Primary carcinoids of the liver: A review of symptoms, diagnosis and treatments

Digestive Surgery

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 364-368

  Gravante, Gianpiero ^a   De Liguori Carino, Nicola ^c   Overton, John ^b   Manzia, Tommaso Maria ^d   Orlando, Giuseppe ^e  

^a WHIPPS CROSS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c ST JAMES S UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF L'AQUILA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Endocrine liver tumours; Liver neoplasms; Primary carcinoids

Indexed keywords

5 HYDROXYINDOLEACETIC ACID; CALCITONIN; CHROMOGRANIN A; CORTICOTROPIN; GASTRIN; INSULIN; METENKEPHALIN; PHENYLENEDIAMINE; SEROTONIN; SOMATOSTATIN;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADULT; AGED; ANEMIA; BACKACHE; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARCINOID; CLINICAL FEATURE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASE; CUSHING SYNDROME; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; FATIGUE; FEMALE; FEVER; FLUSHING; FOLLOW UP; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RELEASE; JAUNDICE; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER RESECTION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER TUMOR; LUNG INSUFFICIENCY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MELENA; PRIMARY TUMOR; PRURITUS; REVIEW; SEROTONIN RELEASE; SOMATOSTATIN RELEASE; SURVIVAL RATE; SWELLING; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TUMOR DIAGNOSIS; TUMOR LOCALIZATION; WEIGHT REDUCTION; ZOLLINGER ELLISON SYNDROME;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; AGE DISTRIBUTION; CARCINOID TUMOR; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HEPATECTOMY; HUMANS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 55149087442     PISSN: 02534886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000167021     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Caplin ME, Buscombe JR, Hilson AJ, Jones AL, Watkinson AF, Burroughs AK: Carcinoid tumor. Lancet 1998;352:799-805.
2. Modlin IM, Sandor A: An analysis of 8,305 cases of carcinoid tumors. Cancer 1997;79:813-829.
3. Yamashita Y, Takahashi M, Tsuji A, Korogi Y, Uozumi H, Kimura Y: Primary carcinoid tumor of the liver: a case report. J Comput Tomogr 1986;10:313-317.
4. Zhang A, Xiang J, Zhang M, Zheng S: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumours: clinical features with an emphasis on carcinoid syndrome and recurrence. J Int Med Res 2008;36:848-859.
5. Nikfarjam M, Muralidharan V, Christophi C: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumours. HPB (Oxford) 2004;6:13-17.
6. Soga J: Primary hepatic endocrinomas (carcinoids and variant neoplasms). A statistical evaluation of 126 reported cases. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2002;21:457-468.
7. Fenwick SW, Wyatt JI, Toogood GJ, Lodge JP: Hepatic resection and transplantation for primary carcinoid tumors of the liver. Ann Surg 2004;239:210-219.
8. Arnold JC, O'Grady JG, Bird GL, Calne RY, Williams R: Liver transplantation for primary and secondary hepatic apudomas. Br J Surg 1989;76:248-249.
9. Hsueh C, Tan XD, Gonzalez-Crussi F: Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma in a child. Morphologic, immunocytochemical, and molecular biologic studies. Cancer 1993;71:2660-2665.
10. Brown WM 3rd, Henderson JM, Kennedy JC: Carcinoid tumor of the bile duct: a case report and literature review. Am Surg 1990;56:343-346.
11. Ruckert RI, Ruckert JC, Dorffel Y, Rudolph B, Muller JM: Primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumor: successful hepatectomy in two cases and review of the literature. Digestion 1999;60:110-116.
12. Iimuro Y, Deguchi Y, Ueda Y, Tanaka A, Iwasa Y, Ishihara M, Mizuta K, Yamamoto Y, Ikai I, Shimahara Y, Yamaoka Y: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor with metachronous lymph node metastasis after long-term follow up. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17:1119-1124.
13. Arnold JC, O'Grady JG, Bird GL, Calne RY, Williams R: Liver transplantation for primary and secondary hepatic apudomas. Br J Surg 1989;76:248-249.
14. Primack A, Wilson J, O'Connor GT, Engelman K, Hull E, Canellos GP: Hepatocellular carcinoma with carcinoid syndrome. Cancer 1971;27:1182-1189.
15. Ali M, Fayemi AO, Braun EV: Malignant apudoma of the liver with symptomatic intractable hypoglycemia. Cancer 1978;42:686-692.
16. Walter JF, Appelman HD, Reuter SR: Angiographic and pathological features of probable primary carcinoid-like hepatic tumors. Gastrointest Radiol 1978;3:397-400.
17. Warner TF, Seo IS, Madura JA, Polak JM, Pearse AG: Pancreatic- polypeptide-producing apudoma of the liver. Cancer 1980;46:1146-1151.
18. Gould VE, Banner BF, Baerwaldt M: Neuroendocrine neoplasms in unusual primary sites. Diagn Histopathol 1981;4:263-277.
19. Barsky SH, Linnoila I, Triche TJ, Costa J: Hepatocarcinoma with carcinoid features. Hum Pathol 1984;15:892-894.
20. Norgaard T, Bardram L: Endocrine liver tumor differential diagnosis from hepatocellular carcinoma. Histopathology 1985;9:777-781.
21. Smith AL, Auldist AW: Successful surgical resection of an hepatic gastrinoma in a child. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1984;3:801-804.
22. Xi YP, Yu JY: Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the liver. Ultrastruct Pathol 1986;10:331-336.
23. Miura K, Shirasawa H: Primary carcinoid tumor of the liver. Am J Clin Pathol 1988;89:561-564.
24. Andreola S, Lombardi L, Audisio RA, Mazzaferro V, Koukouras D, Doci R, Gennari L, Makowka L, Starzl TE, van Thiel DH: A clinicopathologic study of primary hepatic carcinoid tumors. Cancer 1990;65:1211-1218.
25. Sioutos N, Virta S, Kessimian N: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor. An electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol 1991;95:172-175.
26. Aoki K, Sakamoto M, Mukai K, Kosuge T, Takayama T, Hiroshashi S: Signet-ring cell carcinoid: a primary hepatic carcinoid tumor with cytoplasmatic inclusion comprising of aggregates of keratin. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1992;22:54-59.
27. Inoue Y, Nakamura H, Mizumoto S, Mori H, Yamasaki K: Primary hepatic carcinoid with production of gastrin: a case report. Radiat Med 1993;11:102-106.
28. Imaoka I, Sugimura K, Tamura K: Case report: MR imagining of a carcinoid tumor of the liver. Clin Radiol 1993;47:287-289.
29. Yasoshima H, Uematsu K, Sakurai K, Ueno Y, Hori K, Kanazawa N, Tanaka T, Yamanaka N, Okamoto E: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor. Acta Pathol Jpn 1993;43:783-789.
30. Artopoulos JG, Destuni C: Primary mixed hepatocellular carcinoma with carcinoid characteristics. A case report. Hepatogastroenterology 1994;41:442-444.
31. Moriura S, Ikeda S, Hirai M, Naiki K, Fujioka T, Yokochi K, Gotou S: Hepatic gastrinoma. Cancer 1993;72:1547-1550.
32. Krishnamurthy SC, Dutta V, Pai SA, Kane SV, Jagannath P, Desouza LJ, Deshpande R, Desai PB: Primary carcinoid tumor of the liver: report of four resected cases including one with gastrin production. J Surg Oncol 1996;62:218-221.
33. Oh YH, Kang GH, Kim OJ: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor with paranuclear clear zone: a case report. J Kor Med Sci 1998;13:317-320.
34. Sano K, Kosuge T, Yamamoto J, Shimada K, Takayama T, Yamasaki S, Makuuchi M: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor confirmed with a long-term follow-up after resection. Hepatogastroenterology 1999;46:2547-2550.
35. Fujino K, Koito K, Sano S, Takahara T, Nakamura E, Morisaki Y, Furuya T, Torigoe T, Ishii Y: A primary hepatic carcinoid tumor: evaluation by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imagining. Radiat Med 1998;16:371-373.
36. Asakawa T, Tomioka T, Abe K, Yamaguchi T, Tsunoda T, Kanematsu T: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor. J Gastroenterol 1999;34:123-127.
37. Nemes B, Podder H, Jaray J, Dabasi G, Schaff Z, Sotonyi P Jr, Perner F: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor in renal transplant patient. Pathol Oncol Res 1999;5:67-69.
38. Mizuno Y, Ohkohchi N, Fujimori K, Doi H, Orii T, Asakura T, Kimura N, Pilichowska M, Inomata M, Satomi S: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumors: a case report. Hepatogastroenterology 2000;47:528-530.
39. Kim SR, Imoto S, Maekawa Y, Matsuoka T, Hayashi Y, Ando K, Mita K, Shintani S, Kim HB, Ku K, Koterazawa T, Fukuda K, Yano Y, Nakaji M, Ikawa H, Ninomiya T, Kudo M, Kim KI, Hirai M: CEA producing primary hepatic carcinoid. Hepatol Res 2002;22:313-321.
40. Iwao M, Nakamuta M, Enjoji M, Kubo H, Fukutomi T, Tanabe Y, Nishi H, Taguchi KI, Kotoh K, Nawata H: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor: case report and review of 53 cases. Med Sci Monit 2001;7:746-750.
41. Hasuike Y, Takeda Y, Ueda S, Tujinaka T, Yoshida K: A case of primary hepatic carcinoid tumor with lymph node metastasis - treatment of hepatic arterial infusion to post-reoperative liver and radiation to metastasis of para-aortic lymph nodes. Jpn J Cancer Chemother (Gan To Kagaku Ryoho) 2002;29:2433-2436.
42. Ishizu A, Yokoyama K, Yoshiki T: Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the liver diagnosed at autopsy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;18:1002-1004.
43. Knox CD, Anderson CD, Lamps LW, Adkins RB, Pinson CW: Long-term survival after resection for primary hepatic carcinoid tumor. Ann Surg Oncol 2003;10:1171-1175.
44. Kaya G, Pasche C, Osterheld MC, Chaubert P, Fontolliet C: Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the liver: an autopsy case. Pathol Int 2001;51:874-878.
45. Tohyama T, Matsui K, Kitagawa K: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor with carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease: a case report of a patient on long-term follow-up. Int Med 2005;44:958-962.
46. Komatsuda T, Ishida H, Furukawa K, Takaharu M, Heianna J: Primary carcinoid tumor of the liver: report of a case with an emphasis on contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic findings. J Clin Ultrasound 2005;33:302-304.
47. Kohashi T, Itamoto T, Katayama K, Nakahara H, Onoe T, Matsugu Y, Nakatsuka H, Arataki K, Shimamoto F, Asahara T: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor (a case report). Hepatogastroenterology 2005;52:1218-1220.
48. Abdel Wahab M, Fathy O, Elghwalby N, Sultan A, Mostafa M, El Baz M, Elsaadany M, Elshobary M, Ezzat F: Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor: one Egyptian centre experience. Hepatogastroenterology 2006;53:33-38.
49. Alpert LI, Zak FG, Wethamer S, Bochetto JF: Cholangiocarcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of five case with ultrastructural observations. Hum Pathol 1974;5:709-728.
50. Brown WM 3rd, Henderson JM, Kennedy JC: Carcinoid tumor of the bile duct: a case report and literature review. Am Surg 1990;56:343-346.
51. Le Treut YP, Grégoire E, Belghiti J, Boillot O, Soubrane O, Mantion G, et al: Predictors of long-term survival after liver transplantation for metastatic endocrine tumors: an 85-case French multicentric report. Am J Transplant 2008;8:1205-1213.
52. Chamberlain RS, Canes D, Brown KT, Saltz L, Jarnagin W, Fong Y, et al: Hepatic neuroendocrine metastases: does intervention alter outcomes? J Am Coll Surg 2000;190:432-445.
53. Bajetta E, Procopio G, Buzzoni R, Catena L, Ferrari L, Del Vecchio M: Advances in diagnosis and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2001;1:371-381.
54. Kulke MH, Mayer RJ: Carcinoid tumors. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:858-867.
55. Rosenau J, Bahr MJ, von Wasielewski R, Mengel M, Schmidt HH, Nashan B, et al: Ki67, E-cadherin, and p53 as prognostic indicators of long-term outcome after liver transplantation for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Transplantation 2002;73:386-394.
56. Le Treut YP, Delperro JR, Dousset B, Cherqui D, Segol P, Mantion G, Hannoun L, Benhamou G, Lanunois B, Boillot O, Domergue J, Bismuth H: Results of liver transplantation in the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Ann Surg 1997;225:355-364.
57. Lehnert T: Liver transplantation for metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma: an analysis of 103 patients. Transplantation 1998;66:1307-1312.
58. Olausson M, Friman S, Cahlin C, Nilson O, Jansson S, Wangberg B, Ahlman H: Indications and results of liver transplantation in patients with neuroendocrine liver tumors. World J Surg 2002;26:998-1004.