Facial soft tissue depths in craniofacial identification (Part I): An analytical review of the published adult data

Journal of Forensic Sciences

Volumn 53, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1257-1272

  Stephan, Carl N ^a,c   Simpson, Ellie K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b FORENSIC SCIENCE SA   (Australia)

^c Central Identification Laboratory ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Facial approximation; Facial reconstruction; Facial reproduction; Forensic science; Soft tissue thickness; Superimposition

Indexed keywords

CADAVER; CAUCASIAN; CRANIOFACIAL IDENTIFICATION; FACIAL SOFT TISSUE DEPTH; FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION; HUMAN; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOFT TISSUE; VALIDITY;

ADULT; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; FACE; FACIAL BONES; FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY; HUMANS; NEEDLES; SEX CHARACTERISTICS;

EID: 54949119491     PISSN: 00221198     EISSN: 15564029     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00852.x     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Brues AM. Identification of skeletal remains. J Crim Law Criminol Police Sci 1958 48 : 551 6.
2. Simpson E, Henneberg M. Variation in soft-tissue thicknesses on the human face and their relation to craniometric dimensions. Am J Phys Anthropol 2002 118 : 121 33.
3. Niinimaki S, Karttunen A. Finnish facial tissue thickness study. In : Herva V-P, editor. People, material culture and environment in the north. Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Archaeological Conference; Aug 18-23, 2004. Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy : University of Oulu, 2006 343 52.
4. Subtelny JD. A longitudinal study of soft tissue facial structures and their profile characteristics, defined in relation to underlying skeletal structures. Am J Orthod 1959 45 : 481 507.
5. Montagu A. Man's most dangerous myth: the fallacy of race. New York : Columbia University Press, 1942.
6. Brace CL. Region does not mean 'race' - reality versus convention in forensic anthropology. J Forensic Sci 1995 40 : 171 5.
7. Bhopal R, Donaldson L. White, European, Western, caucasion, or what? Inappropriate labeling in research on race, ethnicity and health. Am J Public Health 1998 88 : 1303 7.
8. Boehmer U, Kressin NR, Berlowitz DR, Christiansen CL, Kazis LE, Jones JA. Self-reported vs administrative race/ethnicity data and study results. Am J Public Health 2002 92 : 1471 3.
9. Editorial. Race, ethnicity, culture, and science. Br Med J 1994 309 : 286 7.
10. De Bono D. Describing race, ethnicity, and culture in medical research. Br Med J 1996 313 : 425.
11. Kaplan JB, Bennett T. Use of race and ethnicity in biomedical publication. J Am Med Assoc 2003 289 : 2709 16.
12. Stolley PD. Race in epidemiology. Int J Health Serv 1999 29 : 905 9.
13. Edwards GF. Discussion: race and demographic analysis. Soc Biol 1971 18 : 394 6.
14. Bogue G. How to get along without race in demographic analysis. Soc Biol 1971 18 : 387 93.
15. Osborne NG, Feit MD. The use of race in medical research. J Am Med Assoc 1992 267 : 275 9.
16. Fullilove MT. Comment: abandoning "race" as a variable in public health research - an idea whose time has come. Am J Public Health 1998 88 : 1297 8.
17. Editorial. Ethnicity, race, and culture: guidelines for research, audit, and publication. Br Med J 1996 312 : 1094.
18. Hahn RA, Stroup DF. Race and ethnicity in public health surveillance: criteria for the scientific use of social categories. Public Health Rep 1994 109 : 7 15.
19. Rathore SS. Race, ethnic group, and clinical research. Br J Med 2003 327 : 763 4.
20. Welcker H. Schiller's Schadel und Todtenmaske, nebst Mittheilungen uber Schadel und Todtenmaske Kant's. Braunschweig : Viehweg F and Son, 1883.
21. His W. Anatomische Forschungen uber Johann Sebastian Bach's Gebeine und Antlitz nebst Bemerkungen uber dessen Bilder. Abh MathPhysikal KI Kgl Sachs Ges Wiss 1895 22 : 379 420.
22. Kollman J, Büchly W. Die Persistenz der Rassen und die Reconstruction der Physiognomie prahistorischer Schadel. Archiv für Anthropologie 1898 25 : 329 59.
23. Anderson W. The correlation between soft tissue thickness and bony proportions of the skull and how they relate to facial reconstruction. Adelaide : Department of Anatomical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, 1996.
24. Manhein MH, Listi GA, Barsley RE, Musselman R, Barrow NE, Ubelaker DH. In vivo facial tissue depth measurements for children and adults. J Forensic Sci 2000 45 : 48 60.
25. Helmer R. Schadelidentifizierung durch elekronicshe Bildmischung: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Konstitutionsbiometrie und Dickenmessung der Gesichtsweichteile. Heidelberg : Krminalistik-Verlag, 1984.
26. Forrest AS. An investigation into the relationship between facial soft tissue thickness and age in australian caucasion cadavers dissertation Brisbane : Department of Anatomy, The University of Queensland, 1985.
27. Wilkinson C. Forensic facial reconstruction. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004.
28. Smith SL, Throckmorton GS. A new technique for three-dimensional ultrasound scanning of facial tissues. J Forensic Sci 2004 49 : 1 7.
29. Domaracki M, Stephan CN. Facial soft tissue thicknesses in Australian adult cadavers. J Forensic Sci 2006 51 : 5 10.
30. Smith SL, Throckmorton GS. Comparability of radiographic and 3D-ultrasound measurements of facial midline tissue depths. J Forensic Sci 2006 51 : 244 7.
31. De Greef S, Claes P, Mollemans W, Loubele M, Vandermeulen D, Suetens P, et al. Semi-automated ultrasound facial soft tissue depth registration: method and validation. J Forensic Sci 2005 50 : 1282 8.
32. Vander Pluym J, Shan WW, Taher Z, Beaulieu C, Plewes C, Peterson AE, et al. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to measure facial soft tissue depth. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2007 44 : 52 7.
33. Shaner DJ, Bamforth JS, Peterson AE, Beattie OB. Different techniques, different results - a comparison of photogrammetric and caliper-derived measurements. Am J Phys Anthropol 1998 106 : 547 52.
34. Suk V. Fallacies of anthropological identifications. Publications de la Facultae des sciences de l'Universitae Masaryk 1935 207 : 3 18.
35. Kim K-D, Ruprecht A, Wang G, Lee JB, Dawson DV, Vannier MW. Accuracy of facial soft tissue thickness measurements in personal computer-based multiplanar reconstructed computed tomographic images. Forensic Sci Int 2005 155 : 28 34.
36. Stephan CN, Henneberg M, Sampson W. Predicting nose projection and pronasale position in facial approximation: a test of published methods and proposal of new guidelines. Am J Phys Anthropol 2003 122 : 240 50.
37. Smith SL, Buschang PH. Midsagittal facial soft-tissue growth of French Canadian adolescents. Am J Hum Biol 2002 14 : 457 67.
38. Helwin H. Die identifizierung des paulssen-schadels. Biologishe Rundschau 1969 7 : 119 25.
39. Smith SL, Buschang PH. Midsagittal facial tissue thickness of children and adolescents from the Montreal growth study. J Forensic Sci 2001 46 : 1294 302.
40. Helwin H. Die profilanalyse, eine moglichkeit der identifizierung unbekannter schadel. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 1969 113 : 467 99.
41. Altemus LA. Comparative integumental relationships. Angle Orthod 1963 33 : 217 21.
42. Burstone CJ. Integumental contour and extension patterns. Angle Orthod 1959 29 : 93 104.
43. Blythe T. A re-assessment of the Rhine and Moore technique in forensic facial reconstruction. Manchester : Anatomical Sciences, The University of Manchester, 1996.
44. Miyasaka S. Progress in facial reconstruction technology. Forensic Sci Rev 1999 11 : 50 90.
45. Birkner F. Beitrage zur rassenanatomie der gesichtsweichteile. Corr Bl Anthrop Ges Jhg 1904 34 : 163 5.
46. Ogawa H. Anatomical study on the Japanese head by x-ray cephalometry. J Tokyo Dental Coll Soc [Shika Gakuho] 1960 60 : 17 34.
47. Michelow BJ, Guyuron B. The chin: skeletal and soft-tissue components. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995 95 : 473 8.
48. Kasai K. Soft tissue adaptability to hard tissues in facial profile. Am J Dentofac Orthop 1998 113 : 674 84.
49. Nanda RS, Ghosh J. Facial soft tissue harmony and growth in orthodontic treatment. Semin Orthod 1995 1 : 67 81.
50. Genecov JS, Sinclair PM, Dechow PC. Development of the nose and soft tissue profile. Angle Orthod 1990 60 : 191 8.
51. Formby WA, Nanda RS, Currier GF. Longitudinal changes in the adult facial profile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994 105 : 464 76.
52. Martin R. Lehrbuch der anthropologie. Stuttgart : Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1957.
53. Bankowski IM. Die Bedeutung der Unterkieferform und-stellung fur die phtographische Schadelidentifizierung dissertation Frankfurt : 1958.
54. Weining W. Rontgenologische Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der WeichteildickenmaBe des Gesichts dissertation Frankfurt : Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, 1958.
55. Rhine S. Tissue thickness for southwestern Indians dissertation New Mexico : Physical Anthropology Laboratories, University of New Mexico, 1983.
56. Rhine JS, Moore CE. Tables of facial tissue thickness of American caucasoids in forensic anthropology. Maxwell Museum Tech Ser 1984 1.
57. Taylor KT. Forensic art and illustration. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2001.
58. Krogman WM, Iscan MY. The human skeleton in forensic medicine. Illinois : Charles C Thomas, 1986.
59. Taylor RG, Angel C. Facial reconstruction and approximation. In : Clement JG, Ranson DL, editors. Craniofacial identification in forensic medicine. New York : Oxford University Press, 1998 177 85.
60. Czekanowski J. Untersuchungen uber das Verhaltnis der Kopfmafse zu den Schadelmafsen. Archiv für Anthropologie 1907 6 : 42 89.
61. Hulanicka B, Kotlarz K. The final phase of growth in height. Ann Hum Biol 1983 10 : 429 34.
62. Roche AF, Davila GH. Late adolescent growth in stature. Pediatrics 1972 50 : 874 80.
63. Stadtmuller F. Zur Beurteilung der plastischen Rekonstruktionsmethode der Physiognomie auf dem Schadel. Z Morphol Anthropol 1922 22 : 337 72.
64. Stephan CN, Simpson EK. Facial soft tissue depths in craniofacial identification (part II): an analytical review of the published sub-adult data. J Forensic Sci DOI.
65. Sutton PRN. Bizygomatic diameter: the thickness of the soft tissues over the zygions. Am J Phys Anthropol 1969 30 : 303 10.
66. Suzuki H. On the thickness of the soft parts of the Japanese face. J Anthropol Soc Nippon 1948 60 : 7 11.
67. Hodson G, Lieberman LS, Wright P. In vivo measurements of facial tissue thicknesses in American Caucasoid children. J Forensic Sci 1985 30 : 1100 12.
68. Aulsebrook WA, Becker PJ, Iscan MY. Facial soft-tissue thickness in the adult male Zulu. Forensic Sci Int 1996 79 : 83 102.
69. El-Mehallawi IH, Soliman EM. Ultrasonic assessment of facial soft tissue thickness in adult Egyptians. Forensic Sci Int 2001 117 : 99 107.
70. Sahni D, Jit I, Gupta M, Singh P, Suri S. Preliminary study on facial soft tissue thickness by magnetic resonance imaging in northwest Indians. Forensic Sci Commun 2002 4 : 1. Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/ backissu/jan2002/sahni.htm. Accessed July 30, 2008.
71. Williamson MA, Nawrocki SP, Rathbun TA. Variation in midfacial tissue thickness of African-American children. J Forensic Sci 2002 47 : 25 31.
72. Eggeling Hv. Anatomische untersuchungen an den Kopfen con cier Hereros, einem Herero- und einem Hottentottenkind. In : Schultze, editor. Forschungsreise im westrichen und zentraien Sudafrika. Jena : Denkschriften, 1909 323 48.
73. Fischer E. Anatomische Untersuchungen an den Kopfweichteilen zweier Papua. Corr Bl Anthrop Ges Jhg 1905 36 : 118 22.
74. Rhine JS, Campbell HR. Thickness of facial tissues in American blacks. J Forensic Sci 1980 25 : 847 58.
75. Nanda RS, Meng H, Kapila S, Goorhuis J. Growth changes in the soft tissue facial profile. Angle Orthod 1990 60 : 177 90.
76. Wilkinson CM. In vivo facial tissue depth measurements for white British children. J Forensic Sci 2002 47 : 459 65.
77. Farkas LG. Examination. In : Farkas LG, editor. Anthropometry of the head and face. New York : Raven Press, 1994 3 56.
78. Brown RE, Kelliher TP, Tu PH, Turner WD, Taister MA, Miller KWP. A survey of tissue-depth landmarks for facial approximation. Forensic Sci Commun 2004 6 : 1. Available at: http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/jan2004/research/ 2004_01_research02.htm Accessed July 30, 2008.
79. Phillips VM, Smuts NA. Facial reconstruction: utilization of computerized tomography to measure facial tissue thickness in a mixed racial population. Forensic Sci Int 1996 83 : 51 9.
80. George RM. The lateral craniographic method of facial reconstruction. J Forensic Sci 1987 32 : 1305 30.
81. Garlie TN, Saunders SR. Midline facial tissue thicknesses of subadults from a longitudinal radiographic study. J Forensic Sci 1999 44 : 61 7.
82. O'Grady JF, Taylor RG, Clement JG. Facial tissue thickness: a study of cadavers in Melbourne. International Association of Forensic Science Scientific Symposium. Adelaide : 1990.
83. Krogman WM, Sassouni V. Syllabus in roentgenographic cephalometry. Philadelphia : College Offset, 1957.
84. Briggs CA. Anthropological assessment. In : Clement JG, Ranson DL, editors. Craniofacial identification in forensic medicine. London : Arnold, 1998 49 61.
85. Relethford JH. Apportionment of global human genetic diversity based on craniometrics and skin color. Am J Phys Anthropol 2002 118 : 393 8.
86. Rushton JP. Race, evolution and behavior. Port Huron : Charles Darwin Research Institute, 2000.
87. Cooper RS, Kaufman JS, Ward R. Race and genomics. N Engl J Med 2003 348 : 1166 70.
88. Roumualdi C, Balding D, Nasidze IS, Risch G, Robichaux M, Sherry ST, et al. Patterns of human diversity, within and among continents, inferred from biallelic DNA polymorphisms. Genome Res 2002 12 : 602 12.
89. Bamshad MJ, Wooding S, Watkins WS, Ostler CT, Batzer MA, Jorde LB. Human population genetic structure and inference of group membership. Am J Hum Genet 2003 72 : 578 89.
90. Burchard EG, Ziv E, Coyle N, Gomez SL, Tang H, Karter AJ, et al. The importance of race and ethnic background in biomedical research and clinical practice. N Engl J Med 2003 348 : 1170 5.
91. Risch N, Burchard E, Ziv E, Tang H. Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease. Genome Biol 2007 3 : 1 12.
92. Taylor JA, Brown KA. Superimposition techniques. In : Clement JG, Ranson DL, editors. Craniofacial identification in forensic medicine. London : Hodder Arnold, 1998 151 64.
93. Aulsebrook WA. Facial tissue thickness in facial reconstruction. In : Siegel JA, Saukko PJ, Knupfer GC, editors. Encyclopedia of forensic sciences. San Diego : Academic Press, 2000 779 88.
94. De Greef S, Claes P, Vandermeulen D, Mollemans W, Suetens P, Willems G. Large-scale in-vivo caucasian soft tissue thickness database for craniofacial reconstruction. Forensic Sci Int 2006 159S : S126 46.
95. Wilkinson CM, Neave RAH, Smith D. How important to facial reconstruction are the correct ethnic group tissue depths? In : Colonna M, Belviso M, Addante A, editors. Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Scientific Meeting of the International Association for Craniofacial Identification, September 11-14, 2002. Bari, Italy : 2002 : 111 21.
96. Stephan CN, Norris RM, Henneberg M. Does sexual dimorphism in facial soft tissue depths justify sex distinction in craniofacial identification? J Forensic Sci 2005 50 : 513 8.
97. Norton K, Olds T. Anthropometrica. Sydney : UNSW Press, 1996.
98. Hirsch S, Thelen A, Frey S, Landriere N, Hering P. Ultrafast holography for the facial analysis of position dependent soft tissue movement. Third International Conference on Reconstruction of Soft Facial Parts. Leuven, Belgium : 2006.
99. Smith SL, Buschang PH. A new method for measuring soft tissue thicknesses of the face using ultrasound. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2004 123 (Suppl 38 184 5.
100. Leopold D. Identifikation durch schadeluntersuchung unter besonderer berucksichtigung der superprojektion. Leipzig : Karl Marx-Universitat, 1968.
101. Sutisno M. Human facial soft-tissue thickness and its value in forensic facial reconstruction dissertation Sydney : Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, 2003.
102. Sarnas K-V, Solow B. Early adult changes in the skeletal and soft-tissue profile. Eur J Orthod 1980 2 : 1 12.
103. Dumont ER. Mid-facial tissue depths of white children: an aid in facial feature reconstruction. J Forensic Sci 1986 31 : 1463 9.
104. Ligthelm-Bakker ASWMR, Prahl-Andersen B, Wattel E, Uljee IH. A new method for locating anterior skeletal landmarks from soft tissue measurements. J Biol Buccale 1991 19 : 283 90.
105. Lebedinskaya GV, Balueva TS, Veselovskaya EV. Principles of facial reconstruction. In : Iscan MY, Helmer RP, editors. Forensic analysis of the skull. New York : Wiley-Liss, 1993 183 98.
106. Phillips VM, Rosendorff S, Scholtz HJ. Identification of a suicide victim by facial reconstruction. J Forensic Sci 1996 14 : 34 8.
107. Stewart TD. Evaluation of evidence from the skeleton. In : Gradwohl RBH, editor. Legal medicine. St. Louis : CV Mosby, 1954 407 50.
108. Edelman H. Die profilanalyse: Eine studie an photographischen und rontgenographischen durchdringungsbildern. Z Morphol Anthropol 1938 37 : 166 88.
109. Welcker H. Das Profil des menschlichen Schadels mit RontgenStrahlen am Lebenden dargestellt. Korrespondenz-Blatt der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Anthropologie Ethnologie und Urgeschichte 1896 27 : 38 9.
110. Burkitt AN, Lightoller GHS. Preliminary observations on the nose of the Australian aboriginal with a table of aboriginal head measurements. J Anat 1923 57 : 295 312.
111. Gerasimov MM. Vosstanovlenie lica po cerepu. Moskva : Izdat. Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1955.
112. Lebedinskaya GV, Veselovskaya EV. Ultrasonic measurements of the thickness of soft facial tissue among the Bashkirs. Ann Acad Sci Fenn A 1986 175 : 91 5.