What's to be done with 'Em?" Images of Mexican cultural backwardness, racial limitations, and moral decrepitude in the United States press, 1913-1915

Mexican Studies - Estudios Mexicanos

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 22-67

  Anderson, Mark C ^a  

^a BROCK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 55149089212     PISSN: 07429797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/msem.1998.14.1.03a00030     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. See Clarence Clendenen, The United States and Pancho Villa, A Study in Unconventional Diplomacy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1961), 119;
2. Friedrich Katz, "From Alliance to Dependency: The Formation and Deformation of an Alliance Between Francisco Villa and the United States," Rural Revolt in Mexico and U.S. Intervention, ed. Daniel Nugent (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1988), 230;
3. and, Mark C. Anderson, "Revolution by Headlines: Mass Media in the Foreign Policy of Francisco 'Pancho' Villa." (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Riverside, 1995).
4. Arthur G. Petitt, Images of the Mexican American in Fiction and Film (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1980).
5. Also see Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of the Mass Media," Public Opinion Quarterly 36, 2 (summer 1972): 185;
6. Erving Goffman, Frame Analysis: An Essay of the Organization of Experience (New York: Harper & Row, 1974);
7. and, Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese, Mediating the Message, Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content (White Plains, New York: Longman Publishing Group, 1991), 49.
8. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993) 9, 307.
9. Katz, "From Alliance to Dependency" in Nugent, Rural Revolt in Mexico and U.S. Intervention, 230;
10. Donald Paneth, ed., The Dictionary of American Journalism (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1983), 79, 116, 268, 345.
11. Also see Joseph P. McKerns, ed., Biographical Dictionary of American Journalism (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), 530;
12. Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines, vol. 5. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968);
13. William G. Bonelli, Billion Dollar Blackjack (Beverly Hills: Civic Research Press, 1954), 181-183.
14. The English, in direct colonial competition with the Spanish, used newly developing printing technology to propagandize their case. The result, according to Philip Wayne Powell, gave rise to "propaganda which became entrenched as history." Powell dates English and Dutch anti-Spanish sentiment to the sixteenth century, and other European anti-Spanish sentiment even earlier. See Philip Wayne Powell, Tree of Hate: Propaganda and Prejudices Affecting United States Relations with the Hispanic World (New York: Basic Books, 1971), 6, 39-40, 47-50, 57-59.
15. Also see Raymund Arthur Paredes, "The Image of the Mexican in American Literature," (Ph.D. diss., University of Texas, Austin, 1973), 1-29, 318.
16. Cecil Robinson, With the Ears of Strangers, The Mexican in American Literature (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1963);
17. Fredrick Pike, The United States and Latin America, Myths and Stereotypes of Civilization and Nature (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992), 13-14, 47-49, 99;
18. John J. Johnson, Latin America in Caricature (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980), 10-11.
19. Arnaldo De León, They Called Them Greasers: Anglo Attitudes toward Mexicans in Texas, 1821-1900 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983), 23-24;
20. Paredes, "The Image of the Mexican" 110, 322.
21. Also see George Black, Good Neighbor: How the United States Wrote the History of Central America and the Caribbean (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988), xvi, 2-3, 5.
22. Raymond William Stedman, Shadows of the Indian: Stereotypes in American Culture (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982), 134-157;
23. Robert W. Johannsen, To the Halls of the Montezumas, The Mexican War in the American Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 167-8.
24. Also see James A. Clifton, ed. The Invented Indian, Cultural Fictions and Government Policies (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1990).
25. Robert F. Berkhofer, The White Man's Indian, Images of the American Indian From Columbus to the Present (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), 3, 25-28.
26. Also see Pike, The United States, 99.
27. Also see Gary D. Keller, Hispanics and United States Film, An Overview and Handbook (Tempe: University of Arizona Press, 1994), 33;
28. De León, They Called Them Greasers, 23;
29. Johnson, Latin America, 10, 14-15;
30. Stedman, Shadows of the Indian, 193-205;
31. For discussions of the stereotype and how it impacted U.S. relations with Mexico, see Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987);
32. and John A. Britton, Revolution and Ideology, Images of the Mexican Revolution in the United States (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1995).
33. Also see Nick C. Vaca, "The Mexican-American in the Social Sciences 1912-1970, part II: 1936-1970," El Grito (fall 1970): 17-19;
34. Thomas Martinez, "Advertising and Racism: The Case of the Mexican-American," El Grito (summer 1969): 3-13;
35. Francisco Armando Ríos, "The Mexican in Fact, Fiction, and Folklore," El Grito 2, 4. (summer 1969): 15-6;
36. Joe S. Bain, "Mexicans in Modern American Fiction," (Ph.D. diss., University of California, San Diego, 1983);
37. Keller, Hispanics, 13-36;
38. Robinson, With the Ears, 305;
39. On the tendency toward increasingly albeit slight more realistic portrayals of Mexicans in American twentieth-century popular culture, see Allen L. Woll, The Latin Image in American Film (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin America Center Publications, 1977), 6-16, 105-6.
40. I am using the term archetype to refer to a model of behavior. Peter Gay writes, "The archetype is a fundamental principle of creativity anchored in racial endowments, a human potentiality concretely manifested in religious doctrines, fairy tales, myths, dreams, works of art and literature. Its equivalent in biology is the pattern of behavior.'" See Peter Gay, Freud, A Life for Our Time (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1988) 238.
41. At Tampico on April 9, 1914, a handful of American sailors in search of gasoline were arrested by huertista soldiers for trespassing in a restricted area. The party was quickly released and even received an apology - but not to the satisfaction of Rear Admiral Henry T. Mayo, commander of American naval forces off Tampico. Mayo demanded a twenty-one gun salute of the United States flag. From the White House, President Woodrow Wilson backed the demand. Huerta demurred. Then Washington learned the German ship Ypiranga would shortly deliver a sizable arms shipment to Huerta. Wilson ordered the immediate occupation of Veracruz by the U.S. navy, which lasted into November 1914. See Robert Quirk, An Affair of Honor: Woodrow Wilson and the Occupation of Veracruz (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1967).
42. Kenneth J. Grieb, "El Caso Benton y la Diplomacia de la Revolución," Historia Mexicana 19, 2. (October-December, 1969): 282-301;
43. Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico; Europe, The United States and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 184-190.
44. "Carranza's Threat Falls Like Bombshell. Carranza's Threat is Warlike," San Francisco Examiner, 23 April 1914, 2.
45. Also see, "Must We Buy Britain's Consent to Govern Ourselves?" San Francisco Examiner, 26 February 1914, 20;