Workplace interventions for smoking cessation

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2008, Pages

  Cahill, Kate ^a   Moher, Michael ^a   Lancaster, Tim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

*Workplace; Counseling; Humans; Psychotherapy, group; Smoking cessation *methods ; Smoking *prevention control

Indexed keywords

NICOTINE GUM; NICOTINE PATCH; PLACEBO;

ABSENTEEISM; ADD ON THERAPY; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; COUNSELING; DATA BASE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; GROUP THERAPY; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; INTERVENTION STUDY; META ANALYSIS; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREVALENCE; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SELF HELP; SMOKING CESSATION; SMOKING CESSATION PROGRAM; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SUPPORT GROUP; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERAPY EFFECT; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; WORKPLACE;

EID: 55049085958     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003440.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (220)

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28. Gomel 1993a{published data only} Gomel M, Oldenburg B, Simpson JM, Chilvers M, Owen N. Composite cardiovascular risk outcomes of a work-site intervention trial. American Journal of Public Health 1997;87(4):673-6.
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31. Hennrikus 2002{published data only} Hennrikus DJ, Jeffery RW, Lando HA, Murray DM, Brelje K, Davidann B, et al. The SUCCESS project: the effect of program format and incentives on participation and cessation in worksite smoking cessation programs. American Journal of Public Health 2002;92(2):274-279.
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34. Hymowitz 1991{published data only} * Hymowitz N, Campbell K, Feuerman M. Long-term smoking intervention at the worksite: effects of quit- smoking groups and an "enriched milieu" on smoking cessation in adult white-collar employees. Health Psychology 1991;10(5):366- 69.
35. Jeffery 1988{published data only} * Jeffery RW, Pheley AM, Forster JL, Kramer FM, Snell MK. Payroll contracting for smoking cessation: a worksite pilot study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1988;4:83-86.
36. Kadowaki 2000{published data only} Kadowaki T, Kanda H, Watanabe M, Okayama A, Miyamatsu N, Okamura T, et al.Are comprehensive environmental changes as effective as health education for smoking cessation?. Tobacco Control 2006;15(1):26-9.
37. * Kadowaki T, Watanabe M, Okayama A, Hishida K, Ueshima H. Effectiveness of smoking-cessation intervention in all of the smokers at a worksite in Japan. Industrial Health 2000;38(4):396-403.
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39. Kornitzer 1980{published data only} De Backer G, Kornitzer M, Dramaix M, Kittel F, Thilly C, Graffar M, et al.The Belgian Heart Disease Prevention Project: 10-year mortality follow-up. European Heart Journal 1988;9:238-42.
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42. Kornitzer M, De Backer G, Dramaix M. The Belgian Heart Disease Prevention Project: modification of the coronary risk profile in an industrial population. Circulation 1980;61(1):18-25.
43. Kornitzer M, Dramaix M, De Backer G, Thilly C. The Belgian multifactor preventive trial in CVD (III): smoking habits and sociobiological variables. Hart Bulletin 1978;1:7-13.
44. * Kornitzer M, Dramaix M, Kittel F, De Backer G. The Belgian Heart Disease Prevention Project: changes in smoking habits after two years of intervention. Preventive Medicine 1980;9:496-503.
45. Kornitzer M, Dramaix M, Thilly C, De Backer G, Kittel F, Graffar M, et al.Belgian Heart Disease Prevention Project: incidence and mortality results. The Lancet 1983;321(8333):1066-70.
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47. Rustin R-M, Kittel F, Dramaix M, Kornitzer M, De Backer G. Smoking habits and psycho-socio-biological factors. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1978;22:89-99.
48. Kornitzer 1987{published data only} * Kornitzer M, Kittel F, Dramaix M, Bourdoux P. A double blind study of 2 mg versus 4 mg nicotine-gum in an industrial setting. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1987;31(2):171-176.
49. Kornitzer 1995{published data only} * Kornitzer M, Boutsen M, Dramaix M, Thijs J, Gustavsson G. Combined use of nicotine patch and gum in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled clinical-trial. Preventive Medicine 1995;24:41-47.
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51. Li 1984{published data only} Li VC, Kim YJ, Ewart CK. Effects of physician counseling on the smoking behavior of asbestos-exposed workers. Preventive Medicine 1984;13:462-476.
52. Malott 1984{published data only} * Malott JM, Glasgow RE, O'Neill HK, Klesges RC. Co-worker social support in a worksite smoking control program. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1984;17(4):485-495.
53. Nilsson 2001{published data only} Nilsson PM, Klasson E-B, Nyberg P. Lifestyle intervention at the worksite - reduction of cardiovascular factors in a randomized study. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health 2001;27(1):57-62.
54. Omenn 1988{published data only} Curry S, Thompson B, Sexton M, Omenn GS. Psychosocial predictors of outcome in a worksite smoking cessation program. Amercian Journal of Preventive Medicine 1989;5:2-7.
55. * Omenn GS, Thompson B, Sexton MJ, Hessol N, Breitenstein B, Curry SJ, Michnich M, Peterson A. A randomized comparison of worksite-sponsored smoking cessation programs. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1988;4(5):261-267.
56. Thompson B, Omenn G, Sexton M, Breitenstein B, Hessol N, Curry S, et al. Worksite smoking cessation: a test of two programs. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 1987;248:93-100.
57. Rand 1989{published data only} Rand CS, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE, Mead AM. The effects of contingent payment and frequent workplace monitoring on smoking abstinence. Addictive Behaviors 1989;14:121-8.
58. Razavi 1999{published data only} Razavi D, Vandecasteele H, Primo C, Bodo M, Debrier F, Verbist H, et al.Maintaining abstinence from cigarette smoking: effectiveness of group counselling and factors predicting outcome. European Journal of Cancer 1999;35(8):1238-1247.
59. Rodriguez 2003{published data only (unpublished sought but not used)} Guallar-Castillon P, Lafuente Urdinguio P, Garteizaurrekoa Dublang P, Sainz Martinez O, Diez Azcarate JI, Foj Aleman M, et al.Probability of success in tobacco quitting during the course of two simplemedical interventions [Probabilidad de exito en el abandono del tabaco en el curso de dos intervenciones sencillas para dejar de fumar]. Revista Espanol de Salud Publica 2003;77(1):117-24.
60. * Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Lafuente Urdinguio P, Guallar-Castillon P, Garteizaurrekoa Dublang P, Sainz Martinez O, Diez Azcarate JI, et al.One year effectiveness of an individualised smoking cessation intervention at the workplace: a randomised controlled trial. Occupational Environmental Medicine 2003;60(3):358-63.
61. Schröter 2006{published data only} Schröter M, Collins SE, Frittrang T, Buchkremer G, Batra A. Randomized controlled trial of relapse prevention and a standard behavioral intervention with adult smokers. Addictive Behaviors 2006;31:1259-64.
62. Shi 1992{published data only} Shi L. The impact of increasing intensity of health promotion intervention on risk reduction. Evaluation and the Health Professions 1992;15(4):3-25.
63. Shimizu 1999{published data only} * Shimizu J, Kita Y, Kai K, Okayama A, Choudhury SR, Kawashima J, et al.Randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation among city office employees. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 1999;46(1):3-13.
64. Sorensen 1993{published data only} Sorensen G, Lando HA, Pechacek TF. Promoting smoking cessation at the workplace. Results of a randomized controlled intervention study. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1993;35(2):121-126.
65. Sorensen 1996{published data only} Biener L, Glanz K, McLerran D, Sorensen G, Thompson B, BasenEngquist K, et al.Impact of the Working Well Trial on the worksite smoking and nutrition environment. Health Education Behavior 1999;26:478-94.
66. Callaghan RC, Herzog TA. The relation between processes-of-change and stages-transition in smoking behavior: a two-year longitudinal study of the Transtheoretical Model. Addictive Behaviors 2006;31:1331-45.
67. Emmons KM, Marcus BH, Linnan L, Rossi JS, Abrams DB. Mechanisms in multiple risk factor interventions: smoking, physical activity, and dietary fat intake among manufacturing workers. Working Well Research Group. Preventive Medicine 1994;23(4):481-9.
68. Emmons KM, Thompson B, McLerran D, Sorensen G, Linnan L, Basen-Engquist K, et al.The relationship between organizational characteristics and the adoption of workplace smoking policies. Health Education and Behavior 2000;27(4):483-501.
69. Sorensen G, Thompson B, Basen-Engquist K, Abrams D, Kuniyuki A, DiClemente C, et al.Durability, dissemination, and institutionalization of worksite tobacco control programs: Results from the Working Well trial. International Journal of Behavioural Medicine 1998;5(4):335-351.
70. * Sorensen G, Thompson B, Glanz K, Feng Z, Kinne S, DiClemente C, et al. Work site-based cancer prevention: primary results from the Working Well Trial. Amercian Journal of Public Health 1996;86(7):939-947.
71. Wetter DW, Cofta-Gunn L, Fouladi RT, Irvin JE, Daza P, Mazas C, et al.Understanding the associations among education, employment characteristics, and smoking. Addictive Behaviors 2005;30(5):905-14.
72. Wetter DW, McClure JB, de Moor C, Cofta-Gunn L, Cummings S, Cinciripini PM, et al.Concomitant use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco: prevalence, correlates, and predictors of tobacco cessation. Preventive Medicine 2002;34(6):638-48.
73. Sorensen 1998{published data only} Sorensen G, Himmelstein J, Hunt M, Youngstrom R, Hebert J, Hammond S, et al.A model for worksite cancer prevention: integration of health protection and health promotion in the WellWorks Project. American Journal of Health Promotion 1995;10:55-62.
74. Sorensen G, Stoddard A, Hammond S, Hebert J, Ockene J. Double jeopardy: job and personal risks for cratfspersons and laborers. American Journal of Health Promotion 1996;10:355-363.
75. * Sorensen G, Stoddard A, Hunt MK, Herbert JR, Ockene JK, Avrunin JS, et al.The effects of a health promotion-health protection intervention on behavior change: the WellWorks study. American Journal of Public Health 1998;88(11):1685-1690.
76. Sorensen G, Stoddard A, Ockene JK, Hunt MK, Youngstrom R. Worker participation in an integrated health promotion/health protection program: Results from the WellWorks Project. Health Education Quarterly 1996;23(2):191-203.
77. Sorensen 2002{published data only} Hunt MK, Lederman R, Stoddard AM, LaMontagne AD, McLellan D, Combe C, et al.process evaluation of an integrated health promotion/occupational health model in WellWorks-2. Health Education and Behavior 2005;32(1):10-26.
78. * Sorensen G, Stoddard AM, LaMontagne AD, Emmons K, Hunt MK, Youngstrom R, et al.A comprehensive worksite cancer prevention intervention: behavior change results from a randomized controlled trial (United States). Cancer Causes and Control 2002;13:493-502.
79. Sorensen G, Stoddard AM, LaMontagne AD, Emmons K, Hunt MK, Youngstrom R, et al.A comprehensive worksite cancer prevention intervention: behavior change results from a randomized controlled trial (United States). Journal of Public Health Policy 2003;24(1):5-25.
80. Sorensen 2007{published data only} Sorensen G, Barbeau EM. Integrating occupational health, safety and worksite health promotion: opportunities for research and practice. Medicina del Lavoro 2006;97(2):240-57.
81. * Sorensen G, Barbeau EM, Stoddard AM, Hunt MK, Goldman R, Smith A, et al. Tools for health: the efficacy of a tailored intervention targeted for construction laborers. Cancer Causes and Control 2007;18:51-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-006-0076-9]
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83. Sutton 1988a{published data only} Hallet R, Sutton SR. Predicting participation and outcome in four workplace smoking intervention programs. Health Education Research 1987;2:257-66.
84. * Sutton S, Hallett R. Smoking intervention in the workplace using videotapes and nicotine chewing gum. Preventive Medicine 1988;17:48-59.
85. Sutton 1988b{published data only} Sutton S, Hallett R. Smoking intervention in the workplace using videotapes and nicotine chewing gum. Preventive Medicine 1988;17:48-59.
86. Sutton 1988c{published data only} * Sutton S, Hallett R. Smoking intervention in the workplace using videotapes and nicotine chewing gum. Preventive Medicine 1988;17:48-59.
87. Sutton 1988d{published data only} * Sutton S, Hallett R. Smoking intervention in the workplace using videotapes and nicotine chewing gum. Preventive Medicine 1988;17:48-59.
88. Sutton 1988e{published data only} * Sutton S, Hallett R. Smoking intervention in the workplace using videotapes and nicotine chewing gum. Preventive Medicine 1988;17:48-59.
89. Tanaka 2006{published data only} Okamura T, Tanaka T, Babazono A, Yoshita K, Chiba N, Takebayashi T, et al.The High-risk and Population Strategy for Occupational Health Promotion (HIPOP-OHP) study: study design and cardiovascular risk factors at the baseline survey. Journal of Human Hypertension 2004;18:475-85.
90. Okamura T, Tanaka T, Takebayashi T, Nakagawa H, Yamato H, Yoshita K, et al.Methodlogical issues for a large-scale intervention trial of lifestyle modification: interim assessment of the High-Risk and Population Starategy for Occupational Health Promotion (HIPOPOHP) Study. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 2004;9:137-43.
91. * Tanaka H, Yamato H, Tanaka T, Kadowaki T, Okamura T, Nakamura M. Effectiveness of a low-intensity intra-worksite intervention on smoking cessation in Japanese employees: a three-year intervention trial. Journal of Occupational Health 2006;48:175-82.
92. Terazawa 2001{published data only} Terazawa T, Mamiya T, Masui S, Nakamura M. [The effect os smoking cessation counselling at health checkup] [in Japanese]. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi 2001;43(6):207-13.
93. Willemsen 1998{published data only} Willemsen M, de Vries H, van Breukelen G, Genders R. Long-term effectiveness of two Dutch worksite smoking cessation programs. Health Education and Behavior 1998;25:418-435.
94. Windsor 1988{published data only} Windsor RA, Lowe JB. Behavioral impact and cost analysis of a worksite self-help smoking cessation program. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 1989;293:231-242.
95. * Windsor RA, Lowe JB, Bartlett EE. The effectiveness of a worksite self-help smoking cessation program: a randomized trial. Journal of Behavioural Medicine 1988;11:407-421.
96. Addley 2001{published data only} Addley K, McQuillan P, Ruddle M. Creating healthy workplaces in Northern Ireland: evaluation of a lifestyle and physical activity assessment programme. Occupational Medicine 2001;51(7):439-449.
97. Armitage 2007{published data only} Armitage CJ. Efficacy of a brief worksite intervention to reduce smoking: the role of behavioral and implementation intentions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2007;12(4):376-90.
98. Baile 1991{published data only} Baile WF, Gibertini M, Ulschak F, Snow Antle S. Impact of a hospital smoking ban: changes in tobacco use and employee attitudes. Addictive Behaviors 1991;16:419-426.
99. Barbeau 2006{published data only} Barbeau EM, Li Y, Calderon P, Hartman C, Quinn M, Markkanen P, et al.Results of a union-based smoking cessation intervention for apprentice iron workers (United States). Cancer Causes and Control 2006;17(1):53-61.
100. Bertera 1990{published data only} Bertera RL, Oehl LK, Telepchak JM. Self-help versus group approaches to smoking cessation in the workplace: eighteen month follow-up and cost analysis. Amercian Journal of Health Promotion 1990;4(3):187-192.
101. Borland 1991b{published data only} Borland R, Owen N, Hill D, Schofield P. Predicting attempts and sustained cessation of smoking after the introduction of workplace smoking bans. Health Psychology 1991;10(5):336-342.
102. Borland 1995{published data only} Borland R, Owen N. Need to smoke in the context of workplace smoking bans. Preventive Medicine 1995;24:59-60.
103. Brenner 1992{published data only} Brenner H, Mielck A. Smoking prohibition in the workplace and smoking cessation in the Federal Republic of Germany. Preventive Medicine 1992;21:252-261.
104. Brenner 1994{published data only} Brenner H, Fleischle B. Smoking regulations at the workplace and smoking behaviour: a study from Southern Germany. Preventive Medicine 1994;23:230-234.
105. Brigham 1994{published data only} Brigham J, Gross J, Stitzer ML, Felch LJ. Effects of a restricted worksite smoking policy on employees who smoke. American Journal of Public Health 1994;84(5):773-778.
106. Broder 1993{published data only} Broder I, Pilger C, Corey P. Environment and well-being before and following smoking ban in office buildings. Canadian Journal of Public Health 1993;84(4):254-258.
107. Bunger 2003{published data only} Bunger J, Lanzerath I, Ruhnau P, Gorlitz A, Fischer C, Kott J, et al.[Company health plan: Evaluation of interventions for the reduction of cardiovascular risks] of cardiovascular risks Operational demand for health: Evaluation from interventions to the lowering of cardiovascular risks [Operational demand for health: Evaluation of interventions for the reduction of cardiovascular risks] [Betriebliche Gesundheitsforderung: Evaluation von Interventionen zur Senkung kardiovascularer Risiken [in German]]. Arbeitsmed. Sozialmed. Umweltmed 2003;8:421-5.
108. Burling 1994{published data only} Burling TA, Seidner AL, Gaither DE. A computer-directed program for smoking cessation treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse 1994;6:427-431.
109. Busch 2005{published data only} Busch M. Comparison of two programmes to help apprentices of a large corporation stop smoking. Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2005;40:70-3.
110. Campbell 2000{published data only} Campbell MK, Tessaro I, DeVellis B, Benedict S, Kelsey K, Belton L, et al.Tailoring and targeting a worksite health promotion program to address multiple health behaviors among blue-collar women. American Journal of Health Promotion 2000;14(5):306-313.
111. Choi 2007{unpublished data only} Choi KS, Lee CH, Kim SY, Choi TS, Ryu SH. Effect of nicotine patches on craving in a workplace smoking cessation program. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007; Vol. 17:S561-S562.
112. Conrad 1996{published data only} Conrad KM, Campbell RT, Edington D, Faust HS, Vilnius D. The worksite environment as a cue to smoking reduction. Research in Nursing and Health 1996;19(1):21-31.
113. Cooreman 1997{published data only} Cooreman J, Mesbah H, Leynaert B, Segala C, Pretet S. Evaluation of the impact of a smoking ban in a large Paris hospital. Semaine des Hopitaux 1997;73:317-323.
114. Cornfeld 2002{published data only} Cornfeld MJ, Schnoll RA, Tofani SH, Babb JS, Miller SM, Henigan-Peel T, et al.Implementation of a comprehensive cancer control program at the worksite: year one summary report. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;44:398- 406.
115. Daughton 1992{published data only} Daughton DM, Andrews CE, Orona CP, Patil KD, Rennard SI. Total indoor smoking ban and smoker behaviour. Preventive Medicine 1992;21:670-676.
116. Dawley 1984{published data only} Dawley HH, Fleischer BJ, Dawley LT. Smoking cessation with hospital employees: an example of worksite smoking cessation. International Journal of the Addictions 1984;19(3):327-334.
117. Dawley 1993{published data only} * Dawley LT, Dawley HH, Glasgow RE, Rice J, Correa P. Worksite smoking control, discouragement, and cessation. International Journal of the Addictions 1993;28(8):719- 733.
118. Eisner 1998{published data only} Eisner MD, Smith AK, Blanc PD. Bartenders' respiratory health after establishment of smoke-free bars and taverns. Journal of the American Medical Association 1998;280: 1909-1914.
119. Emont 1992{published data only} Emont SL, Cummings KM. Using a low-cost, prize-drawing incentive to improve recruitment rate at a work-site smoking cessation clinic. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1992;34(8):771-774.
120. Eriksen 2005{published data only} Eriksen W. Work factors and smoking cessation in nurses' aides: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2005;5:143.
121. Etter 1999{published data only} Etter J-F, Ronchi A, Perneger TV. Short-term impact of a university-based smoke-free campaign. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1999;53:710-715.
122. Farkas 1999{published data only} Farkas AJ, Gilpin EA, Distefan JM, Pierce JP. The effects of household and workplace smoking restrictions on quitting behaviours. Tobacco Control 1999;8:261- 265.
123. Farrelly 1999{published data only} Farrelly MC, Evans WN, Sfekas AE. The impact of workplace smoking bans: results froma national survey. Tobacco Control 1999;8:272-277.
124. Fine 2004{published data only} Fine A, Ward M, Burr M, Tudor-Smith C, Kingdon A. health promotion in small workplaces - a feasibility study. Health Education Journal 2004;63:334-46.
125. Glasgow 1997{published data only} Glasgow RE, Cummings KM, Hyland A. Relationship of worksite smoking policy to changes in employee tobacco use: findings from COMMIT. Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation. Tobacco Control 1997;6(Supp 2):209-216.
126. Gomel 1993b{published data only} Gomel M, Oldenburg B, Lemon J, Owen N, Westbrook F. Pilotstudy of the effects of a workplace smoking ban on indexes of smoking, cigarette craving, stress and other health behaviors. Psychology and Health 1993;8:223-229.
127. Gottlieb 1990a{published data only} Gottlieb NH, Nelson A. A systematic effort to reduce smoking at the worksite. Health Education Quarterly 1990;17(1):99-118.
128. Graham 2007{published data only} Graham AL, Cobb NK, Raymond L, Sill S, Young J. Effectiveness of an internet-based worksite smoking cessation intervention at 12 months. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;49(8):821-8.
129. Gritz 1988{published data only} Gritz ER, Marcus AC, Berman BA, Read LL, Kanim LEA, Reeder SJ. Evaluation of a worksite self-help smoking cessation program for registered nurses. American Journal of Health Promotion 1988;3(2):26-35.
130. Hagimoto 2007{published data only} Hagimoto A, Masui S, Nakamura M, Bai Y, Oshima A. [Effects of skill level on individual behavioral counselling for smoking cessation] (Japanese). Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi - Japanese Journal of Public Health 2007;54:486-95.
131. Hailstone 2005{published data only} Hailstone S, Wyndham A, Mitchell E. Delivering smoking cessation information in the workplace using Quit Online. N.S.W. Public Health Bulletin 2005;16:18-22.
132. He 1997{published data only} He D, Berg JE, Hostmark AT. Effects of acupuncture on smoking cessation or reduction for motivated smokers. Preventive Medicine 1997;26:208-214.
133. Heloma 2001{published data only} Heloma A, Jaakkola MS, Kahkonen E, Reijula K. The short-term impact of national smoke-free workplace legislation on passive smoking and tobacco use. American Journal of Public Health 2001;91(9):1416-8.
134. Helyer 1998{published data only} Helyer AJ, Brehm WT, Gentry NO, Pittman TA. Effectiveness of a worksite smoking cessation program in the military. Program evaluation. American Association of Occupational Health N Journal 1998;46(5):238-245.
135. Hope 1999{published data only} Hope A, Kelleher C, O'Connor M. Lifestyle and cancer: the relative effects of a workplace health promotion program across gender and social class. American Journal of Health Promotion 1999;13(6):315-318.
136. Hotta 2007{published data only} Hotta K, Kinumi K, Naito K, Kuroki K, Sakane H, Imai A, et al.An intensive group therapy programme for smoking cessation using nicotine patches and internet mailing support in a university setting. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2007;61(12):1997-2001.
137. Hudzinski 1994{published data only} Hudzinski LG, Sirois PA. Changes in smoking behavior and body weight after implementation of a non smoking policy in the workplace. Southern Medical Journal 1994;87(3):322-327.
138. Humerfelt 1998{published data only} Humerfelt S, Eide GE,
139. Hunt 2003a{published data only} * Hunt MK, Fagan P, Lederman R, Stoddard A, Frazier L, Girod K, et al.Feasibility of implementing intervention methods in an adolescent worksite tobacco control study. Tobacco Control 2003;12:40-5.
140. Sorensen G, Fagan P, Hunt MK, Stoddard AM, Girod K, Eisenberg M, et al.Changing channels for tobacco control with youth: developing an intervention for working teens. Health Education Research 2004;19(3):250-60.
141. Hunt 2003b{published data only} Hunt MK, Stoddard AM, Barbeau E, Goldman R, Wallace L, Gutheil C, et al.Cancer prevention for working class, multiethnic populations through small businesses: the healthy directions study. Cancer Causes and Control 2003;14:749-60.
142. Hutter 2006{published data only} Hutter HP, Moshammer H, Neuberger M. Smoking cessation at the workplace: 1 year success of short seminars. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2006;79(1):42-8.
143. Izuno 1990{published data only} Izuno T, Yoshida K, Shimada N, Muto T. An epidemiological study of health behavior and health consciousness in smoking behavior modification. Japanese Journal of Public Health 1990;37:308-314.
144. Jason 1990{published data only} * Jason LA, Jayaraj S, Blitz CC, Michaels MH, Klett LE. Incentives and competition in a worksite smoking cessation intervention. American Journal of Public Health 1990;80(2):205-206.
145. Kadowaki 2004{published data only} Kadowaki T, Okamura T, Funakoshi T, Okayama A, Kanda H, Miyamatsu N, et al.Effectiveness of annual interventions for smoking cessation in an occupational setting in Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 2004;9:161-4.
146. Kinne 1993{published data only} Kinne S, Kristal AR, White E, Hunt J. Worksite smoking policies: their population impact in Washington State. American Journal of Public Health 1993;83(7):1031-1033.
147. Klesges 1986{published data only} * Klesges RC, Vasey MM, Glasgow RE. A worksite smoking modification competition: potential for public health impact. American Journal of Public Health 1986;76(2):198-200.
148. Koffman 1998{published data only} Koffman DM, Lee JW, Hopp JW, Emont SL. The impact of including incentives and competitions in a workplace smoking cessation program on quit rates. American Journal of Health Promotion 1998;13(2):105-110.
149. Kunitsuka 2002{published data only} Kunitsuka K, Yamatsu K, Adachi Y. [A correspondence behavioral approach for 6 lifestyle's improvements in a workplace] (Japanese). Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 2002;49(6):525-534.
150. Longo 1996{published data only} Longo DR, Brownson RC, Johnson JC, Hewett JE, Kruse RL, Novotny TE, Logan RA. Hospital smoking bans and employee smoking behavior : results of a national survey. Journal of the American Medical Association 1996;275(16):1252-1257.
151. Longo 2001{published data only} Longo DR, Johnson JC, Kruse RL, Brownson RC, Hewett JE. A prospective investigation of the impact of smoking bans on tobacco cessation and relapse. Tobacco Control 2001;10:267-272.
152. Lowe 1987{published data only} Lowe JB, Windsor RA, Post KL. Effectiveness of impersonal versus interpersonal methods to recruit employees into a worksite quit smoking program. Addictive Behaviors 1987;12:281-284.
153. Maheu 1989{published data only} * Maheu MM, Gevirtz RN, Sallis JF, Schneider NG. Competition/cooperation in worksite smoking cessation using nicotine gum. Preventive Medicine 1989;18:867-876.
154. Matson-Koffman 1998{published data only} Matson-Koffman D, Lee JW, Hopp JW, Emont SL. The impact of including incentives and competition in a workplace smoking cessation programon quit rates. American Journal of Health Promotion 1998;13(2):105-111.
155. McMahon 2001{published data only} McMahon SD, King C, Mautz B, Jason LA, Rossi JS, Redding CA. Worksite interventions: a methodological exploration and pilot study promoting behavior change. Journal of Primary Prevention 2001;22(2):103-119.
156. McMahon 2002{published data only} McMahon A, Kelleher CC, Helly G, Duffy E. Evaluation of a workplace cardiovascular health promotion programme in the Republic of Ireland. Health Promotion International 2002;17(4):297-308.
157. Musich 2003{published data only} Musich S, McDonald T, Hirschland D, Edington DW. Examination of risk status transitions among active employees in a comprehensive worksite health promotion program. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;45(4):393-9.
158. Muto 1998{published data only} Muto T, Nakmura M, Oshima A. Evaluation of a smoking cessation program implemented in the workplace. Industrial Health 1998;36(4):369-371.
159. Nepps 1984{published data only} Nepps MM. A minimal contact smoking cessation program at the worksite. Addictive Behaviors 1984;9:291-294.
160. Nerín 2002{published data only} Nerín I, Guillén D, Más A, Nuviala JA, Hernandez MJ. [Evaluation of a workplace anti-smoking program at a company with 640 employees] (Spanish). Archivos de Bronchoneumologia 2002;38:267-71.
161. Nerín 2005{published data only} Nerín I, Crucelaegui A, Más A, Villalba JA, Guillén D, Gracia A. [Results of a comprehensive workplace program for the prevention and treatment of smoking addiction] (Spanish). Archivos de Bronconeumologia 2005;41(4): 197-201.
162. O'Connell 2006{published data only} O'Connell M, Comerford BP, Wall HK, Yanchou-Njike V, Faridi Z, Katz DL. Impediment profiling for smoking cessation: application in the workplace. American Journal of Health Promotion 2006;21(2):97-100.
163. Offord 1992{published data only} Offord KP, Hurt RD, Berge KG, Frusti DK, Schmidt L. Effects of the implementation of a smoke-free policy in a media center. Chest 1992;102(5):1531-1536.
164. Olive 1996{published data only} Olive KE, Ballard JA. Changes in employee smoking behavior after implementation of restrictive smoking policies. Southern Medical Journal 1996;89(7):699-706.
165. Olsen 1990{published data only} Olsen GW, Shellenberger RJ, Lacey SE, Fishbeck WA, Bond GG. A smoking cessation incentive programfor chemical employees: design and evaluation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1990;6(4):200-207.
166. Olsen 1991{published data only} Olsen GW, Lacey SE, Sprafka JM, Arceneaux TG, Potts TA, Kravat BA, et al.A 5 year evaluation of a smoking incentive program for chemical employees. Preventive Medicine 1991;20:774-784.
167. Ong 2005{published data only} Ong MK, Glantz SA. Free nicotine replacement therapy programs vs implementing smoke-free workplaces: a cost-effectiveness comparison. American Journal of Public Health 2005;95(6):969-75.
168. Patten 1995{published data only} Patten CA, Gilpin E, Cavin SW, Pierce JP. Workplace smoking policy and changes in smoking behaviour in California: a suggested association. Tobacco Control 1995;4(1):36- 41.
169. Pegus 2002{published data only} Pegus C, Bazzarre TL, Brown JS, Menzin J. Effect of the Heart At Work program on awareness of risk factors, self-efficacy, and health behaviors. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;44:228-36.
170. Prior 2005{published data only} Prior JO, van Melle G, Crisinel A, Burnand B, Cornuz J, Darioli R. Evaluation of a multicomponent worksite health promotion program for cardiovascular risk factors - correcting for the regression towards the mean effect. Preventive Medicine 2005;40(3):259-67.
171. Richmond 1985{published data only} Richmond RL, Webster IW. A smoking cessation programme for use in general practice. The Medical Journal of Australia 1985;142:190-194.
172. Rosenstock 1986{published data only} Rosenstock IM, Stregachis A, Heany C. Evaluation of a smoking prohibition policy in a health maintenance organization. American Journal of Public Health 1986;76:1014-1015.
173. Roto 1987{published data only} Roto P, Ojala A, Sundman K, Jokinen K, Peltomakl R. Nicotine gum and withdrawal from smoking. Suomen Laakarllehtl 1987;36:3445-3448.
174. Ryan 2002{published data only} Ryan PJ, Forster NJD, Holder D. Evaluation of a worksite smoking-cessation program. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002; Vol. 44, issue 8:703-704.
175. Schlegel 1983{published data only} Schlegel RP, Manske SR, Shannon ME. Evaluation of the Canadian Armed Forces smoking cessation program. Proceedings of Sch World Conference on Smoking and Health 1983;288:445-452.
176. Scott 1986{published data only} * Scott RR, Prue DM, Denier CA, King AC. Worksite smoking intervention with nursing professionals: Long- term outcome and relapse assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1986;54(6):809-813.
177. Shipley 1988{published data only} * Shipley RH, Orleans CT, Wilbur CS, Piserchia PV, McFadden DW. Effect of the Johnson & Johnson Live for Life program on employee smoking. Preventive Medicine 1988;17(1):25-34.
178. Sloan 1990{published data only} Sloan RP, Dimberg L, Welkowitz LA, Kristiansen MA. Cessation and relapse in a workplace quit-smoking contest. Preventive Medicine 1990;19:414-423.
179. Sorensen 1991{published data only} Sorensen G, Rigotti N, Rosen A, Pinney J, Prible R. Effects of a worksite non-smoking policy: evidence for increased cessation. American Journal of Public Health 1991;81(2):202-204.
180. Stoddard 2005{published data only} Stoddard AM, Fagan P, Sorensen G, Hunt MK, Frazier L, Girod K. Reducing cigarette smoking among working adolescents: results from the SMART study. Cancer Causes and Control 2005;16:1159-64.
181. Ullen 2002{published data only} Ullen H, Hoijer Y, Ainetdin T, Tillgren P. Focusing management in implementing a smoking ban in a university hospital in Sweden. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 2002;11:165-70.
182. Waage 1997{published data only} Waage HP, Vatten LJ, Opedal E, Hilt B. Smoking intervention in subjects at risk of asbestos-related lung cancer. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1997;31:705 712.
183. Wakefield 1996{published data only} Wakefield M, Roberts L, Owen N. Trends in prevalence and acceptance of workplace smoking bans among indoor workers in South Australia. Tobacco Control 1996;5:205-208.
184. Whitney 1994{published data only} Whitney E, Harris N. A progress report on an ongoing smoking cessation initiative as part of amajor wellness program. Health Values 1994;18(1):84-90.
185. Wilbur 1986{published data only} Wilbur CS, Hartwell TD, Piserchia PV. The Johnson & Johnson LIVE FOR LIFE program: Its organization and evaluation plan. In: Cataldo MF, Coates TJ editor(s). Health and Industry. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986:338-50.
186. Willemsen 1995{published data only} Willemsen MC, de Vries H. Evaluation of a smoking cessation intervention for Dutch employees consisting of self help methods and a group programme. Tobacco Control 1995;4(4):351-354.
187. Willemsen 1999{published data only} Willemsen MC, de Vries H, Oldenburg B, van Breukelen G. Impact of a comprehensive worksite smoking cessation programme on employees who do not take part in cessation activities. Psychology and Health 1999;14(5):887-895.
188. Woodruff 1993{published data only} Woodruff TJ, Rosbrook B, Pierce J, Glantz SA. Lower levels of cigarette consumption found in smoke-free workplaces in California. Archives of Internal Medicine 1993;153:1485-1493.
189. Simpson 2000{published data only} Dobbins TA, Simpson JM, Oldenburg B. Who comes to a workplace health risk assessment?. International Journal of Behavioural Medicine 1998;5:323-34.
190. Harris D, Vita P, Oldenburg B, Owen N. Socio-behavioural and environmental approaches to worksite health promotion: the intervention of the Australian National Workplace Health Project. Health Promotion Journal of Australia 1999;9:49-54.
191. Oldenburg B, Sallis JF, Harris D, Owen N. Checklist of Health promotion Environments at Worksites (CHEW): development and measurement characteristics. American Journal of Health Promotion 2002;16(5):288-99.
192. * Simpson JM, Oldenburg B, Owen N, Harris D, Dobbins T, Salmon A, et al.The Australian National Workplace Health Project: Design and baseline findings. Preventive Medicine 2000;31(3):249-60.
193. Albertsen 2006 Albertsen K, Borg V, Oldenburg B. A systematic review of the impact of work environment on smoking cessation, relapse and amount smoked. Preventive Medicine 2006;43:291-305.
194. Bibeau 1988 Bibeau DL, Mullen KD, McLeroy KR, Green LW, Foshee V. Evaluation of workplace smoking cessation programs: a critique. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1988;4(2):87-95.
195. Bland 1997 Bland JM, Kerry SM. Trials randomised in clusters. British Medical Journal 1997;315:600.
196. Brownson 2002 Brownson RC, Hopkins DP, Wakefield MA. Effects of smoking restrictions in the workplace. Annual Review of Public Health 2002;23:333-348.
197. Cahill 2008 Cahill K, Perera R. Competitions and incentives for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004307.pub3]
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200. Drummond 1997 Drummond MF, O'Brien BJ, Stoddart GL, Torrance GW. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
201. Eriksen 1998 Eriksen MP, Gottlieb NH. A review of the health impact of smoking control at the workplace. American Journal of Health Promotion 1998;13(2):83-104.
202. Fichtenberg 2002 Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review. British Medical Journal 2002;325:188-191.
203. Fielding 1991 Fielding JE. Smoking control at the workplace. Annual Review of Public Health 1991;12:209-234.
204. Fisher 1990 Fisher KJ, Glasgow RE, Terborg JR. Work-site smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of long-term quit rates from controlled studies. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1990;32:429-439.
205. Gruman 1993 Gruman J, Lynn W. Worksite and community intervention for tobacco control. In: Orleans CT, Slade J editor(s). Nicotine addiction: principles and management. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993:396-411.
206. Hallett 1986 Hallet R. Smoking intervention in the workplace: review and recommendations. Preventive Medicine 1986;15(3):213- 231.
207. Jamrozik 2005 Jamrozik K. Estimate of deaths among adults in the United Kingdom attributable to passive smoking. BMJ 2005;330(7495) :812.
208. Janer 2002 Janer G, Sala M, Kogevinas M. Health promotion trials at worksites and risk factors for cancer. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health 2002;28(3):141-157.
209. Klesges 1988 Klesges RC, Cigrang JA. Worksite smoking cessation programs: clinical and methodological issues. Progress in Behavior Modification 1988;23:36-61.
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212. NICE 2006 York Health Economics Consortium. A rapid reviewof the cost-effectiveness of workplace policies for smoking cessation in England. http://www.nice.nhs.uk/nicemedia/pdf/SmokingCessationEconomicsNon-NHSFullReview. pdf (accessed May 22nd 2008) 2006.
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214. Orleans 1982 Orleans CS, Shipley RH. Worksite smoking cessation initiatives: review and recommendations. Addictive Behaviors 1982;7(1):1-16.
215. Peersman 1998 Peersman G, Harden A, Oliver S. Effectiveness of health promotion interventions in the workplace: a review. London: Health Education Authority, 1998.
216. Smedslund 2004 Smedslund G, Fisher KJ, Boles SM, Lichtenstein E. The effectiveness of workplace smoking cessation programmes; a meta-analysis of recent studies. Tobacco Control 2004;13(2):197-204.
217. Warner 1996 Warner KE, Smith RJ, Smith DG, Fries BE. Health and economic implications of a worksite smoking cessation program - a simulation analysis. Journal of Occupational Medicine 1996;38:981-992.
218. Windsor 1984 Windsor RA, Bartlett EE. Employee self-help smoking cessation programs: a review of the literature. Health Education Quarterly 1984;11(4):349-359.
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