A comparison of the developmental experiences of elite and sub-elite swimmers: Similar developmental histories can lead to differences in performance level

Sport, Education and Society

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 453-475

  Johnson, Michael B ^a,e   Tenenbaum, Gershon ^b   Edmonds, William A ^c   Castillo, Yvonne ^d  

^a GEORGIA HIGHLANDS COLLEGE   (United States)

^b FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NOVA SOUTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PAN AMERICAN   (United States)

^e Georgia Highlands University   (United States)

Author keywords

Athletes; Deliberate practice; Expertise; Lifespan model of developmental challenge; Nature and nurture; Sport; Talent

Indexed keywords

EID: 55049118165     PISSN: 13573322     EISSN: 14701243     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13573320802445108     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Baker, J. (2003) Early specialization in youth sport: a requirement for adult expertise? High Ability Studies, 14, 85-94.
2. Baker, J. & Côté, J. (2003) Resources and commitment as critical factors in the development of 'gifted' athletes, High Ability Studies, 14, 139-140.
3. Baker, J. & Horton, S. (2004) A review of primary and secondary influences on sport expertise, High Ability Studies, 15, 211-228.
4. Bloom, B. S. (1985) Developing talent in young people (New York, Ballentine).
5. Bonanno, G. A. (2004) Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events, American Psychologist, 59, 20-28.
6. Côté, J. (1999) The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport, The Sport Psychologist, 13, 395-417.
7. Côté, J., Ericsson, K. A. & Law, M. P. (2005) Tracing the development of athletes using retrospective interview methods: a proposed interview and validation procedure for reported information, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 1-19.
8. Durand-Bush, N. & Salmela, J. H. (2002) The development and maintenance of expert athletic performance: perceptions of world and Olympic champions, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 154-171.
9. Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T. & Tesch-Romer, C. (1993) The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance, Psychological Review, 100, 363-406.
10. Ericsson, K. A. & Lehman, A. C. (1996) Expert and exceptional performance: evidence of maximal adaptation to task constraints, Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 273-305.
11. Gall, J. P., Gall, M. D. & Borg, W. R. (2005) Applying educational research: a practical guide (Boston, Pearson).
12. Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K. & Moffet, A. (2002) Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic Champions, The Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 172-204.
13. Gould, D., Guinan, D., Greenleaf, C., Medbery, R. & Peterson, K. (1999) Factors affecting Olympic performance: perceptions of athletes and coaches from more and less successful teams, The Sport Psychologist, 13, 371-394.
14. Hall, E. E., Ekkekakis, P. & Petruzzello, S. J. (2005) Is the relationship of RPE to psychological factors intensity-dependent? Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 37, 1365-1373.
15. Helsen, W., Hodges, N. J., Van Winckel, J. & Starkes, J. L. (2000) The roles of talent, physical precocity, and practice in the development of soccer expertise, Journal of Sport Sciences, 18, 727-736.
16. Helsen, W. F., Starkes, J. L. & Hodges, N. J. (1998) Team sports and the theory of deliberate practice, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 20, 12-34.
17. Hendry, L. B. & Kloep, M. (2002) Lifespan development: resources, challenges, and risks (London, Thomson Learning).
18. Johnson, M. B., Tenenbaum, G. & Edmonds, W. A. (2006) Adaptation to physically and emotionally demanding conditions: the role of deliberate practice, High Ability Studies, 17, 117-136.
19. Johnson, W. (2007) Genetic and environmental influences on behavior: capturing all the interplay, Psychological Review, 114, 423-440.
20. Mallett, C. J. & Hanrahan, S. J. (2004) Elite athletes: why does the 'fire' burn so brightly?, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 183-200.
21. Marsh, H. W. & Perry, C. (2005) Self-concept contributes to winning gold medals: causal ordering of self-concept and elite swimming performance, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27, 71-91.
22. Marshall, C. & Rossman, G. R. (1999) Designing qualitative research (3rd edn) (Newbury Park, Sage).
23. Masters, K. S. & Ogles, B. M. (1998) Associative and dissociative cognitive strategies in exercise and running: 20 years later, what do we know?, The Sport Psychologist, 12, 253-270.
24. McMillan, J. H. & Schumacher, S. (2006) Research in education: evidence-based inquiry (6th edn) (Boston, Allyn and Bacon).
25. McNair, D. M., Lorr, M. & Droppleman, L. F. (1971) Manual for the profile of mood states (San Diego, CA, Educational and Industrial Testing Service).
26. Minuchin, S., Rosman, B. L. & Baker, L. (1978) Psychosomatic families: anorexia nervosa in context (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press).
27. Morgan, W. P. (1978) Sport personality: the credulous-skeptical argument in perspective, in: W. F. Straub (Ed.) Sport psychology: an analysis of athlete behavior (Ithaca, NY, Mouvement), 330-339.
28. Morgan, W. P. (1980) The trait psychology controversy, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 51, 50-76.
29. Orlick, T. & Partington, J. (1988) Mental links to excellence, The Sport Psychologist, 2, 105-130.
30. Patton, M. Q. (2002) Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd edn) (Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage).
31. Smith, R. E., Schultz, R. W., Smoll, F. L. & Ptacek, J. T. (1995) Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of sport-specific psychological skills: the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 379-398.
32. Starkes, J. L., Deakin, J. M., Allard, F., Hodges, N. J. & Hayes, A. (1996) Deliberate practice in sport: what is it anyway?, in: K. A. Ericsson (Ed.) The road to excellence: the acquisition of expert performance in the arts and science, sports and games (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum), 81-106.
33. Starkes, J. L., Helsen, W. & Jack, R. (2001) Expert performance in sport and dance, in: R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas & C. M. Janelle (Eds) Handbook of research on sport psychology Vol. 2 (New York, Wiley), 174-201.
34. USA Swimming, Inc. (2002) Available online at: http://www.usaswimming. org/USASWeb/_Rainbow/Documents/88ff10da-56df-42e0-8dc3-b2e2bac1fa65/ USAS%20General%20Member ship%20Info.pdf (accessed 9 May 2007).
35. Young, B. W. (1998) Deliberate practice and skill acquisition in Canadian middle distance running. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Ottawa, Canada.