The impact of color combinations on the legibility of a Web page text presented on CRT displays

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

Volumn 38, Issue 11-12, 2008, Pages 885-899

  Humar, Iztok ^a   Gradišar, Mirko ^a   Turk, Tomaž ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA   (Slovenia)

Author keywords

Color combinations; Color difference; Computer display; Legibility; Luminance contrast; Polarity

Indexed keywords

CATHODE RAY TUBES; COLOR; COLORIMETRY; FLUORESCENT SCREENS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATION; POLYNOMIALS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; WORLD WIDE WEB;

COLOR COMBINATIONS; COLOR DIFFERENCE; COMPUTER DISPLAY; LEGIBILITY; LUMINANCE CONTRAST; POLARITY;

OPTICAL PROPERTIES;

ADULT; ARTICLE; COLOR; COMPUTER PROGRAM; CONTRAST; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LUMINANCE; MALE; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; POLARIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VISION; VISUAL ACUITY;

EID: 54949092434     PISSN: 01698141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ergon.2008.03.004     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. ANSI/HFS 100-1988. American National Standard for Human Factors Engineering of Visual Display Terminal Workstations (1988), The Human Factors Society, Inc
2. Benbasat I., Dexter A.S., and Todd P. The influence of color and graphical information presentation in a managerial decision simulation. Human-Computer Interaction 2 1 (1986) 65-92
3. Breusch T., and Pagan A. A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation. Econometrica 47 (1979) 1287-1294
4. Bruce M., and Foster J.J. The visibility of colored characters on colored backgrounds in viewdata displays. Visible Language 16 4 (1982) 382-390
5. Christ R.E. Review and analysis of color coding research for visual displays. Human Factors 17 (1975) 542-570
6. CIE. Proceedings, International Congress on Illumination (1931), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
7. CIE Pub. 116. Industrial Colour-Difference Evaluation (1995), CIE Central Bureau, Vienna
8. CIE Pub. 15.2. Colorimetry. second ed (1986), CIE Central Bureau, Vienna
9. Clarke F.J.J., McDonald R., and Rigg B. Modification on the JPC79 colour-difference formula. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 104 (1984) 128-132
10. Dillon A. Reading from paper versus screen: a critical review of empirical literature. Ergonomics 32 (1992) 1297-1326
11. Fukuzumi S., Yamazaki T., Kamijo K., and Hayashi Y. Physiological and psychological evaluation for visual display colour readability: a visual evoked potential study and a subjective evaluation study. Ergonomics 41 1 (1998) 89-108
12. Ghani J., and Lusk E.J. The Impact of Information Presentation and Modification on Decision Performance (1981), WP, The Sloan School, MTT
13. Godfrey L. Testing for multiplicative heteroscedasticity. Journal of Econometrics 8 (1978) 227-236
14. Gould A.J.D., Alfaro L., Barnes V., Finn R., Grischkowsky N., and Minuto A. Reading is slower from CRT displays than from paper: attempts to isolate a single-variable explanation. Human Factors 29 3 (1987) 269-299
15. Gradisar M., Humar I., and Turk T. The Impact of Colors on the Speed of Reading Web Pages on a CRT monitor. Working Paper No. 174 (2005), University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics
16. Gremillion L.L., and Jenkins A.M. The Effects of Color Enhanced Information Presentations. Discussion Paper #173 (1981), Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
17. Grimm L.G., and Yarnold P.R. Reading and Understanding More Multivariate Statistics (2004), American Psychological Association, Washington
18. Hall R., and Hanna P. The impact of Web page text-background colour combinations on readability, retention, aesthetics and behavioural intention. Behaviour & Information Technology 23 3 (2004) 183-195
19. Hill, A.L., Scharff, L.V., 1997. Readability of screen displays with various foreground/background color combinations, font styles, and font types. In: Proceedings of the 11th National Conference on Undergraduate Research, Austin, Texas, pp. 742-746.
20. Hill A.L., and Scharff L.V. Legibility of computer displays as a function of colour, saturation, and texture backgrounds. In: Harris D. (Ed). Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics (1999), Ashgate, Sydney 123-130
21. Hoadley E., and Jenkins A.M. The effects of color on performance in an information extraction task using varying forms of information presentation: pilot studies. IRMIS Working Paper #W713 (1987), Indiana University Institute for Research on the Management of Information Systems, Graduate School of Bussiness, Bloomington
22. Humar I., and Gradisar M. Color test (2003). Available 〈http://spin.fe.uni-lj.si/colors/〉
23. ISO 12646. Graphic Technology-Displays for Colour Proofing-Characteristics and Viewing Conditions (2004), International Organization for Standardization
24. ISO 9241-3. Ergonomic Requirements for Office Work with Visual Display Terminals (VDTs), Part 3: Visual Display Requirements (1992), International Organization for Standardization
25. Kroemer K.H.E. Locating the computer screen: how high, how far?. Economics in Design, October 1993 (1993) 7-8
26. Le Courrier du Livre. Lisibilite des Affiches en Couleurs (1912), Sheldons Limited House, Cosmos p. 255
27. Legge G.E., and Rubin G.S. Psychophysics of reading: IV. Wavelength effects in normal and low vision. Journal of the Optics Society of America, A 3 (1986) 40-51
28. Legge G.E., Rubin G.S., and Luebker A. Psychophysics of reading: V. The role of contrast in normal vision. Vision Research 27 7 (1987) 1165-1177
29. Legge G.E., Parish D.H., Luebker A., and Wurm L.H. Psychophysics of reading: XI. Comparing color contrast and luminance contrast. Journal of Optical Society of America A 7 10 (1990) 2002-2010
30. Lehn D., and Stern H. Death of the Web Safe Color Palette? (2000). Available 〈http://webmonkey.wired.com/webmonkey/00/37/index2a.html?tw=desin〉
31. Lin C.C. Effects of contrast ratio and text color on visual performance with TFT-LCD. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 31 (2003) 65-72
32. Ling J., and van Schaik P. The effect of text and background colour on visual search of Web pages. Displays 23 (2002) 223-230
33. Lippert M.T. Color Difference Prediction of Legibility Performance for CRT Raster Imagery. Proceedings of the Society for Information display International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers XVI (1986), Palisades Institute for Research Services, New York 86-89
34. Luckiesh M. Light and Color in Advertising and Merchandising (1923), H. Van Nostrand Co., New York pp. 246-251
35. Luo M.R., and Rigg B. BFD (lc) colour difference formula. Part 1-Development of the formula. Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 103 (1987) 86-96
36. Luo M.R., Cui G., and Rigg B. The development of the CIE 2000 colour-difference formula: CIEDE2000. Color Research and Application 26 5 (2001) 340-350
37. Mason R.O., and Mitroff I.I. A program for research on management information systems. Management Science 19 5 (1973) 475-487
38. Matthews M.L., and Mertins K. The influence of color on visual search and subjective discomfort using CRT displays. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting (1987), HFES, Santa Monica, CA 1271-1275
39. Monitor Opimizer Software Guide, X-Rite Colorimeter, Available: 〈http://www.xrite.com/Products/Product.asp?Show=Description&id=11〉
40. Murch G.M. Color graphics-blessing or ballyhoo?. Computer Graphics Forum 4 (1985) 127-135
41. Pace B.J. Color combinations and contrast reversals on visual display units. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 28th Annual Meeting (1984), HFES, Santa Monica, CA 326-330
42. Pastoor S. Legibility and subjective preference for color combinations in text. Human Factors 32 2 (1990) 157-171
43. Pearson R., and van Schaik P. The effect of spatial layout of and link colour in Web pages on performance in a visual search task and an interactive search task. International Journal on Human-Computer Studies 59 (2003) 327-353
44. Pett D., and Wilson T. Color research and its application to the design of instructional materials. Educational Technology Research & Development 44 3 (1996) 19-35
45. Poulton E.C. Size, style, and vertical spacing in the legibility of small typefaces. Journal of Applied Psychology 56 2 (1972) 156-161
46. Radl G.W. Experimental investigations for optimal presentation-mode and colours of symbols on the CRT-screen. In: Grandjean E., and Vigliani E. (Eds). Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals (1980), Taylor & Francis, London, UK 127-135
47. Resinovic G., Jenkins M.A., Gradisar M., and Jaklic J. Legibility and visibility issues in color enhanced information presentation. Working Paper No. 88 (1999), University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics
48. Sanders M.S., and McCormick E.J. Human Factors in Engineering and Design (1993), McGraw-Hill, Singapore
49. Shieh K.K., and Chen M. Effects of screen color combination, work-break schedule, and workplace on VDT viewing distance. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 20 1 (1997) 11-18
50. Shieh K.K., and Lin C.C. Effects of screen type, ambient illumination, and color combination on VDT visual performance and subjective preference. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 26 5 (2000) 527-536
51. Shieh K.K., Chen M., and Chuang J.H. Effects of color combinations and typography on identification of characters briefly presented on VDT's. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 9 2 (1997) 169-181
52. Silverstein, L.D., 1982. Human factors for color CRT displays. In: Proceedings of the Society for Information Display: Seminar Lecture Notes 2, pp. 1-41.
53. Small, P.L., 1982. Factors influencing the legibility of text/background color combinations on the IBM 3279 color display station. Report No. HF066, IBM Hursley Park, Winchester, England.
54. Snellen H. Probebuchstaben zur Bestimmung der Sehschärfe (1862), P.W. van de Weijer, Utrecht
55. Snyder H.L. Image quality. In: Helander M. (Ed). Handbook of Human-Computer-Interaction (1988), Elsevier, North-Holland, Amsterdam 437-474
56. Suh K.S. Impact of communication medium on task performance and satisfaction: an examination of media-richness theory. Information & Management 35 5 (1999) 295-312
57. Teichner, W.R., 1979. Color and visual information coding. In: Proceedings of the Society for Information Display 20(1), pp. 3-9.
58. Tinker A.M. Tinker Speed of Reading Test (1955), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
59. Tinker A.M. Legibility of Print (1963), Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA
60. Tinker A.M., and Paterson G.D. Influence of type form on speed of reading. Journal of Applied Psychology 12 (1928) 359-368
61. Tinker A.M., and Paterson G.D. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: II. Size of type. Journal of Applied Psychology 13 2 (1929) 120-130
62. Tinker A.M., and Paterson G.D. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading. III. Length of line. The Journal of Applied Psychology 13 3 (1929) 205-219
63. Tinker A.M., and Paterson G.D. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: V. Simultaneous variations of type site and line length. The Journal of Applied Psychology 13 2 (1929) 72-78
64. Tinker A.M., and Paterson G.D. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: VI. Black type versus white type. The Journal of Applied Psychology 13 2 (1929) 241-247
65. Tinker A.M., and Paterson G.D. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading. VII. Variations in color of print and background. Journal of Applied Psychology 13 2 (1929) 471-479
66. Tinker A.M., and Paterson G.D. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: X. Style of typeface. The Journal of Applied Psychology 16 (1932) 605-613
67. Tinker A.M., and Paterson G.D. How to Make Type Readable: A Manual for Typographers, Printers, and Advertisers, Based on Twelve Years of Research Involving Speed of Reading Tests Given to 33,031 Persons (1940), Harper & Brothers, New York
68. Tinker A.M., and Paterson G.D. Reader preferences and typography. Journal of Applied Psychology 26 (1942) 38-40
69. Tinker A.M., and Paterson G.D. Eye movements in reading black print on white background and red print on dark green background. American Journal of Psychology 57 (1944) 93-94
70. Tinker A.M., and Paterson G.D. Readability of mixed type forms. Journal of Applied Psychology 30 (1946) 631-637
71. Travis D.S., Bowles S., Seton J., and Peppe R. Reading from color displays: a psychophysical model. Human Factors 32 2 (1990) 147-156
72. Tullis T.S. An evaluation of alphanumeric, graphic and color information displays. Human Factors 23 5 (1981) 541-550
73. Wang A.H., and Chen C.H. Effects of screen type, Chinese typography, text/background color combination, speed, and jump length for VDT leading display on users' reading performance. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 31 4 (2003) 249-261
74. Wu J.H., and Yuan Y.F. Improving searching and reading performance: the effect of highlighting and text color coding. Information & Management 40 7 (2003) 617-637