Psychiatry's "chemical imbalance" fraud: Who killed Rebecca Riley?

Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 96-108

  Baughman Jr , Fred A ^a  

^a AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NEUROLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemical imbalance; Disease; Disorder; Organic; Physical abnormality

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; CLONIDINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; QUETIAPINE; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN ATROPHY; CHEMICAL IMBALANCE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; FAMILIAL DISEASE; GENETIC DISORDER; HUMAN; HYPERKINESIA; INTOXICATION; MENTAL DISEASE; MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME; PHYSICAL DISEASE; POLIOMYELITIS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 54849432390     PISSN: 15594343     EISSN: 19389000     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1891/1559-4343.10.2.96     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2007) (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Another step toward a dimensional diagnosis of bipolar disorder. (2007). Journal Watch Psychiatry, 2007, p. 2.
5. Arnold, E., & Jensen, P. S. (1995). Attention-Deficit Disorders. In H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (6th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Williams.
6. Aylward, E. H., Reiss, A. L., Reader, M. J., et al. (1996). Basal ganglia volumes in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 11, 112-115, 295.
7. Baughman, F. A. (2000). Neurologist calls for surgeon general's resignation over mental health report. Retrieved February 11, 2000, from http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/ 02-11-2000/0001138940&EDATE=
8. Baumgardner, T. L., Singer, H. S., Denckla, M. B., et al. (1996). Corpus callosum morphology in children with Tourette syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurology, 47, 477-482.
9. Berquin, P. C., Giedd, J. N., Jacobsen, L. K., et al. (1998). The cerebellum in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A morphometric study. Neurology, 50, 1087-1093.
10. Biederman, J., Wilens, T., Mick, E., Spencer, T., & Faraone, S. V. (1999). Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder reduces risk for substance use disorder. Pediatrics, 104, e20.
11. Carey, W. B. (1998, November). Is ADHD a valid disorder? Paper presented at the NIH Consensus Development Conference on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Bethesda, MD.
12. Casey, B. J., Castellanos, F. X., Giedd, J. N., et al. (1997). Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 374-383.
13. Castellanos, F. X., Giedd, J. N., Eckburg, P., et al. (1994). Quantitative morphology of the caudate nucleus in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1791-1796.
14. Castellanos, F. X., Giedd, J. N., Marsh, W. L., et al. (1996). Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 607-616.
15. Castellanos, F. X., Lee, P. P., Sharp, W., Jeffries, N. O., Greenstein, D. K., et al. (2002). Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1740-1748.
16. Cohen, M. M. (Ed.). (1998). American Academy of Neurology: The first 50 years, 1948-1998. St. Paul, MN: American Academy of Neurology.
17. Degrandpre, R. (1998, November 16-18). Comment during public discussion during of the NIH Consensus Conference on ADHD.
18. Filipek, P. A., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Steingard, R. J., et al. (1997). Volumetric MRI analysis comparing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal controls. Neurology, 48, 589-601.
19. Gallagher, C. (1970). Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, Ninety-First Congress, Second Session, September 29.
20. Giedd, J. N., Castellanos, F. X., Casey, B. J., et al. (1994). Quantitative morphology of the corpus callosum in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 665-669.
21. Groopman, J. (2007, April 9). What's normal? The difficulty of diagnosing bipolar disorder in children. New Yorker, 28.
22. Hyman, S. E. (1999). Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 2290.
23. Hynd, G. W., Hern, K. L., Novey, E. S., et al. (1993). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and asymmetry of the caudate nucleus. Journal of Child Neurology, 8, 339-347.
24. Hynd, G. W., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Lorys, A. R., et al. (1990). Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit disorder/ hyperactivity. Archives of Neurology, 47, 919-926.
25. Hynd, G. W., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Lorys, A. R., et al. (1991). Corpus callosum morphology in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Morphometric analysis of MRI. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 141-146.
26. Judd, A., & Miller, A. (2007, January 7). Sarah Crider was among 115 patients in the state's care who might have lived. Atlanta Journal-Constitution, p. A-1.
27. Kennedy, P. J. (2005). Mental illnesses are real and dangerous: Oppose the Paul amendment to LHHS. Open letter to the U.S. Congress, June 21.
28. Leo, J., & Cohen, D. (2003). Broken brains or flawed studies? A critical review of ADHD neuroimaging research. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 24, 29-36.
29. Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi doctors. New York: Basic Books.
30. Mataro, M., Garcia-Sanchez, C., Junque, C., Estevez-Gonzalez, A., & Pujol, J. (1997). Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of the caudate nucleus in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with neuropsychological and behavioral measures. Archives of Neurology, 54, 963-968.
31. Mostofsky, S. H., Reiss, A. L., Lockhart, P., & Denckla, M. B. (1998). Evaluation of cerebellar size in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 13, 434-439.
32. Moynihan, R., & Cassels, A. (2005). Selling sickness: How the world's biggest pharmaceutical companies are turning us all into patients. New York: Nation Books.
33. Nasrallah, H. A., Loney, J., Olson, S. C., McCalley-Whitters, M., Kramer, J., et al. (1986). Cortical atrophy in young adults with a history of hyperactivity in childhood. Psychiatry Research, 17, 241-246.
34. National Institutes of Health. (1998). Draft of National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement.
35. Palco, J. (1998). Q & A during press conference for the November 16-18, 1998, NIH Consensus Conference on ADHD.
36. Pam, A. (1990). A critique of the scientific status of biological psychiatry. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82(Suppl. 362), 1-35.
37. Pearlman, T (1994). "Organic" is a useful differentiation. Clinical Psychiatric News, December.
38. Pekkannen, J. (2000, January). Making sense of Ritalin. Reader's Digest, 159-168.
39. Rapoport, J. L., et al. (1978). Dextroamphetamine: Cognitive and behavioral effects in normal prepubertal boys. Science, 199, 560-563.
40. Satcher, D. (1999, December 13). Mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
41. Semrud-Clikeman, M., Filipek, P. A., Biederman, J., et al. (1994). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Magnetic resonance imaging morphometric analysis of the corpus callosum. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 875-881.
42. Shays, C. (1996, July 15). Testimony of Rep. Christopher Shays, R-CN, at the Hearing of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight.
43. Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Welcome, S. E., Henkenius, A. L., Toga, A. W, & Peterson, B. S. (2003). Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet, 362, 1699-1707.
44. Stedman, T. L. (1990). Stedman's medical dictionary (25th ed.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
45. Swanson, J. (1998, March). Paper presentation at the meeting of the American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry.
46. Swanson, J., & Castellanos, F. X. (1998, November). Biological bases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Program and Abstracts, NIH Consensus Development Conference on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Bethesda, MD.
47. Yager, Joel. (2007). Emerging perspectives: Peering into the brain's "black box" in schizophrenia. Journal Watch Psychiatry, p. 39.
48. Zametkin, A. J., et al. (1990). Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 1361-1366.