Smoke exposure among wildland firefighters: A review and discussion of current literature

USDA Forest Service - General Technical Report PNW

Volumn PNW_GTR, Issue 373, 1997, Pages

  Reinhardt, Timothy E ^a   Ottmar, Roger D ^a  

^a PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Fire; Human health; Occupational exposure; Safety smoke exposure; Smoke

Indexed keywords

EID: 5544276919     PISSN: 08874840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. American Conference of Governmental Hygenists. 1995-96. Threshold limit values (TVLs) for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposures indices (BEIs). Cincinnati, OH.
2. Betchley, C. 1993. Personal communication. November. Seattle, WA: Department of Environmental Health, University of Washington.
3. Betchley, C. 1994. Personal communication. December 3. Seattle, WA: Department of Environmental Health, University of Washington.
4. Betchley, C.; Koenig, J.Q.; van Belle, G. [and others]. 1995. Pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in forest firefighters. Unpublished report. On file with: University of Washington, Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Mailstop SC-34, Seattle, WA 98195.
5. Boatner, T. 1995. Personal communication. May 3. Fairbanks, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska Fire Service, Smokejumper Branch, chief.
6. Brotherhood, J.R.; Budd, G.M.; Jeffery, S.E. [and others]. 1990. Fire fighters' exposure to carbon monoxide during Australian bushfires. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 51(4): 234-240.
7. Chonka, J. 1995. Personal communication. April 25. Gunnison, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Grand Mesa-Uncompaghre-Gunnison National Forest, Gunnison Ranger District, fire management officer.
8. Coburn, R.F.; Forster, R.E.; Kane, P.B. 1965. Considerations of the physiological variables that determine the blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 44(11): 1899-1910.
9. Dost, F.N. 1991. Acute toxicology of components of vegetation smoke. In: Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag Inc.: 2-46. Chapter 19.
10. Griggs, T.R.; Mage, D.; Simpson, R.J., Jr.; Haak, E. 1983. Carbon monoxide exposure associated with fighting a peat ground fire. Fire Management Notes. 44(1): 6-8.
11. Grimes, L. 1994. Personal communication. December 15. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region, regional fire training specialist.
12. Hardy, C.C.; Teesdale, D.R. 1991. Smoke emissions from prescribed fires in western juniper and big basin sagebrush of central Oregon. Seattle, WA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; final report; [contract no. unknown].
13. Harrison, R.; Materna, B.; Liu, D.; Balmes, J. 1992. Respiratory effects of smoke exposure in wildland firefighters: methacholine challenge testing and exposure monitoring. Berkeley, CA: California Occupational Health Program, California Department of Health Services.
14. Hvizdak, R. 1994. Personal communication. December. Eureka, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, Rexford Ranger District.
15. Jackson, G.; Tietz, J.G. 1979. Preliminary analysis: firefighters' exposure to carbon monoxide on wildfires and prescribed burns. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Equipment Development Center; project record.
16. Kelly, J. 1992a. Health hazard evaluation report, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Gallatin National Forest, Montana. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; HETA 91-312-2185.
17. Kelly, J. 1992b. Health hazard evaluation report, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, New River Gorge National River, West Virginia. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety; HETA 92-045-2260.
18. Kelly, J. 1994. Personal communication. May. Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, industrial hygienist.
19. Kiefer, M.B. 1995. Personal communication, April 27. Three Rivers, CA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park, ecologist.
20. Kubiak, P. 1995. Personal communication. April 27. Tallahassee, FL: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Appalachicola National Forest, Appalachicola Ranger District, fire management officer.
21. Lavdas, L.G. 1995. Personal communication. March 13. Macon, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Fire Laboratory.
22. Letts, D.; Fidler, A.T.; Deitchman, S.; Reh, C.M. 1991. Health hazard evaluation report, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, southern California. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; HETA 91-152-2140.
23. Linane, M. 1995. Personal communication. April 25. Los Frelos, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Los Padres National Forest, crew superintendent.
24. Liu, D.; Tager, I.B; Balmes, J.R.; Harrison, R.J. 1992. The effect of smoke inhalation on lung function and airway responsiveness in wildland fire fighters. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 146: 1469-1473.
25. Lodge, James P. 1989. Methods of air sampling and analysis. 3d ed. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, Inc: 296-302.
26. Martin, P. 1994. Personal communication. December 16. Park Falls, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Eastern Region.
27. Materna, B.; Koshland, C.; Harrison, R. 1992a. Carbon monoxide exposure in wildland firefighting: a comparison of monitoring methods. Berkeley, CA: California Occupational Health Program, California Department of Health Services.
28. Materna, B.L.; Jones, J.R.; Sutton, P.M. [and others]. 1992b. Occupational exposures in California wildland fire fighting. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 53(1): 69-76.
29. McMahon, C.K.; Bush, P.B. 1992. Forest worker exposure to airborne herbicide residues in smoke from prescribed fires in the southern United States. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 53(4): 265-272.
30. Mutch, R.W.; Arno, S.F.; Brown, J.K. [and others]. 1993. Forest health in the Blue Mountains: a management strategy for fire-adapted ecosystems. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-310. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
31. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1989. Manual of analytical methods, third edition. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, NIOSH: 0600-1 to 0600-6, 1501-1 to 1501-7.
32. Oberheu, R. 1995. Personal communication. April 25. Delta, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Grand Mesa-Uncompaghre-Gunnison National Forest, fire management officer.
33. Pyne, S.J. 1984. Introduction to wildland fire: fire management in the United States. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 379.
34. Reh, C.M.; Deitchman, S.D. 1992. Health hazard evaluation report, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; HETA 88-320-2176.
35. Reh, C.M.; Letts, D.; Deitchman, S. 1994. Health hazard evaluation report, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, California. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; HETA 90-0365-2314.
36. Reinhardt, I.E. 1989. Firefighter smoke exposure at prescribed burns: a study and action recommendation. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Fire and Air Resource Management Project, 4043 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105-6497.
37. Reinhardt, I.E. 1991. Monitoring firefighter exposure to air toxins at prescribed burns of forest and range biomass. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-441. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
38. Reinhardt, T.E.; Black, J.; Ottmar, R. 1995a. Smoke exposure at northern California vegetation fires. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Fire and Air Resource Management Project, 4043 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105-6497.
39. Reinhardt, I.E.; Black, J.; Ottmar, R. 1995b. Smoke exposure at Northwest wildfires. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Fire and Air Resource Management Project, 4043 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105-6497.
40. Reinhardt, T.E.; Hanneman, A.; Ottmar, R. 1994. Smoke exposure at prescribed burns. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Fire and Air Resource Management Project, 4043 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105-6497.
41. Ricker, D. 1995. Personal communication. April 25. Anchorage, AK: State of Alaska, Division of Forestry, aviation manager.
42. Ringold, A.; Goldsmith, J.R.; Helwig, H.L. [and others]. 1962. Estimating recent carbon monoxide exposures: a rapid method. Archives of Environmental Health. 5: 308-318.
43. Romey, M. 1994. Personal communication. December 16. [City unknown], MI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Huron-Manistee National Forest.
44. Rothman, N.; Ford, D.P.; Baser, M.E. [and others]. 1991. Pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in wildland firefighters. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 33(11): 1163-1169.
45. Rounsaville, M. 1994. Personal communication. December. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region, regional prescribed fire specialist.
46. Russell, W. 1995. Personal communication. January 18. Phoenix, AZ: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Southwestern Region, Aviation and Fire Management.
47. Seamon, P. 1995. Personal communication. March 22. Tallahassee, FL: The Nature Conservancy, fire manager.
48. Smith, J. 1995. Personal communication. April 25. Camino, CA: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Amador-EI Dorado Ranger Unit, vegetation management program officer.
49. Smith, N.J. 1977. End-expired air technique for determining occupational carbon monoxide exposure. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 19(11): 766-769.
50. Sparrow, D.; Bosse, R; Rosner, B; Weiss, S.T. 1982. The effect of occupational exposure on pulmonary function. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 125: 319-322
51. Stewart, R.D.; Stewart, R.S.; Stamm, R.; Seelen, R.P. 1976. Rapid estimation of carboxyhemoglobin level in fire fighters. Journal of the American Medical Association. 235(4): January 26, 1976.
52. Stutler, J. 1994. Personal communication. December 21. Bishop, CA: Inyo National Forest, fire management officer.
53. Sutton, P.; Castorina, J.; Harrison, R.; Ford, D.P. 1988. Carbon monoxide exposure in wildland fire fighters. Berkeley, CA: Occupational Health Surveillance and Evaluation Program, Epidemiologic Studies and Surveillance Section, California Department of Health Services.
54. Thomas, D. 1994. Personal communication. December. Superior, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Superior Ranger District.
55. Tietz, J.G. 1975. Firefighters' exposure to carbon monoxide on the Deadline and Outlaw fires. ED&T 2424 - Rep. 7551-2219. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Equipment Development Center, Smoke Inhalation Hazards.
56. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 1994a. Code of Federal regulations, title 29, part 1910.1000(d)(2)(i). Washington, DC: 7.
57. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 1994b. Code of Federal regulations, title 29, Part 1910.1048(d)(2)(i). Washington, DC.
58. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research and Development. 1984. Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air. EPA-600/4-84-041. Research Triangle Park, NC: Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory: TO11-1 to TO11-38.
59. Van Der Linden, L. 1995. Personal communication. April 17. Fairbanks, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, State fire coordinator.
60. Viereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T.; Batten, A.R.; Wenzlick, K.J. 1992. The Alaska vegetation classification. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-286. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 278 p.
61. Wachtel, D. 1995. Personal communication. May 1. Morgan Hill, CA: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Santa Clara Ranger Unit, vegetation management program officer.
62. Wade, D. 1995. Personal communication, March 13-14. Macon, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Fire Laboratory.
63. Walden, D. 1995. Personal communication. April 28. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Division of Forest Resources, deputy director.
64. Ward, D.E.; Hardy, C.C. 1986. Advances in the characterization and control of emissions from prescribed broadcast fires of coniferous species logging slash on clearcut units. Unpublished report. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 4043 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105-6497.
65. Ward, D.E.; Hardy, C.C. 1989. Emissions from prescribed burning of chaparral. In: Proceedings, 82d annual meeting, Air and Waste Management Association; 1989 June 25-30; Anaheim, CA. Pap. 89-25.5. Pittsburgh, PA: Air and Waste Management Association.
66. Ward, D.E.; Rothman, N.; Stickland, P. 1989. The effects of fire smoke on firefighters: a comprehensive study plan: Proceedings of a meeting; [dates unknown]; [San Diego, CA]. [Place of publication unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station.
67. Wetzel, F. 1995. Personal communication. May 3. Folkston, GA: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Okeefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, assistant fire management officer.
68. Wilcock, L. 1995. Personal communication. May 3. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Matanuska-Susitna National Wildlife Refuge, fire management officer.