Tracing social change among the Labrador Inuit and Inuit-Métis: What does the nutrition literature tell us?

Food, Culture and Society

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 315-333

  Hanrahan, Maura ^a  

^a MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

Author keywords

Inuit; Inuit diet; Inuit nutrition; Inuit M tis; Labrador; Nutrition literature; Social change

Indexed keywords

EID: 55349089181     PISSN: 15528014     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2752/175174408X347883     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Maura Hanrahan and Marg Ewtushik (eds) A Veritable Scoff: Sources on Foodways and Nutrition in Newfoundland and Labrador (St. John's: Flanker Press, 2001).
2. Maura Hanrahan, "Industrialization and the Politicization of Health in Labrador Métis Society," Canadian Journal of Native Studies 20(2) (2002): 231-250;
3. Maura Hanrahan, Brooks, Buckets, and Komatiks: The Problem of Water Access in Black Tickle (St. John's: Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2000).
4. Otto Schaefer, "Changing Dietary Patterns in the Canadian North: Health, Social and Economic Consequences," Canadian Dietetic Association Journal 38(1) (1977): 17-25.
5. Schaefer, "Changing Dietary Patterns in the Canadian North."
6. Peter Bjerregaard and T. Kue Young, The Circumpolar Inuit: Health of a Population in Transition (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1998).
7. This phase is depicted in the 2006 Inuit film "The Journals of Knud Rasmussen," co-directed by Norman Cohn and Zacharias Kunuk.
8. A. Keenleyside, "Euro-American Whaling in the Canadian Arctic: Its effects on Eskimo health," Arctic Anthropology 27(1) (1990): 1-19.
9. Keenleyside, "Euro-American Whaling in the Canadian Arctic."
10. Bjerregaard and Young, The Circumpolar Inuit; Keenleyside, "Euro-American Whaling in the Canadian Arctic;"
11. W. H. Oswalt, Bashful No Longer: An Alaskan Eskimo Ethnohistory, 1778-1988 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990).
12. Bjerregaard and Young, The Circumpolar Inuit; Keenleyside, "Euro-American Whaling in the Canadian Arctic;" Oswalt, Bashful No Longer, p. 228.
13. M. H. Wahdan, "The epidemiologic transition," Eastern Mediterranean Journal 2:1 (1996), pp. 8-20.
14. J. W. Berry, Acculturation and adaptation: Health consequences of culture contact among circumpolar peoples, Arctic Medical Research 49 (1990): 142-150.
15. Bjerregaard and Young, The Circumpolar Inuit; Keenleyside, "Euro-American Whaling in the Canadian Arctic;" Oswalt, Bashful No Longer, p. 228.
16. Wahdan, "The epidemiologic transition."
17. Lawrence Jackson, Bounty of a Barren Coast: Resource Harvest and Settlement in Southern Labrador, Phase One (Calgary: PetroCanada Explorations Ltd, 1982), p. 126.
18. G. Johnson, "Nutritional Deficiency Diseases in Newfoundland and Labrador: Their Recognition and Elimination" (unpublished research paper, Memorial University of Newfoundland, c.1980).
19. Mary G. Alton Mackey, "The Impact of Imported Foods on the Traditional Inuit Diet," Arctic Medical Research 47(Suppl. 1) (1988): 128-133.
20. One of the challenges with the early literature is explorers' tendency to confuse First Nations people (the Labrador Innu) with the Inuit. Both were called "natives" or "savages" and there are many references to "Eskimeaux-Indians."
21. Johnson, "Nutritional Deficiency Diseases in Newfoundland and Labrador," p. 3.
22. Johnson, "Nutritional Deficiency Diseases in Newfoundland and Labrador," pp. 2-3.
23. Harriet V. Kuhnlein and Nancy J. Turner, "Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany and Use," Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology, 8 (Philadelphia, PA.: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1991), pp. 485-512.
24. Johnson, "Nutritional Deficiency Diseases in Newfoundland and Labrador," p. 3.
25. Author unknown, "Inuit," Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador (St. John's: Newfoundland Book Publishers, 1991).
26. Samuel K. Hutton, A Thesis on the Health and Diseases of the Eskimos (Derby: James Harwood, 1909).
27. Newfoundlanders called this the "truck system."
28. J. M. Little, "An Eskimo 'Deficiency Disease,'" Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 176(18) (1917): 642-3.
29. Little, "An Eskimo 'Deficiency Disease,"' p. 643.
30. For this reason, the Innu wisely resisted involvement in the fur trade, preferring to concentrate on their traditional caribou hunt and other hunting activities.
31. L. M. Waugh, "Nutrition and Health of the Labrador Eskimo with Special Reference to the Mouth and Teeth," Journal of Dental Health 8 (1928): 428-9.
32. Waugh, "Nutrition and Health of the Labrador Eskimo," p. 428.
33. Waugh, "Nutrition and Health of the Labrador Eskimo," p. 428.
34. Waugh, "Nutrition and Health of the Labrador Eskimo," p. 429.
35. V. B. Appleton, "Observations of Deficiency Diseases in Labrador," American Journal of Public Health 11 (1921): 617-21.
36. Paulus Maggo, Remembering the Years of My Life: Journeys of an Inuit Hunter, ed. Carol Brice-Bennett (St. John's: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1999), p. 87.
37. W.R. Aykroyd, "Beriberi and Other Food Deficiency Diseases in Newfoundland and Labrador," Journal of Hygiene 30 (1930): 357-86.
38. W. R. Aykroyd, "Vitamin A Deficiency in Newfoundland," Irish Journal of Medical Sciences 28 1928): 161-5.
39. Millicent Blake Loder, Daughter of Labrador (St. John's: Harry Cuff Publications, 1989).
40. Elizabeth Goudle, Woman of Labrador (Agincourt, ON: Book Society of Canada, 1983).
41. Joanne Martin, "We Knew Hard Work," Them Days: Stories of Early Labrador 2(1) (1976): 41-45.
42. Martin, "We Knew Hard Work," p. 41.
43. Although a complete discussion is beyond the scope of this paper, it is interesting that, in many ways (such as social control through imposing "law and order") the roles of the Newfoundland Bangers in Labrador paralleled those of the withdrawing Moravians.
44. Schaefer, "Changing Dietary Patterns in the Canadian North."
45. Schaefer, "Changing Dietary Patterns in the Canadian North."
46. The Innu (First Nations, formerly "Indian") community of Davis Inlet, now resettled to nearby Natuashish, was also included in the study.
47. Mary Alton Mackey and Robin D. Orr, "The Seasonal Nutrient Density of Country Food Harvested in Makkovik, Labrador," Arctic 41(2) (1988): 105-8.
48. Mary Alton Mackey, Country Food Use in Selected Labrador Coast Communities, Comparative Report, June-July 1980 and June-July 1981 (St. John's: Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1984).
49. Mary Alton Mackey, An Evaluation of Household Country Food Use, Black Tickle, Labrador, July 1980 to June 1981 (St. John's: Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1984).
50. Mary Alton Mackey, An Evaluation of Household Country Food Use, Makkavik, Labrador, July 1980 to June 1981 (St. John's: Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1984).
51. Mary Alton Mackey, An Evaluation of Household Country Food Use, Nain, Labrador, July 1980 to June 1981 (St. John's: Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1984).
52. Mary Alton Mackey, An Evaluation of Household Country Food Use, St. Lewis, Labrador, July 1980 to June 1981 (St. John's: Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1984).
53. Jackson, Bounty of a Barren Coast, p. 126.
54. Mary Alton Mackey and K. M. Boles, The Birthing of Nutrition Education in Labrador: A Summary Report (Goose Bay, Labrador: Labrador Institute of Northern Studies, Memorial University of Newfoundland, ca. 1984).
55. Central Statistical Services, Executive Council, Cost of Basic Diets in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1974 (St, John's: Nutrition Division, Department of Health, Government of Newfoundland), p. 9.
56. Mackey, "The Impact of Imported Foods on the Traditional Inuit Diet."
57. Mackey, "The Impact of Imported Foods on the Traditional Inuit Diet."
58. Mackey, "The Impact of Imported Foods on the Traditional Inuit Diet."
59. Anonymous, Background Submission: Nutritional Value of Country Foods, EIS Military Flight Training: An Environmental Impact Statement on Military Flying Activities in Labrador and Québec: Submissions 1-6 (Ottawa: Department of National Defense, Government of Canada).
60. Anonymous, Background Submission: Nutritional Value of Country Foods.
61. E. McKim, M. Laryea, S. Banoub-Baddour, K. Matthews and K. Webber, "Infant-Feeding Practices in Coastal Labrador," Journal of the Canadian Dietetic Association 59(1) (1998): 35-42.
62. Mary G. Alton-Mackey and Robin D. Orr, "Infant feeding practices in metropolitan, urban and small communities in Newfoundland," Journal of the Canadian Dietetic Association 39 (1978): 236.
63. Maura Hanrahan, Brooks, Buckets, and Komatiks: The Problem of Water Access in Black Tickle (St. John's: Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland 2000).
64. McKim et al. "Infant-feeding practices in Coastal Labrador."
65. Mackey and Boles, The Birthing of Nutrition Education in Labrador.
66. Some of this is being done, e.g. Inuit versions of Canada's food guide, published by Health Canada, Government of Canada.
67. Mackey and Orr, "Country Food Use in Makkovik, Labrador, July 1980 to June 1981." Mackey, Country Food Use in Selected Labrador Coast Communities, Comparative Report, June-July 1980 and June-July 1981.
68. Mackey, An Evaluation of Household Country Food Use, Black Tickle, Labrador, July 1980 to June 1981.
69. Mackey, An Evaluation of Household Country Food Use, Makkovik, Labrador, July 1980 to June 1981.
70. Mackey, An Evaluation of Household Country Food Use, Nain, Labrador, July 1980 to June 1981.
71. Mackey, An Evaluation of Household Country Food Use, St. Lewis, Labrador, July 1980 to June 1981.
72. Mackey and Boles, The Birthing of Nutrition Education in Labrador.
73. Wahdan, "The epidemiologic transition."
74. Maureen Baikie, "Perspectives on the Health of the Labrador Inuit," Northern Perspectives 18:2 (1990), available at: www.carc.org/pubs/v18no2/index.html (accessed October 2, 2007).
75. Wahdan, "The epidemiologic transition;" Bichard G. Wilkinson, "The Epidemiologic Transition: From Material Scarcity to Social Disadvantage?" In Frank Trovato (ed.) Population and Society: Essential Readings (Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 107-16.
76. Health Canada, "Inuit Health Status" (Ottawa: Health Canada, 2000), available at: Www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/nr-cp/2000/ 2000_20bk2_e.html (accessed October 3, 2007).
77. K. M Weiss, R. E. Ferrell and C. L. Harris, "A New World Syndrome of Metabolic Diseases with a Genetic and Evolutionary Basis," Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 27 (1984): 153-78.
78. Weiss et al. "A New World Syndrome of metabolic diseases with a genetic and evolutionary basis."
79. Baikie, "Perspectives on the Health of the Labrador Inuit."