agent in the development of the Eastern Indies radio was R. A. A. Wiranatakoesoema, the regent of Bandung; also important throughout were the circles around the Mangkoenegaran princely palace in Surakarta.
100. See Grondslagen voor een regeling tot deelname van de Federatie PPRK aan de Oostersche Omroep in N.I. over de NIROM-zenders, summarized in Witte, "Exploitatie en bevoogding," 36.
101. See Grondslagen voor een regeling tot deelname van de Federatie PPRK aan de Oostersche Omroep in N.I. over de NIROM-zenders, summarized in Witte, "Exploitatie en bevoogding," 36.
102. Nationale Commentaren, 4:39 (September 27, 1941), 3818. See also "Evacuatie van de Burgerbevolking/(Radiorede van A. W. Deelman, Hoofd van het Kantoor Bestuurszaken van het Secretariaat van den Staatsmobilisatieraad)," ibid., 4:50 (December 13, 1941), 4047-48.
103. Nationale Commentaren, 4:39 (September 27, 1941), 3818. See also "Evacuatie van de Burgerbevolking/(Radiorede van A. W. Deelman, Hoofd van het Kantoor Bestuurszaken van het Secretariaat van den Staatsmobilisatieraad)," ibid., 4:50 (December 13, 1941), 4047-48.
104. "Radiorede van der Plas," Nationale Commentaren, 4:45 (November 8, 1941), 3938-39.
105. Ibid., 4:48 (November 29, 1941), 4000.
106. Ibid., 5:6 (February 7, 1942), 4162.
107. Indies radio addressed the "real-life interests" of its listeners, with, for example, causeries on city planning, the origins of radio, and automobile repair. See, e.g., the March, April, and June through November issues of volume 4 (1938) of Berita-V.O.R.L.
108. Speech by Soetardjo, August 9, 1938, in Handelingen van den Volksraad (1938-39), 779.
109. Berita-V.O.R.L., 4:5 (May 1938), 8.
110. Java Bode (June 11, 1934), in Witte, "Exploitatie en bevoogding," 33.
111. Java Bode (June 11, 1934), in Witte, "Exploitatie en bevoogding," 33.
112. "Malam Kesenian Timoer," Soeara Timoer, 1:2 (January 12, 1941).
113. Boediardjo, "Eenige opmerkingen over en naar aanleiding van het eerste volksconcert van de 'Perserikatan Perkoempoelan Radio Ketimoeran,' " Kritiek en Opbouw, 4:1 (February 15, 1941), 11-12.
114. Ibid., 12.
115. "Pidato Ketoea P.P.R.K. Toean M. Soetardjo pada pemboekaän malam 'Kesenian Tmoer' di Stadsschouwburg, pada tanggal Januari 11, 1941," Soeara Timoer, 1:3 (January 26, 1941).
116. Amir Sjarifoeddin is most generally known as a principal leader of the Indonesian left wing after 1945. In 1948, after the so-called Madiun Affair, Amir was executed by order of the Indonesian republican government.
117. A. S., "Dari Kaboepaten ke Microfoon," Soeara Timoer, 1:2 (January 12, 1941).
118. J. de K. [deKadt], "Kleine Niromiade," Kritiek en Opbouw, 5:3 (5 February 1942), 48.
119. Kritiek en Opbouw was revived for a few years after the war, in a completely different situation of the late 1940s.
120. Soeara Timoer, 2:1 (January 11, 1942), 19.
121. Ibid., 2:1 (January 11, 1942), 18; 2:2 (February 8, 1942), 22.
122. Ibid., 2:1 (January 11, 1942), 18; 2:2 (February 8, 1942), 22.
123. Kierkegaard, Concept of Irony, 104.
124. Ibid., 103. Robert Musil wrote about the same thing, only perhaps more precisely: "Single-mindedness is the law of all waking thought and action, as much present in a compelling logical conclusion as in the mind of the blackmailer who enforces his will on the victim step by step, and it arises from the exigencies of life when only one singleminded control of circumstances can avert disaster. Metaphor, by contrast, is like the image that fuses several meanings in a dream." Robert Musil, The Man without Qualities (New York: Knopf, 1995), 647.
125. Ibid., 103. Robert Musil wrote about the same thing, only perhaps more precisely: "Single-mindedness is the law of all waking thought and action, as much present in a compelling logical conclusion as in the mind of the blackmailer who enforces his will on the victim step by step, and it arises from the exigencies of life when only one singleminded control of circumstances can avert disaster. Metaphor, by contrast, is like the image that fuses several meanings in a dream." Robert Musil, The Man without Qualities (New York: Knopf, 1995), 647.
126. A. Damhoeri, Zender Nirom (Medan: Tjenderawasih, 1940), 63.
127. Ketjindoean, Patjar Koening. Serie V. Kedjadian jang aneh diboekakan oleh detektif Raden Pandji Soebrata (Djokjakarta: "Kabe" Kolif-Buning, [1940]), 55-57.
128. Osaka Sd. Tjokronolo, "Membangoenkan lapisan Indonesia dalam masjarakat Indonesia," Keboedajaän dan Masjarakat, 1:5 (September 1939), 118-21.
129. Soeloeh Indonesia Moeda, 9 (August 1928), 232.